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Quigley NG, Zierke MA, Ludwig BS, Richter F, Nguyen NT, Reissig F, Šimeček J, Kossatz S, Notni J. The importance of tyrosines in multimers of cyclic RGD nonapeptides: towards αvβ6-integrin targeted radiotherapeutics. RSC Med Chem 2024; 15:2018-2029. [PMID: 38911160 PMCID: PMC11187563 DOI: 10.1039/d4md00073k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
In a recent paper in this journal (RSC Med. Chem., 2023, 14, 2429), we described an unusually strong impact of regiospecific exchange of phenylalanines by tyrosines in 10 gallium-68-labeled trimers of certain cyclic RGD peptides, c[XRGDLAXp(NMe)K] (X = F or Y), on non-specific organ uptakes. We found that there was, in part, no correlation of liver uptake with established polarity proxies, such as the octanol-water distribution coefficient (log D). Since this observation could not be explained straightforwardly, we suggested that the symmetry of the compounds had resulted in a synergistic interaction of certain components of the macromolecules. In the present work, we investigated whether a comparable effect also occurred for a series of 5 tetramers labeled with lutetium-177. We found that in contrast to the trimers, liver uptake of the tetramers was well correlated to their polarity, indicating that the unusual observations along the trimer series indeed was a unique feature, probably related to their particular symmetry. Since the Lu-177 labeled tetramers are also potential agents for treatment of a variety of αvβ6-integrin expressing cancers, these were evaluated in mice bearing human lung adenocarcinoma xenografts. Due to their tumor-specific uptake and retention in biodistribution and SPECT imaging experiments, these compounds are considered a step forward on the way to αvβ6-integrin-targeted anticancer agents. Furthermore, we noticed that the presence of tyrosines in general had a positive impact on the in vivo performance of our peptide multimers. In view of the fact that a corresponding rule was already proposed in the context of protein engineering, we argue in favor of considering peptide multimers as a special class of small or medium-sized proteins. In summary, we contend that the performance of peptide multimers is less determined by the in vitro characteristics (particularly, affinity and selectivity) of monomers, but rather by the peptides' suitability for the overall macromolecular design concept, and peptides containing tyrosines are preferred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Gerard Quigley
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health, Technische Universität München Munich Germany
| | | | - Beatrice Stefanie Ludwig
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Klinikum Rechts der Isar and Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research, (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine and Health, Technische Universität München Munich Germany
| | - Frauke Richter
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health, Technische Universität München Munich Germany
| | - Nghia Trong Nguyen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Klinikum Rechts der Isar and Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research, (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine and Health, Technische Universität München Munich Germany
| | - Falco Reissig
- TRIMT GmbH Carl-Eschebach-Str. 7 D-01454 Radeberg Germany
| | - Jakub Šimeček
- TRIMT GmbH Carl-Eschebach-Str. 7 D-01454 Radeberg Germany
| | - Susanne Kossatz
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Klinikum Rechts der Isar and Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research, (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine and Health, Technische Universität München Munich Germany
| | - Johannes Notni
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health, Technische Universität München Munich Germany
- TRIMT GmbH Carl-Eschebach-Str. 7 D-01454 Radeberg Germany
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Quigley NG, Steiger K, Färber SF, Richter F, Weichert W, Notni J. Sensitive Positron Emission Tomography Imaging of PD-L1 Expression in Human Breast and Lung Carcinoma Xenografts Using the Radiometalated Peptide Ga-68-TRAP-WL12. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:1827-1837. [PMID: 38291706 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c01128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Noninvasive imaging of the immune checkpoint protein programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1; synonyms: CD274, B7-H1) holds great promise to improve patient selection and, thus, response rates for immune checkpoint therapy (ICT) with monoclonal antibodies targeting the PD1/PD-L1 axis. The PD-L1 specific peptide WL12 (cyclo(AcY-(NMe)A-N-P-H-L-Hyp-W-S-W(Me)-(NMe)Nle-(NMe)Nle-O-C)-G-NH2) was functionalized with the Gallium-68 chelator TRAP by means of click chemistry (CuAAC). The resulting conjugate TRAP-WL12 was labeled with Gallium-68 within 16 min, with approximately 90% radiochemical yield and 99% radiochemical purity, affording Ga-68-TRAP-WL12 with molar