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Nakao K, Noda K, Hashimoto H, Nakagawa M, Nishimi T, Ohira A, Sato Y, Kato D, Kamata T, Niwa O, Kunitake M. Electrochemistry in bicontinuous microemulsions derived from two immiscible electrolyte solutions for a membrane-free redox flow battery. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 641:348-358. [PMID: 36940591 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.03.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESES Bicontinuous microemulsions (BMEs) have attracted attention as unique heterogeneous mixture for electrochemistry. An interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES) is an electrochemical system that straddles the interface between a saline and an organic solvent with a lipophilic electrolyte. Although most BMEs have been reported with nonpolar oils, such as toluene and fatty acids, it should be possible to construct a sponge-like three-dimensionally expanded ITIES comprising a BME phase. EXPERIMENTS Dichloromethane (DCM)-water microemulsions stabilized by a surfactant were investigated in terms of the concentrations of co-surfactants and hydrophilic/lipophilic salts. A Winsor III microemulsion three-layer system, consisting of an upper saline phase, a middle BME phase, and a lower DCM phase, was prepared, and electrochemistry was conducted in each phase. FINDINGS We found the conditions for ITIES-BME phases. Regardless of where the three electrodes were placed in the macroscopically heterogeneous three-layer system, electrochemistry was possible, as in a homogeneous electrolyte solution. This indicates that the anodic and cathodic reactions can be divided into two immiscible solution phases. A redox flow battery comprising a three-layer system with a BME as the middle phase was demonstrated, paving the way for applications such as electrolysis synthesis and secondary batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kodai Nakao
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan; Research Institute for Energy Conservation, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Koji Noda
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Hinako Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Mayuki Nakagawa
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Taisei Nishimi
- Japan Technological Research Association of Artificial Photosynthetic Chemical Process (ARPChem), Room 422, Bldg. 12, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 2-11-16 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Akihiro Ohira
- Research Institute for Energy Conservation, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Yukari Sato
- Research Institute for Energy Conservation, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Dai Kato
- Health and Medical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Kamata
- Health and Medical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Osamu Niwa
- Advanced Science Research Laboratory, Saitama Institute of Technology, 1690 Fusaiji, Fukaya, Saitama 369-0293, Japan
| | - Masashi Kunitake
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan; Institute of Industrial Nanomaterials, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan.
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Recent Advances in the Unconventional Design of Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion Devices. ELECTROCHEM ENERGY R 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s41918-022-00162-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAs the world works to move away from traditional energy sources, effective efficient energy storage devices have become a key factor for success. The emergence of unconventional electrochemical energy storage devices, including hybrid batteries, hybrid redox flow cells and bacterial batteries, is part of the solution. These alternative electrochemical cell configurations provide materials and operating condition flexibility while offering high-energy conversion efficiency and modularity of design-to-design devices. The power of these diverse devices ranges from a few milliwatts to several megawatts. Manufacturing durable electronic and point-of-care devices is possible due to the development of all-solid-state batteries with efficient electrodes for long cycling and high energy density. New batteries made of earth-abundant metal ions are approaching the capacity of lithium-ion batteries. Costs are being reduced with the advent of flow batteries with engineered redox molecules for high energy density and membrane-free power generating electrochemical cells, which utilize liquid dynamics and interfaces (solid, liquid, and gaseous) for electrolyte separation. These batteries support electrode regeneration strategies for chemical and bio-batteries reducing battery energy costs. Other batteries have different benefits, e.g., carbon-neutral Li-CO2 batteries consume CO2 and generate power, offering dual-purpose energy storage and carbon sequestration. This work considers the recent technological advances of energy storage devices. Their transition from conventional to unconventional battery designs is examined to identify operational flexibilities, overall energy storage/conversion efficiency and application compatibility. Finally, a list of facilities for large-scale deployment of major electrochemical energy storage routes is provided.
