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Baharfar M, Lin J, Kilani M, Zhao L, Zhang Q, Mao G. Gas nanosensors for health and safety applications in mining. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:5997-6016. [PMID: 37941945 PMCID: PMC10629029 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00507k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
The ever-increasing demand for accurate, miniaturized, and cost-effective gas sensing systems has eclipsed basic research across many disciplines. Along with the rapid progress in nanotechnology, the latest development in gas sensing technology is dominated by the incorporation of nanomaterials with different properties and structures. Such nanomaterials provide a variety of sensing interfaces operating on different principles ranging from chemiresistive and electrochemical to optical modules. Compared to thick film and bulk structures currently used for gas sensing, nanomaterials are advantageous in terms of surface-to-volume ratio, response time, and power consumption. However, designing nanostructured gas sensors for the marketplace requires understanding of key mechanisms in detecting certain gaseous analytes. Herein, we provide an overview of different sensing modules and nanomaterials under development for sensing critical gases in the mining industry, specifically for health and safety monitoring of mining workers. The interactions between target gas molecules and the sensing interface and strategies to tailor the gas sensing interfacial properties are highlighted throughout the review. Finally, challenges of existing nanomaterial-based sensing systems, directions for future studies, and conclusions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahroo Baharfar
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney) Sydney New South Wales 2052 Australia
| | - Jiancheng Lin
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney) Sydney New South Wales 2052 Australia
| | - Mohamed Kilani
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney) Sydney New South Wales 2052 Australia
| | - Liang Zhao
- Azure Mining Technology Pty Ltd Sydney New South Wales 2067 Australia
| | - Qing Zhang
- CCTEG Changzhou Research Institute Changzhou 213015 China
| | - Guangzhao Mao
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney) Sydney New South Wales 2052 Australia
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2
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Gou X, Lu J, Zhao HY, Pei YR, Jin LY. Supramolecular nanostructures of coil-rod-coil molecules containing a 9,10-distyrylanthracene group in aqueous solution and their optical properties of assemblies. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:6683-6690. [PMID: 37609871 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00924f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
A series of coil-rod-coil molecules containing a 9,10-distyrylanthracene (DSA) core was successfully synthesized. The flexible parts of these molecules are composed of different polyethylene oxide chains. These molecules with aggregation-induced luminescence properties can be assembled into micelles, spheres, and sheet-like nano-assemblies in aqueous solution and have a strong ability to form charge-transfer complexes with the electron-deficient small molecules 2,4,5,7-tetranitro-9-fluorenone and 2,4,6-trinitrophenol. Interestingly, under ultraviolet light irradiation, the DSA structure undergoes photolysis and induces the disappearance of the aggregation-induced luminescence phenomena, giving these molecules application potential as a photodegradable material. In addition, these molecules are suitable organic dyes for information encryption and anti-counterfeiting applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Gou
- Department of Chemistry, National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Chemistry Education, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China.
| | - Jie Lu
- Department of Chemistry, National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Chemistry Education, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China.
| | - Hui-Yu Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Chemistry Education, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China.
| | - Yi-Rong Pei
- Department of Chemistry, National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Chemistry Education, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China.
| | - Long Yi Jin
- Department of Chemistry, National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Chemistry Education, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China.
