1
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Kaur R, Singh RP. Stereoselective Reductive Coupling Reactions Utilizing [1,2]-Phospha-Brook Rearrangement: A Powerful Umpolung Approach. J Org Chem 2023; 88:10325-10338. [PMID: 37460945 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
[1,2]-Phospha-Brook rearrangement entails the generation of α-oxygenated carbanions via the umpolung process. Recently, these anionic species have been widely utilized for several C-C bond forming strategies, providing various useful frameworks that are difficult to access through conventional approaches. However, the application of this powerful methodology in the development of chiral strategies is still at the nascent stage due to challenges involved in controlling chemoselectivity and enantioselectivity. This synopsis provides a detailed summary of diastereo- and/or enantioselective chemical transformations using [1,2]-phospha-Brook rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravneet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Ravi P Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
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2
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Ali A, Jajoria R, Harit HK, Singh RP. Diastereoselective 1,6-Addition of α-Phosphonyloxy Enolates to para-Quinone Methides. J Org Chem 2022; 87:5213-5228. [PMID: 35378040 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The addition of α-ketoamide to p-quinone methide initiated by dialkylphosphite in the presence of organic base 1,8-diazabicyclo(5.4.0)undec-7-ene (DBU) is explored. Coupling of dialkylphosphites to α-ketoamides in the presence of a base follows [1,2]-phospha-Brook rearrangement, generating corresponding α-phosphonyloxy enolates that are subsequently seized by p-quinone methides (p-QMs). The two-step one-pot 1,6-conjugate addition provides effective access to a series of isatin-incorporated phosphate-bearing 1,6-adducts having two vicinal tertiary carbons with up to 90% yield and >20:1 dr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Raveena Jajoria
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Harish K Harit
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Ravi P Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
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3
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Xue F, Chen X, He Z. Diethyl phosphite mediated reductive [1 + 4] annulation of α-ketoesters with α, β-unsaturated ketones and synthesis of polysubstituted 2,3-dihydrofurans. Tetrahedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2022.132646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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4
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Kaur R, Singh D, Singh RP. Stereoselective Synthesis of Dihydrocoumarins via [1,2]-Phospha-Brook Rearrangement in Three-Component Coupling Reaction of α-Ketoesters, o-Quinone Methides, and Dialkyl Phosphites. J Org Chem 2021; 86:15702-15711. [PMID: 34637300 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A highly regio- and diastereoselective approach for the synthesis of phosphate substituted dihydrocoumarins via Brønsted base catalyzed [1,2]-phospha-Brook rearrangement is reported. The two-step, one-pot Michael addition of α-phosphonyloxy enolates proceeds by coupling of dialkyl phosphite and α-ketoesters to o-quinone methides, followed by an intramolecular cyclization, providing 3,4-dihydrocoumarin frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravneet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Dipak Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Ravi P Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
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5
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Zhang X, Gao Y, Liu Y, Miao Z. Diastereoselective Synthesis of Tetrabenzohydrofuran Spirooxindoles via Diethyl Phosphite-Mediated Coupling of Isatins with o-Quinone Methides. J Org Chem 2021; 86:8630-8640. [PMID: 34162210 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Diethyl phosphite-initiated coupling of isatins with o-quinone methides (o-QMs) is reported. This reaction involves a cascade transformation initiated by base-promoted addition of phosphite to isatins, followed by [1,2]-phospha-Brook rearrangement. This generates α-phosphonyloxy enolates that are subsequently intercepted by o-QMs and finally intramolecular ring closure. This protocol was used to diastereoselectively synthesize a range of trans-tetrabenzohydrofuran spirooxindoles in moderate to good yields with moderate to excellent diastereoselectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Weijin Road 94, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yanfeng Gao
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Weijin Road 94, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yitong Liu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Weijin Road 94, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhiwei Miao
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Weijin Road 94, Tianjin 300071, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300071, China
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6
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Chen Q, Teng Y, Xu F. Lanthanide Silylamide-Catalyzed Synthesis of Pyrano[2,3- b]indol-2-ones. Org Lett 2021; 23:4785-4790. [PMID: 34048269 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A lanthanide silylamide-catalyzed tandem reaction of isatins, diethyl phosphite, and 2,3-diarylcyclopropenones has been developed. A series of pyrano[2,3-b]indol-2-ones were synthesized in high yields. The cooperation of the Lewis acidity of the lanthanide center and the Bronsted basicity of the N(SiMe3)2 anion may be the key factor affecting the catalytic activity of lanthanide amides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qifa Chen