Graphical abstract
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Ibrahim OA, Navarro-Segarra M, Sadeghi P, Sabaté N, Esquivel JP, Kjeang E. Microfluidics for Electrochemical Energy Conversion. Chem Rev 2022; 122:7236-7266. [PMID: 34995463 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical energy conversion is an important supplement for storage and on-demand use of renewable energy. In this regard, microfluidics offers prospects to raise the efficiency and rate of electrochemical energy conversion through enhanced mass transport, flexible cell design, and ability to eliminate the physical ion-exchange membrane, an essential yet costly element in conventional electrochemical cells. Since the 2002 invention of the microfluidic fuel cell, the research field of microfluidics for electrochemical energy conversion has expanded into a great variety of cell designs, fabrication techniques, and device functions with a wide range of utility and applications. The present review aims to comprehensively synthesize the best practices in this field over the past 20 years. The underlying fundamentals and research methods are first summarized, followed by a complete assessment of all research contributions wherein microfluidics was proactively utilized to facilitate energy conversion in conjunction with electrochemical cells, such as fuel cells, flow batteries, electrolysis cells, hybrid cells, and photoelectrochemical cells. Moreover, emerging technologies and analytical tools enabled by microfluidics are also discussed. Lastly, opportunities for future research directions and technology advances are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar A Ibrahim
- Fuel Cell Research Laboratory, School of Mechatronic Systems Engineering, Simon Fraser University, V3T 0A3 Surrey, British Columbia Canada.,Fuelium S.L., Edifici Eureka, Av. Can Domènech S/N, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona Spain
| | - Marina Navarro-Segarra
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), C/dels Til·lers sn, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra Barcelona Spain
| | - Pardis Sadeghi
- Fuel Cell Research Laboratory, School of Mechatronic Systems Engineering, Simon Fraser University, V3T 0A3 Surrey, British Columbia Canada
| | - Neus Sabaté
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), C/dels Til·lers sn, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra Barcelona Spain.,Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Pablo Esquivel
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), C/dels Til·lers sn, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra Barcelona Spain.,BCMaterials, Basque Centre for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Erik Kjeang
- Fuel Cell Research Laboratory, School of Mechatronic Systems Engineering, Simon Fraser University, V3T 0A3 Surrey, British Columbia Canada
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R.F. Lima A, Pereira RC, Azevedo J, Mendes A, Sérgio Seixas de Melo J. On the path to aqueous organic redox flow batteries: Alizarin red S alkaline negolyte. Performance evaluation and photochemical studies. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Fan Q, Si Y, Guo W, Fu Y. Insight into Chemical Reduction and Charge Storage Mechanism of 2,2'-Dipyridyl Disulfide toward Stable Lithium-Organic Battery. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:900-906. [PMID: 33439027 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c03496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In lithium-organic batteries, organic cathode materials could dissolve in a liquid electrolyte and diffuse through the porous separator to the active lithium-metal anode, resulting in cycling instability. However, 2,2'-dipyridyl disulfide (PyDS) can be cycled 5 times better than diphenyl disulfide (PDS) although both are soluble. We believe this is related to their reactivity with lithium (Li0). Herein, we investigate the chemical reduction of PyDS by lithiated carbon paper (Li-CP) in ether electrolyte. It is found that only 6.3% of PyDS was reduced by Li-CP after 10 days, unlike PDS. Experimental and computational results show that PyDS molecules are ionized by lithium ions of lithium salts delocalizing the charge on pyridine rings of PyDS, which can momentarily store Li0, thus keeping the S-S bond inert in chemical reaction with Li0. This finding is successfully utilized in a membrane-free redox flow battery with PyDS catholyte, showing long cycle life with high energy density and energy efficiency. This work reveals the interesting charge storage mechanism and the different activity of organodisulfides toward electrochemical reduction and chemical reduction due to the organic groups, which can provide guidance for the design of stable lithium-organic batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Fan