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3
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Starodub TN, Fenske D, Fuhr O, Yaroshenko VO, Stepen’ D. Crystal Structure of Anion-Radical Salts of 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane with N-xylyl-pyridinium and N-xylyl-isoquinolinium Cations. CRYSTALLOGR REP+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1063774522030191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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4
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Mydlova L, Taboukhat S, Waszkowska K, Ibrahim N, Migalska-Zalas A, Sahraoui B, Frère P, Makowska-Janusik M. Selected molecules based on (-1-cyanovinyl)benzonitrile as new materials for NLO applications — Experimental and computational studies. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.113622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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5
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Tang ZZ, Weng YG, Yin WY, Jiang M, Zhu QY, Dai J. A Potential Hybrid Hole-Transport Material Incorporating a Redox-Active Tetrathiafulvalene Derivative with CuSCN. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:15824-15831. [PMID: 31710209 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b02168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Inorganic CuSCN and organic tetrathiafulvalene derivatives (TTFs) have been exploited as hole-transport materials (HTM) in hybrid perovskite solar cells. To develop new HTM, we herein report two hybrid materials incorporating redox-active TTFs with CuSCN framework (TTFs-CuSCN). Single-crystal analysis showed that compound [Cu2(py-TTF-py)(SCN)2] (1) is three-dimensional (3D) and compound [Cu(py-TTF-py)(SCN)] (2) is two-dimensional (2D) (py-TTF-py = 2,6-bis(4'-pyridyl)tetrathiafulvalene). There are covalent coordination interactions between CuSCN and py-TTF-py and short S···S contacts between the py-TTF-py ligands for both compounds. Besides, C···S contacts exist between py-TTF-py ligands of the neighboring 2D networks in 2, which facilitate the charge transfer and supply efficient multidimensional pathways for carrier migration. As a result, 2 presented better semiconductor performance in comparison with that of 1. The performance of 2 related to the HTMs could be significantly improved by modulating the electronic state of the TTFs-CuSCN framework via oxidative doping. The iodine-doped 2D material (2-I2) gives the most excellent conductivity and carrier mobility, which might be a potential new HTM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Zhen Tang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , PR China
| | - Yi-Gang Weng
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , PR China
| | - Wen-Yu Yin
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , PR China.,Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, School of Chemistry & Materials Engineering , Changshu Institute of Technology , Changshu 215500 , PR China
| | - Miao Jiang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , PR China
| | - Qin-Yu Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , PR China
| | - Jie Dai
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , PR China
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6
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Chen J, Yan M, Tang Y, Yu J, Xu W, Fu Y, Cao H, He Q, Cheng J. Rational Construction of Highly Tunable Organic Charge-Transfer Complexes for Chemiresistive Sensor Applications. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2019; 2:3678-3685. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b00557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinming Chen
- State Key Lab of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changning Road 865, Shanghai 200050, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mingzhu Yan
- State Key Lab of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changning Road 865, Shanghai 200050, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yilong Tang
- State Key Lab of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changning Road 865, Shanghai 200050, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinping Yu
- ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Wei Xu
- State Key Lab of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changning Road 865, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Yanyan Fu
- State Key Lab of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changning Road 865, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Huimin Cao
- State Key Lab of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changning Road 865, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Qingguo He
- State Key Lab of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changning Road 865, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Jiangong Cheng
- State Key Lab of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changning Road 865, Shanghai 200050, China