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yue Teng
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Fan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
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7
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Foubelo F, Yus M. Chiral N-tert-Butylsulfinyl Imines: New Discoveries. CHEM REC 2020; 21:1300-1341. [PMID: 33241905 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202000122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In this account the reactions of chiral N-tert-butylsulfinyl imines with organometallic reagents such as organoalkaline (lithium, sodium, potassium and cesium derivatives), organomagnesium, organozinc, organoboron, organoaluminium, organoindium and organosilicon compounds is comprehensively described. The reactivity in all cases is derived to synthetic applications in order to prepare interesting organic nitrogenated molecules, especially in the field of alkaloid compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Foubelo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and Instituto de Síntesis Orgánica (ISO), Universidad de Alicante, Apdo. 99, 03080, Alicante, Spain.,Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad de Alicante, Apdo. 99, 03080, Alicante, Spain
| | - Miguel Yus
- Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad de Alicante, Apdo. 99, 03080, Alicante, Spain
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8
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Huang W, Yao Y, Xu YJ, Lu CD. Diastereoselective α-Fluorination of N- tert-Butanesulfinyl Imidates. J Org Chem 2018; 83:14777-14785. [PMID: 30407820 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A diastereoselective α-fluorination of N- tert-butanesulfinyl imidates was developed. Deprotonation of N- tert-butanesulfinyl imidates with lithium hexamethyldisilazide generates aza-enolates that can be intercepted, with excellent diastereocontrol, by the inexpensive electrophilic fluorinating agent NFSI. This protocol was applied to the preparation of synthetically useful trans-2-fluoro-cyclohexamine with high enantiomeric purity (99.5% ee).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry of Arid Zones, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Urumqi 830011 , China
| | - Yun Yao
- School of Chemical Science and Technology , Yunnan University , Kunming 650091 , China
| | - Yan-Jun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry of Arid Zones, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Urumqi 830011 , China
| | - Chong-Dao Lu
- School of Chemical Science and Technology , Yunnan University , Kunming 650091 , China.,Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry of Arid Zones, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Urumqi 830011 , China
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9
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Niu ST, Liu H, Xu YJ, Lu CD. Diastereoselective α-Sulfenylation of N- tert-Butanesulfinyl Imidates. J Org Chem 2018; 83:10580-10588. [PMID: 30010340 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b01403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A diastereoselective α-sulfenylation of chiral α-aryl/alkyl N- tert-butanesulfinyl imidates has been developed. Suitable sulfur electrophiles can be used as sulfenylating reagents to intercept aza-enolates generated from imidate deprotonation, giving α-thiofunctionalized imidates in good yields with high diastereocontrol. This protocol for C-S bond formation can efficiently synthesize enantioenriched 1,2-sulfanyl amine derivatives such as sulconazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Tong Niu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry of Arid Zones , Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Urumqi 830011 , China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Hui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry of Arid Zones , Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Urumqi 830011 , China
| | - Yan-Jun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry of Arid Zones , Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Urumqi 830011 , China
| | - Chong-Dao Lu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry of Arid Zones , Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Urumqi 830011 , China
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10
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Feng J, Ma PJ, Zeng YM, Xu YJ, Lu CD. Construction of α-methoxyimidoyl ketonitrones via phosphite-mediated addition of α-keto N-tert-butanesulfinyl imidates to nitrosoarenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:2882-2885. [PMID: 29493693 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc00345a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A dimethyl phosphite-mediated addition of α-keto N-tert-butanesulfinyl imidates to nitrosoarenes was developed. Nitrosoarenes were successfully used as electrophiles to trap aza-enolate intermediates that were generated from nucleophilic addition of deprotonated phosphite to α-keto N-tert-butanesulfinyl imidates and following phospha-Brook rearrangement, allowing efficient construction of ketonitrones with excellent (Z)-geometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Feng
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Chemistry, Changji University, Changji 831100, China.