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P.R. China
| | - Yubing Si
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P.R. China
| | - Wei Guo
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P.R. China
| | - Yongzhu Fu
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P.R. China
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Li H, Fan H, Ravivarma M, Hu B, Feng Y, Song J. A stable organic dye catholyte for long-life aqueous flow batteries. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:13824-13827. [PMID: 33079083 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc05133k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
An organic dye, Basic blue 3 (BB3), was reported for the first time as a two-electron catholyte for aqueous redox flow batteries. The exceptional stability of BB3 enabled the full battery to achieve a high capacity retention of >99.991% per cycle during 1500 cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
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Pham-Truong TN, Wang Q, Ghilane J, Randriamahazaka H. Recent Advances in the Development of Organic and Organometallic Redox Shuttles for Lithium-Ion Redox Flow Batteries. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:2142-2159. [PMID: 32293115 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201903379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, redox flow batteries (RFBs) and derivatives have attracted wide attention from academia to the industrial world because of their ability to accelerate large-grid energy storage. Although vanadium-based RFBs are commercially available, they possess a low energy and power density, which might limit their use on an industrial scale. Therefore, there is scope to improve the performance of RFBs, and this is still an open field for research and development. Herein, a combination between a conventional Li-ion battery and a redox flow battery results in a significant improvement in terms of energy and power density alongside better safety and lower cost. Currently, Li-ion redox flow batteries are becoming a well-established subdomain in the field of flow batteries. Accordingly, the design of novel redox mediators with controllable physical chemical characteristics is crucial for the application of this technology to industrial applications. This Review summarizes the recent works devoted to the development of novel redox mediators in Li-ion redox flow batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuan-Nguyen Pham-Truong
- Physicochemical Laboratory of Polymers and Interfaces (LPPI-EA2528), Department of Chemistry, CY Cergy Paris Université, 5 mail Gay Lussac, Neuville sur Oise, 95031, Cergy-Pontoise, France
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Blk. E2, #05-27, 5 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore, 117579, Singapore
| | - Jalal Ghilane
- SIELE group, ITODYS Lab.- CNRS UMR 7086, Department of Chemistry, Université de Paris, 15 rue Jean Antoine de Baif, 75205, Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Hyacinthe Randriamahazaka
- SIELE group, ITODYS Lab.- CNRS UMR 7086, Department of Chemistry, Université de Paris, 15 rue Jean Antoine de Baif, 75205, Paris Cedex 13, France
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Kwabi DG, Ji Y, Aziz MJ. Electrolyte Lifetime in Aqueous Organic Redox Flow Batteries: A Critical Review. Chem Rev 2020; 120:6467-6489. [PMID: 32053366 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aqueous organic redox flow batteries (RFBs) could enable widespread integration of renewable energy, but only if costs are sufficiently low. Because the levelized cost of storage for an RFB is a function of electrolyte lifetime, understanding and improving the chemical stability of active reactants in RFBs is a critical research challenge. We review known or hypothesized molecular decomposition mechanisms for all five classes of aqueous redox-active organics and organometallics for which cycling lifetime results have been reported: quinones, viologens, aza-aromatics, iron coordination complexes, and nitroxide radicals. We collect, analyze, and compare capacity fade rates from all aqueous organic electrolytes that have been utilized in the capacity-limiting side of flow or hybrid flow/nonflow cells, noting also their redox potentials and demonstrated concentrations of transferrable electrons. We categorize capacity fade rates as being "high" (>1%/day), "moderate" (0.1-1%/day), "low" (0.02-0.1%/day), and "extremely low" (≤0.02%/day) and discuss the degree to which the fade rates have been linked to decomposition mechanisms. Capacity fade is