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Liu Q, Mukherjee S, Huang R, Liu K, Liu T, Liu K, Miao R, Peng H, Fang Y. Naphthyl End-Capped Terthiophene-Based Chemiresistive Sensors for Biogenic Amine Detection and Meat Spoilage Monitoring. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:2751-2758. [PMID: 31210030 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201900622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A reliable and sensitive detection of biogenic amines (BAs) is essential to ensure food safety and maintain public health. In this study, two naphthyl end-capped terthiophene derivatives, namely, 5-(naphthalen-1-yl)-2,2':5',2''-terthiophene (NA-3T) and 5,5''-di(naphthalen-1-yl)-2,2':5',2''-terthiophene (NA-3T-NA), were employed to develop chemiresistive sensors for detecting gaseous BAs. In contrast to NA-3T, the NA-3T-NA-based sensor showed a higher sensitivity for trimethylamine (TMA) with an experimental detection limit lower than 22 ppm, and for aromatic BAs, including dopamine, histamine, tryptamine, and tyramine. Additionally, the recovery time for TMA was found to be shorter than 23 s. In addition, both sensors were successfully used for an in situ evaluation of meat freshness by monitoring the concentration of relevant volatile BAs. The difference in the sensing performances of the two chemiresistive sensors was tentatively ascribed to different packing structures of the derivatives and the adlayer structures of the films developed with the compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, P.R. China.,Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Catalytic Foundation, and Applications, School of Chemical and Environmental Science, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, 723001, P.R. China
| | - Somnath Mukherjee
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, P.R. China
| | - Rongrong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, P.R. China
| | - Ke Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, P.R. China
| | - Taihong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, P.R. China
| | - Kaiqiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, P.R. China
| | - Rong Miao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, P.R. China
| | - Haonan Peng
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, P.R. China
| | - Yu Fang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, P.R. China
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Zhang X, Zhang P, Weng YG, Tang ZZ, Zhu QY, Dai J. Intracation and Interanion-Cation Charge-Transfer Properties of Tetrathiafulvalene-Bismuth-Halide Hybrids. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:11113-11122. [PMID: 30106568 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b01692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) derivatives as promising hole transport materials in assembling hybrid halide perovskite solar cells have attracted great attention; however, electron transfer or charge-transfer (CT) between TTF and metal halides has been studied with less detail at the molecular level. Using molecular models, we herein report four new TTF-bismuth-halides assembled by methylated or protonated bis(4'-pyridyl)-tetrathiafulvalene cations, (MePy)2TTF or (HPy)2TTF, and bismuth-halide anions. Single crystal analysis showed that the cations are stacked to form a TTF column, and the bismuth-halide anions are inlaid between the TTF columns with anion-cation interactions. In these compounds, the main contribution to CT is the intracation CT, namely intramolecular CT (IMCT) from TTF moiety to pyridinium group. However, the anion to cation CT (ACCT) has a significant effect on the IMCT and physical properties. The different anion-cation interaction modes result in different synergistic effects of IMCT and ACCT, which modified the band gaps and photocurrent properties of the hybrids. The research gives a clear image of structure-property relationship and provides a perspective on the design of new perovskite materials at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , P. R. China
| | - Ping Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , P. R. China
| | - Yi-Gang Weng
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , P. R. China
| | - Zheng-Zhen Tang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , P. R. China
| | - Qin-Yu Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , P. R. China
| | - Jie Dai
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , P. R. China
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9
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Huang Y, Zhang S, Zhong G, Li C, Liu Z, Jin D. Highly responsive hydrazine sensors based on donor–acceptor perylene diimides: impact of electron-donating groups. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:19037-19044. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp03400a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This work presents a new protocol for the design of highly responsive hydrazine sensors based on donor–acceptor perylenediimides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongwei Huang
- Laboratory for Nanomedicine
- School of Basic Medical Science
- Henan University
- Kaifeng 475004
- China
| | - Shasha Zhang
- Laboratory for Nanomedicine
- School of Basic Medical Science
- Henan University
- Kaifeng 475004
- China
| | - Guangcai Zhong
- Laboratory for Nanomedicine
- School of Basic Medical Science
- Henan University
- Kaifeng 475004
- China
| | - Chunli Li
- Engineering Research Center for Nanomaterials
- Henan University
- Kaifeng 475004
- China
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Laboratory for Nanomedicine
- School of Basic Medical Science
- Henan University
- Kaifeng 475004
- China
| | - Dongzhu Jin
- Laboratory for Nanomedicine
- School of Basic Medical Science
- Henan University
- Kaifeng 475004
- China
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10
