1
|
Sui J, Wang N, Wang J, Huang X, Wang T, Zhou L, Hao H. Strategies for chiral separation: from racemate to enantiomer. Chem Sci 2023; 14:11955-12003. [PMID: 37969602 PMCID: PMC10631238 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01630g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Chiral separation has become a crucial topic for effectively utilizing superfluous racemates synthesized by chemical means and satisfying the growing requirements for producing enantiopure chiral compounds. However, the remarkably close physical and chemical properties of enantiomers present significant obstacles, making it necessary to develop novel enantioseparation methods. This review comprehensively summaries the latest developments in the main enantioseparation methods, including preparative-scale chromatography, enantioselective liquid-liquid extraction, crystallization-based methods for chiral separation, deracemization process coupling racemization and crystallization, porous material method and membrane resolution method, focusing on significant cases involving crystallization, deracemization and membranes. Notably, potential trends and future directions are suggested based on the state-of-art "coupling" strategy, which may greatly reinvigorate the existing individual methods and facilitate the emergence of cross-cutting ideas among researchers from different enantioseparation domains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingchen Sui
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. China +86-22-2740-5754
| | - Na Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. China +86-22-2740-5754
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
| | - Jingkang Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. China +86-22-2740-5754
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
| | - Xin Huang
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. China +86-22-2740-5754
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
| | - Ting Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. China +86-22-2740-5754
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
| | - Lina Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. China +86-22-2740-5754
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
| | - Hongxun Hao
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. China +86-22-2740-5754
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hainan University Haikou 570228 China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
van Dongen SW, Baglai I, Leeman M, Kellogg RM, Kaptein B, Noorduin WL. Rapid deracemization through solvent cycling: proof-of-concept using a racemizable conglomerate clopidogrel precursor. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:3838-3841. [PMID: 36825774 PMCID: PMC10043878 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc00332a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that a conglomerate-forming clopidogrel precursor undergoing solution phase racemization can be deracemized through cyclic solvent removal and re-addition. We establish that the combination of slow growth and fast dissolution of crystals is ideal for rapid deracemization, which we achieve by repurposing a Soxhlet apparatus to realize the slow removal and fast re-addition of solvent autonomously.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Iaroslav Baglai
- AMOLF, Science Park 104, Amsterdam 1098 XG, The Netherlands.
| | - Michel Leeman
- Symeres, Kadijk 3, Groningen 9747 AT, The Netherlands
| | | | - Bernard Kaptein
- InnoSyn BV, Urmonderbaan 22, Geleen 6167 RD, The Netherlands
| | - Willem L Noorduin
- AMOLF, Science Park 104, Amsterdam 1098 XG, The Netherlands. .,Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sallembien Q, Bouteiller L, Crassous J, Raynal M. Possible chemical and physical scenarios towards biological homochirality. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:3436-3476. [PMID: 35377372 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs01179k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The single chirality of biological molecules in terrestrial biology raises more questions than certitudes about its origin. The emergence of biological homochirality (BH) and its connection with the appearance of life have elicited a large number of theories related to the generation, amplification and preservation of a chiral bias in molecules of life under prebiotically relevant conditions. However, a global scenario is still lacking. Here, the possibility of inducing a significant chiral bias "from scratch", i.e. in the absence of pre-existing enantiomerically-enriched chemical species, will be considered first. It includes phenomena that are inherent to the nature of matter itself, such as the infinitesimal energy difference between enantiomers as a result of violation of parity in certain fundamental interactions, and physicochemical processes related to interactions between chiral organic molecules and physical fields, polarized particles, polarized spins and chiral surfaces. The spontaneous emergence of chirality in the absence of detectable chiral physical and chemical sources has recently undergone significant advances thanks to the deracemization of conglomerates through Viedma ripening and asymmetric auto-catalysis with the Soai reaction. All these phenomena are commonly discussed as plausible sources of asymmetry under prebiotic conditions and are potentially accountable for the primeval chiral bias in molecules of life. Then, several scenarios will be discussed that are aimed to reflect the different debates about the emergence of BH: extra-terrestrial or terrestrial origin (where?), nature of the mechanisms leading to the propagation and enhancement of the primeval chiral bias (how?) and temporal sequence between chemical homochirality, BH and life emergence (when?). Intense and ongoing theories regarding the emergence of optically pure molecules at different moments of the evolution process towards life, i.e. at the levels of building blocks of Life, of the instructed or functional polymers, or even later at the stage of more elaborated chemical systems, will be critically discussed. The underlying principles and the experimental evidence will be commented for each scenario with particular attention on those leading to the induction and enhancement of enantiomeric excesses in proteinogenic amino acids, natural sugars, and their intermediates or derivatives. The aim of this review is to propose an updated and timely synopsis in order to stimulate new efforts in this interdisciplinary field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Sallembien