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11
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Ma PJ, Liu H, Xu YJ, Aisa HA, Lu CD. Diastereoselective α-Hydroxylation of N-tert-Butanesulfinyl Imidates and N'-tert-Butanesulfinyl Amidines with Molecular Oxygen. Org Lett 2018; 20:1236-1239. [PMID: 29405721 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Diastereoselective α-hydroxylation using molecular oxygen has been achieved with chiral α-alkyl N-tert-butanesulfinyl imidates and α-aryl N'-tert-butanesulfinyl amidines. The aza-enolates generated from deprotonation of imidates/amidines can be intercepted by O2 with excellent diastereocontrol and subsequently transformed into α-hydroxylation products in the presence of the reductant trimethyl phosphite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Ju Ma
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry of Arid Zones, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Urumqi 830011, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry of Arid Zones, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Yan-Jun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry of Arid Zones, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Haji Akber Aisa
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry of Arid Zones, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Chong-Dao Lu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry of Arid Zones, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Urumqi 830011, China
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12
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Li CT, Liu H, Xu YJ, Lu CD. Aldol Reaction of N-tert-Butanesulfinyl Imidates under Basic Conditions for Diastereoselective Synthesis of anti-Aldols. J Org Chem 2017; 82:11253-11261. [PMID: 28926692 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b01982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Diastereoselective aldol reaction of N-tert-butanesulfinyl imidates under typical hard enolization conditions is reported. Potassium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (KHMDS) effectively promotes the aldol reaction of α-aryl- and α-alkyl-substituted imidates, providing anti-aldol adducts in high yields with good to excellent diastereoselectivities. In the case of α-aryl imidates, high conversion depends on adding trimethylsilyl chloride (TMSCl) to the reaction mixture. In the presence of a suitable Lewis acid, cyclohexanone is a good electrophile in the aldol reaction of imidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Tian Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry of Arid Zones, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Urumqi 830011, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry of Arid Zones, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Yan-Jun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry of Arid Zones, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Chong-Dao Lu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry of Arid Zones, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Urumqi 830011, China
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13
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Huang W, Liu H, Xu YJ, Lu CD. Reaction of Silyllithium, α-Keto N-tert-Butanesulfinyl Imidates and Aldehydes for Asymmetric Synthesis of α-Substituted β-(Silyloxy)-α-hydroxy Acid Derivatives. J Org Chem 2017; 82:10748-10755. [PMID: 28910104 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A single-flask reaction of silyllithium, α-keto N-tert-butanesulfinyl imidates and aldehydes has been developed for the diastereoselective synthesis of α,β-dihydroxy acid derivatives. In this reaction, the nucleophilic addition of silyllithium to chiral α-keto imidates followed by silyl migration forms chiral aza-enolates, which react diastereoselectively with aldehydes. Subsequent [1,4]-O → O silyl migration affords α-substituted β-(silyoxy)-α-hydroxy imidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry of Arid Zones, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Urumqi 830011, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry of Arid Zones, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Yan-Jun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry of Arid Zones, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Chong-Dao Lu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry of Arid Zones, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Urumqi 830011, China
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14
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Yin D, Liu H, Lu CD, Xu YJ. Dialkyl Phosphite-Initiated Cyclopropanation of α,β-Unsaturated Ketones Using α-Ketoesters or Isatin Derivatives. J Org Chem 2017; 82:3252-3261. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b03009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Deng Yin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry of Arid Zones, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry of Arid Zones, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Chong-Dao Lu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry of Arid Zones, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Yan-Jun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry of Arid Zones, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
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15
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Ma PJ, Liu H, Lu CD, Xu YJ. Diastereoselective Electrophilic α-Hydroxyamination of N-tert-Butanesulfinyl Imidates. Org Lett 2017; 19:670-673. [PMID: 28093907 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b03835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Diastereoselective α-hydroxyamination of N-tert-butanesulfinyl imidates using nitrosoarenes is reported. A catalytic amount of base effectively promotes the hydroxyamination reaction of α-aryl-substituted imidates, and the resulting α-hydroxyamino imidates can be transformed into a range of synthetically useful intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Ju Ma
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry of Arid Zones, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Urumqi 830011, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry of Arid Zones, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Chong-Dao Lu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry of Arid Zones, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Yan-Jun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry of Arid Zones, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Urumqi 830011, China
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16
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Jiang J, Liu H, Lu CD, Xu YJ. P(NMe2)3-Mediated Aziridination of Imines with α-Ketoesters for Synthesis of Aziridine-2-carboxylates. J Org Chem 2016; 82:811-818. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b02669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry of Arid Zones, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry of Arid Zones, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Chong-Dao Lu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry of Arid Zones, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Yan-Jun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry of Arid Zones, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
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