observed to be time-denominated rather than cycle-denominated, with a temporal rate that can depend on molecular concentrations and electrolyte state of charge through, e.g., bimolecular decomposition mechanisms. We then review measurement methods for capacity fade rate and find that simple galvanostatic charge-discharge cycling is inadequate for assessing capacity fade when fade rates are low or extremely low and recommend refining methods to include potential holds for accurately assessing molecular lifetimes under such circumstances. We consider separately symmetric cell cycling results, the interpretation of which is simplified by the absence of a different counter-electrolyte. We point out the chemistries with low or extremely low established fade rates that also exhibit open circuit potentials of 1.0 V or higher and transferrable electron concentrations of 1.0 M or higher, which are promising performance characteristics for RFB commercialization. We point out important directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Kwabi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Yunlong Ji
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Michael J Aziz
- Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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10
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Mou C, Ali F, Malaviya A, Bettinger CJ. Electrochemical-Mediated Gelation Of Catechol-Bearing Hydrogels Based On Multimodal Crosslinking. J Mater Chem B 2019; 7:1690-1696. [PMID: 31372223 PMCID: PMC6675465 DOI: 10.1039/c8tb02854k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Catechol-bearing polymers form hydrogel networks through cooperative oxidative crosslinking and coordination chemistry. Here we describe the kinetics of cation-dependent electrochemical-mediated gelation of precursor solutions composed of catechol functionalized four-arm poly(ethylene glycol) combined with select metal cations. The gelation kinetics, mechanical properties, crosslink composition, and self-healing capacity is a strong function of the valency and redox potential of metal ions in the precursor solution. Catechol-bearing hydrogels exhibit highly compliant mechanical properties with storage moduli ranging from G' = 0.1-5 kPa depending on the choice of redox active metal ions in the precursor solution. The gelation kinetics is informed by the net cell potential of redox active components in the precursor solution. Finally, redox potential of the metal ion precursor can differentially alter the effective density of crosslinks in networks and confer properties to hydrogels such as self-healing capacity. Taken together, this parametric study generates new insight to inform the design of catechol-bearing hydrogel networks formed by electrochemical-mediated multimodal crosslinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Mou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Faisal Ali
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Avishi Malaviya
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Christopher J Bettinger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Navalpotro P, Sierra N, Trujillo C, Montes I, Palma J, Marcilla R. Exploring the Versatility of Membrane-Free Battery Concept Using Different Combinations of Immiscible Redox Electrolytes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:41246-41256. [PMID: 30398052 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b11581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Lately, the field of redox flow batteries is flourishing because of the emergence of new redox chemistries, including organic compounds, new electrolytes, and innovative designs. Recently, we reported an original membrane-free battery concept based on the mutual immiscibility of an aqueous catholyte containing hydroquinone and an ionic liquid anolyte containing para-benzoquinone as redox species. Here, we investigate the versatility of this concept exploring the electrochemical performance of 10 redox electrolytes based on different solvents, such as propylene carbonate, 2-butanone, or neutral-pH media, and containing different redox organic molecules, such as 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl, 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine1-oxyl (OH-TEMPO), or substituted anthraquinones. The most representative electrolytes were paired and used as immiscible anolyte-catholyte in 5 different membrane-free batteries. Those batteries with substituted anthraquinones in the anolyte exhibited up to 50% improved open-circuit voltage (2.1 V), an operating voltage of 1.75 V, and 62% higher power density compared with our previous work. On the other hand, the partition coefficient of redox molecules between