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, Equipe Chimie des Polymères, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Laurent Bouteiller
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, Equipe Chimie des Polymères, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Jeanne Crassous
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, ISCR-UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Matthieu Raynal
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, Equipe Chimie des Polymères, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rehman GU, Vetter T, Martin PA. Design, Development, and Analysis of an Automated Sampling Loop for Online Monitoring of Chiral Crystallization. Org Process Res Dev 2022; 26:1063-1077. [PMID: 35573034 PMCID: PMC9098190 DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Enantiomeric
purity is of prime importance for several industries,
specifically in the production of pharmaceuticals. Crystallization
processes can be used to obtain pure enantiomers in a suitable solid
form. However, some process variants inherently rely on kinetic enhancement
(preferential crystallization) of the desired enantiomer or on complex
interactions of several phenomena (e.g., attrition-enhanced deracemization
and Viedma ripening). Thus, a process analytical technology able to
measure the enantiomeric composition of both the solid phase and the
liquid phase would be valuable to track and eventually control such
processes. This study presents the design and development of a novel
automated analytical monitoring system that achieves this. The designed
setup tracks the enantiomeric excess (ee) using a
continuous closed-loop sampling loop that is coupled to a polarimeter
and an attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
spectrometer. By heating the loop and alternately sampling either
the liquid or the suspension, the combination of these measurements
allows tracking of the ee of both the liquid and
the solid. This work demonstrates a proof of concept of both the experimental
and theoretical aspects of the new system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ghufran ur Rehman
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, University of Manchester, M13 9PL Manchester, U.K
| | - Thomas Vetter
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, University of Manchester, M13 9PL Manchester, U.K
| | - Philip A. Martin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, University of Manchester, M13 9PL Manchester, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Buhse T, Cruz JM, Noble-Terán ME, Hochberg D, Ribó JM, Crusats J, Micheau JC. Spontaneous Deracemizations. Chem Rev 2021; 121:2147-2229. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Buhse
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas−IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Avenida Universidad 1001, 62209 Cuernavaca, Morelos Mexico
| | - José-Manuel Cruz
- Facultad de Ciencias en Física y Matemáticas, Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas 29050, Mexico
| | - María E. Noble-Terán
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas−IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Avenida Universidad 1001, 62209 Cuernavaca, Morelos Mexico
| | - David Hochberg
- Department of Molecular Evolution, Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA), Carretera Ajalvir, Km. 4, 28850 Torrejón de Ardoz, Madrid Spain
| | - Josep M. Ribó
- Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (IEEC-ICC) and Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Catalunya Spain
| | - Joaquim Crusats
- Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (IEEC-ICC) and Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Catalunya Spain
| | - Jean-Claude Micheau
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, UMR au CNRS No. 5623, Université Paul Sabatier, F-31062 Toulouse Cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Belletti G, Tortora C, Mellema ID, Tinnemans P, Meekes H, Rutjes FPJT, Tsogoeva SB, Vlieg E. Photoracemization-Based Viedma Ripening of a BINOL Derivative. Chemistry 2020; 26:839-844. [PMID: 31663650 PMCID: PMC7004087 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Viedma ripening is a deracemization process that has been used to deracemize a range of chiral molecules. The method has two major requirements: the compound needs to crystallize as a conglomerate and it needs to be racemizable under the crystallization conditions. Although conglomerate formation can be induced in different ways, the number of racemization methods is still rather limited. To extend the scope of Viedma ripening, in the present research we applied UV-light-induced racemization in a Viedma ripening process, and report the successful deracemization of a BINOL derivative crystallizing as a conglomerate. Irradiation by UV light activates the target compound in combination with an organic base, required to promote the excited-state proton transfer (ESPT), leading thereafter to racemization. This offers a new tool towards the development of Viedma ripening processes, by using a cheap and "green" catalytic source like UV light to racemize suitable chiral compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Belletti
- Radboud UniversityInstitute for Molecules and MaterialsHeyendaalseweg 1356525AJNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Carola Tortora
- Chair of Organic Chemistry IDepartment of Chemistry and PharmacyFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergNikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 1091058ErlangenGermany
| | - Indradevi D. Mellema