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Zhang XP, Wang LL, Zhang DS, Qi XW, Shi ZF, Lin Q. Solvent-tuned charge-transfer properties of chiral Pt(ii) complex and TCNQ˙− anion adducts. RSC Adv 2018; 8:10756-10763. [PMID: 35541534 PMCID: PMC9078908 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra01330f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A new pair of adducts comprising one chiral Pt(ii) complex cation, [Pt((−)-L1)(Dmpi)]+ ((−)-1) or [Pt((+)-L1)(Dmpi)]+ ((+)-1) [(−)-L1 = (−)-4,5-pinene-6′-phenyl-2,2′-bipyridine, (+)-L1 = (+)-4,5-pinene-6′-phenyl-2,2′-bipyridine, Dmpi = 2,6-dimethylphenylisocyanide], together with one TCNQ˙− anion have been obtained, and the structures have been confirmed via single-crystal X-ray crystallography and infrared (IR) spectroscopy. The chiral Pt(ii) cation and TCNQ˙− anion are dissociated in MeOH solution, while charge transfer adducts are formed in H2O solution, leading to perturbation of the electronic structure and alteration of the chiral environment, as evidenced by the differences in the UV-vis absorption and electronic circular dichroism spectra. The solvent-tuned charge-transfer properties also have been validated through emission and resonance light scattering spectra. The interesting findings may have potential applications in the development of black absorbers and wide band gap semiconductors. A new couple of charge transfer adducts comprising of one chiral Pt(ii) complex cation together with one TCNQ˙− anion have been prepared, and solvent-induced variances of absorption, luminescence as well as chiral spectra have been investigated.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Peng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Treatment & Resource Reuse of Hainan Province
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hainan Normal University
- Haikou 571158
- People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Treatment & Resource Reuse of Hainan Province
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hainan Normal University
- Haikou 571158
- People's Republic of China
| | - Da-Shuai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Treatment & Resource Reuse of Hainan Province
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hainan Normal University
- Haikou 571158
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Wei Qi
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Treatment & Resource Reuse of Hainan Province
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hainan Normal University
- Haikou 571158
- People's Republic of China
| | - Zai-Feng Shi
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Treatment & Resource Reuse of Hainan Province
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hainan Normal University
- Haikou 571158
- People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Treatment & Resource Reuse of Hainan Province
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hainan Normal University
- Haikou 571158
- People's Republic of China
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11
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Yu S, Yang Y, Chen T, Xu J, Jin LY. Donor-acceptor interaction-driven self-assembly of amphiphilic rod-coil molecules into supramolecular nanoassemblies. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:17975-17982. [PMID: 29130091 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr05329k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Rigid-flexible amphiphilic molecules consisting of an aromatic segment based on pyrene and biphenyl units and hydrophilic polyethylene oxide chains self-assemble into lamellar, hexagonal columnar, and two-dimensional columnar nanostructures in the bulk state. In aqueous solution, these molecules self-assemble into nanofibers, spherical micelles, and multilayer nanotubes, depending on the chain or rod length of the molecules. Notably, ordered nanostructures of supramolecular polymers, such as single-layer curving fragments, nanofibers, and nanosheets, were constructed through charge-transfer interactions between the nanoobjects and an electron-acceptor molecule, 2,4,5,7-tetranitrofluorenone. These experimental results reveal that diverse supramolecular morphologies can be controlled by tuning rod-coil molecular interactions or charge-transfer interactions between the donor and acceptor molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengsheng Yu
- Key Laboratory for Organism Resources of the Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, and Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133002, China.
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12
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La DD, Ramanathan R, Kumar D, Ahmed T, Walia S, Anuradha, Berean KJ, Bhosale SV, Bansal V. Galvanic Replacement of Semiconducting CuTCNQF
4
with Ag
+
Ions to Enhance Electron Transfer Reaction. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201701597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Duong D. La
- School of Science RMIT University GPO Box 2476 Melbourne VIC 3001 Australia
| | - Rajesh Ramanathan
- Ian Potter NanoBioSensing Facility NanoBiotechnology Research Laboratory School of Science RMIT University GPO Box 2476 Melbourne VIC 3001 Australia
| | - Dipesh Kumar
- Ian Potter NanoBioSensing Facility NanoBiotechnology Research Laboratory School of Science RMIT University GPO Box 2476 Melbourne VIC 3001 Australia
| | - Taimur Ahmed
- Functional Materials and Microsystems Research Group and Micro Nano Research Facility School of Engineering RMIT University GPO Box 2476 Melbourne VIC 3001 Australia
| | - Sumeet Walia
- Functional Materials and Microsystems Research Group and Micro Nano Research Facility School of Engineering RMIT University GPO Box 2476 Melbourne VIC 3001 Australia
| | - Anuradha
- School of Science RMIT University GPO Box 2476 Melbourne VIC 3001 Australia
| | - Kyle J. Berean
- School of Engineering RMIT University GPO Box 2476 Melbourne VIC 3001 Australia
| | | | - Vipul Bansal
- Ian Potter NanoBioSensing Facility NanoBiotechnology Research Laboratory School of Science RMIT University GPO Box 2476 Melbourne VIC 3001 Australia
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