the two immiscible phases and the inherent self-discharge occurring at the interphase are revealed as intrinsic features affecting the performance of this type of membrane-free battery. It was successfully demonstrated that the functionalization of redox molecules is an interesting strategy to tune the partition coefficients mitigating the crossover that provokes low battery efficiency. As a result, the cycling life of a battery having OH-TEMPO as active species in the catholyte and containing propylene carbonate-based anolyte was evaluated over 300 cycles, achieving 85% capacity retention. These results demonstrated the huge versatility and countless possibilities of this new membrane-free battery concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Navalpotro
- Electrochemical Processes Unit , IMDEA Energy Institute , Avda. Ramón de la Sagra 3 , 28935 Móstoles , Spain
| | - Noemí Sierra
- Electrochemical Processes Unit , IMDEA Energy Institute , Avda. Ramón de la Sagra 3 , 28935 Móstoles , Spain
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering Group , Rey Juan Carlos University , C/Tulipán s/n , 28933 Móstoles , Madrid , Spain
| | - Carlos Trujillo
- Electrochemical Processes Unit , IMDEA Energy Institute , Avda. Ramón de la Sagra 3 , 28935 Móstoles , Spain
- Faculty of Chemical Science and Technology , University of Castilla-La Mancha , Avda. Camilo José Cela 10 , 13071 Ciudad Real , Spain
| | - Iciar Montes
- Electrochemical Processes Unit , IMDEA Energy Institute , Avda. Ramón de la Sagra 3 , 28935 Móstoles , Spain
| | - Jesus Palma
- Electrochemical Processes Unit , IMDEA Energy Institute , Avda. Ramón de la Sagra 3 , 28935 Móstoles , Spain
| | - Rebeca Marcilla
- Electrochemical Processes Unit , IMDEA Energy Institute , Avda. Ramón de la Sagra 3 , 28935 Móstoles , Spain
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Navalpotro P, Palma J, Anderson M, Marcilla R. A Membrane-Free Redox Flow Battery with Two Immiscible Redox Electrolytes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:12460-12465. [PMID: 28658538 PMCID: PMC5655901 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201704318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Flexible and scalable energy storage solutions are necessary for mitigating fluctuations of renewable energy sources. The main advantage of redox flow batteries is their ability to decouple power and energy. However, they present some limitations including poor performance, short‐lifetimes, and expensive ion‐selective membranes as well as high price, toxicity, and scarcity of vanadium compounds. We report a membrane‐free battery that relies on the immiscibility of redox electrolytes and where vanadium is replaced by organic molecules. We show that the biphasic system formed by one acidic solution and one ionic liquid, both containing quinoyl species, behaves as a reversible battery without any membrane. This proof‐of‐concept of a membrane‐free battery has an open circuit voltage of 1.4 V with a high theoretical energy density of 22.5 Wh L−1, and is able to deliver 90 % of its theoretical capacity while showing excellent long‐term performance (coulombic efficiency of 100 % and energy efficiency of 70 %).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Navalpotro
- Electrochemical Processes Unit, IMDEA Energy Institute, Avda. Ramón de la Sagra 3, 2, 8935, Móstoles, Spain
| | - Jesus Palma
- Electrochemical Processes Unit, IMDEA Energy Institute, Avda. Ramón de la Sagra 3, 2, 8935, Móstoles, Spain
| | - Marc Anderson
- Electrochemical Processes Unit, IMDEA Energy Institute, Avda. Ramón de la Sagra 3, 2, 8935, Móstoles, Spain.,Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Rebeca Marcilla
- Electrochemical Processes Unit, IMDEA Energy Institute, Avda. Ramón de la Sagra 3, 2, 8935, Móstoles, Spain
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Navalpotro P, Palma J, Anderson M, Marcilla R. A Membrane‐Free Redox Flow Battery with Two Immiscible Redox Electrolytes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201704318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Navalpotro
- Electrochemical Processes Unit IMDEA Energy Institute Avda. Ramón de la Sagra 3, 2 8935 Móstoles Spain
| | - Jesus Palma
- Electrochemical Processes Unit IMDEA Energy Institute Avda. Ramón de la Sagra 3, 2 8935 Móstoles Spain
| | - Marc Anderson
- Electrochemical Processes Unit IMDEA Energy Institute Avda. Ramón de la Sagra 3, 2 8935 Móstoles Spain
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Wisconsin Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Rebeca Marcilla
- Electrochemical Processes Unit IMDEA Energy Institute Avda. Ramón de la Sagra 3, 2 8935 Móstoles Spain
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