- Radboud UniversityInstitute for Molecules and MaterialsHeyendaalseweg 1356525AJNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Paul Tinnemans
- Radboud UniversityInstitute for Molecules and MaterialsHeyendaalseweg 1356525AJNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Hugo Meekes
- Radboud UniversityInstitute for Molecules and MaterialsHeyendaalseweg 1356525AJNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Floris P. J. T. Rutjes
- Radboud UniversityInstitute for Molecules and MaterialsHeyendaalseweg 1356525AJNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Svetlana B. Tsogoeva
- Chair of Organic Chemistry IDepartment of Chemistry and PharmacyFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergNikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 1091058ErlangenGermany
| | - Elias Vlieg
- Radboud UniversityInstitute for Molecules and MaterialsHeyendaalseweg 1356525AJNijmegenThe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Engwerda AHJ, van Schayik P, Jagtenberg H, Meekes H, Rutjes FPJT, Vlieg E. Deracemization of a Racemic Compound by Using Tailor-Made Additives. Chemistry 2018; 24:2863-2867. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201706088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hugo Meekes
- Radboud University Nijmegen; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | | | - Elias Vlieg
- Radboud University Nijmegen; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Engwerda AJ, Koning N, Tinnemans P, Meekes H, Bickelhaupt FM, Rutjes FPJT, Vlieg E. Deracemization of a Racemic Allylic Sulfoxide Using Viedma Ripening. CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2017; 17:4454-4457. [PMID: 28794692 PMCID: PMC5543398 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.7b00828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Despite the importance of enantiopure chiral sulfoxides, few methods exist that allow for their deracemization. Here, we show that an enantiopure sulfoxide can be produced from the corresponding racemate using Viedma ripening involving rearrangement-induced racemization. The suitable candidate for Viedma ripening was identified from a library of 24 chiral sulfoxides through X-ray structure determination. Starting from the racemic sulfoxide, an unprecedented application of a 2,3-sigmatropic rearrangement type racemization in a Viedma ripening process allowed for complete deracemization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthonius
H. J. Engwerda
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Niels Koning
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Tinnemans
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hugo Meekes
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - F. Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department
of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling, VU University, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Floris P. J. T. Rutjes
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Elias Vlieg
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sharafi M, Campbell JP, Rajappan SC, Dudkina N, Gray DL, Woods TJ, Li J, Schneebeli ST. Crystal-Packing-Driven Enrichment of Atropoisomers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:7097-7101. [PMID: 28510353 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201701876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Crystal-packing forces can have a significant impact on the relative stabilities of different molecules and their conformations. The magnitude of such effects is, however, not yet well understood. Herein we show, that crystal packing can completely overrule the relative stabilities of different stereoisomers in solution. Heating of atropoisomers (i.e. "frozen-out" conformational isomers) in solution leads to complex mixtures. In contrast, solid-state heating selectively amplifies minor (<25 mole %) components of these solution-phase mixtures. We show that this heating strategy is successful for compounds with up to four rotationally hindered σ bonds, for which a single stereoisomer out of seven can be amplified selectively. Our results demonstrate that common supramolecular interactions-for example, [methyl⋅⋅⋅π] coordination and [C-H⋅⋅⋅O] hydrogen bonding-can readily invert the relative thermodynamic stabilities of different molecular conformations. These findings open up potential new avenues to control the folding of macromolecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mona Sharafi
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Joseph P Campbell
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Sinu C Rajappan
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Natavan Dudkina
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Danielle L Gray
- George L. Clark X-Ray Facility & 3M Materials Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Toby J Woods
- George L. Clark X-Ray Facility & 3M Materials Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Jianing Li
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sharafi M, Campbell JP, Rajappan SC, Dudkina N, Gray DL, Woods TJ, Li J, Schneebeli ST. Crystal‐Packing‐Driven Enrichment of Atropoisomers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201701876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mona Sharafi
- Department of Chemistry The University of Vermont Burlington VT 05405 USA
| | - Joseph P. Campbell
- Department of Chemistry The University of Vermont Burlington VT 05405 USA
| | - Sinu C. Rajappan
- Department of Chemistry The University of Vermont Burlington VT 05405 USA
| | - Natavan Dudkina
- Department of Chemistry The University of Vermont Burlington VT 05405 USA
| | - Danielle L. Gray
- George L. Clark X-Ray Facility & 3M Materials Laboratory University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana IL 61801 USA
| | - Toby J. Woods
- George L. Clark X-Ray Facility & 3M Materials Laboratory University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana IL 61801 USA
| | - Jianing Li
- Department of Chemistry The University of Vermont Burlington VT 05405 USA
| | | |
Collapse
|