activities typically exceeding 100 MBq/nmol. This radiotracer was characterized by positron emission tomography (PET) imaging and ex vivo biodistribution in murine xenografts of nontransfected PD-L1 expressing tumor cell lines, MDA-MB-231 (human breast carcinoma), and H2009 (human lung adenocarcinoma). It showed a favorable biodistribution profile with rapid renal clearance and low background (tumor-to-blood ratio = 26.6, 3 h p.i.). Conjugation of the Ga-68-TRAP moiety to WL12 successfully mitigated the nonspecific uptake of this peptide in organs, particularly the liver. This was demonstrated by comparing Ga-68-TRAP-WL12 with the archetypical Ga-68-DOTA-WL12, for which tumor-to-liver ratios of 1.4 and 0.5, respectively, were found. Although immunohistochemistry (IHC) revealed a low PD-L1 expression in MDA-MB-213 and H2009 xenografts that corresponds well to the clinical situation, PET showed high tumor uptakes (6.6 and 7.3% injected activity per gram of tissue (iA/g), respectively) for Ga-68-TRAP-WL12. Thus, this tracer has the potential for routine clinical PD-L1 PET imaging because it detects even very low PD-L1 expression densities with high sensitivity and may open an avenue to replace PD-L1 IHC of biopsies as the standard means to select potential responders for ICT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Gerard Quigley
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Trogerstr. 18, München D-81675, Germany
| | - Katja Steiger
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Trogerstr. 18, München D-81675, Germany
| | - Stefanie Felicitas Färber
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Trogerstr. 18, München D-81675, Germany
| | - Frauke Richter
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Trogerstr. 18, München D-81675, Germany
| | - Wilko Weichert
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Trogerstr. 18, München D-81675, Germany
| | - Johannes Notni
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Trogerstr. 18, München D-81675, Germany
- TRIMT GmbH, Carl-Eschebach-Str. 7, Radeberg D-01454, Germany
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Modern Developments in Bifunctional Chelator Design for Gallium Radiopharmaceuticals. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 28:molecules28010203. [PMID: 36615397 PMCID: PMC9822085 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The positron-emitting radionuclide gallium-68 has become increasingly utilised in both preclinical and clinical settings with positron emission tomography (PET). The synthesis of radiochemically pure gallium-68 radiopharmaceuticals relies on careful consideration of the coordination chemistry. The short half-life of 68 min necessitates rapid quantitative radiolabelling (≤10 min). Desirable radiolabelling conditions include near-neutral pH, ambient temperatures, and low chelator concentrations to achieve the desired apparent molar activity. This review presents a broad overview of the requirements of an efficient bifunctional chelator in relation to the aqueous coordination chemistry of gallium. Developments in bifunctional chelator design and application are then presented and grouped according to eight categories of bifunctional chelator: the macrocyclic chelators DOTA and TACN; the acyclic HBED, pyridinecarboxylates, siderophores, tris(hydroxypyridinones), and DTPA; and the mesocyclic diazepines.
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Meher N, Ashley GW, Bidkar AP, Dhrona S, Fong C, Fontaine SD, Beckford Vera DR, Wilson DM, Seo Y, Santi DV, VanBrocklin HF, Flavell RR. Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen Targeted Deep Tumor Penetration of Polymer Nanocarriers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:50569-50582. [PMID: 36318757 PMCID: PMC9673064 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c15095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Tumoral uptake of large-size nanoparticles is mediated by the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, with variable accumulation and heterogenous tumor tissue penetration depending on the tumor phenotype. The performance of nanocarriers via specific targeting has the potential to improve imaging contrast and therapeutic efficacy in vivo with increased deep tissue penetration. To address this hypothesis, we designed and synthesized prostate cancer-targeting starPEG nanocarriers (40 kDa, 15 nm), [89Zr]PEG-(DFB)3(ACUPA)1 and [89Zr]PEG-(DFB)1(ACUPA)3, with one or three prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-targeting ACUPA ligands. The in vitro PSMA binding affinity and in vivo pharmacokinetics of the targeted nanocarriers were compared with a nontargeted starPEG, [89Zr]PEG-(DFB)4, in PSMA+ PC3-Pip and PSMA- PC3-Flu cells, and xenografts. Increasing the number of ACUPA ligands improved the in vitro binding affinity of PEG-derived polymers to PC3-Pip cells. While both PSMA-targeted nanocarriers significantly improved tissue penetration in PC3-Pip tumors, the multivalent [89Zr]PEG-(DFB)1(ACUPA)3 showed a remarkably higher PC3-Pip/blood ratio and background clearance. In contrast, the nontargeted [89Zr]PEG-(DFB)4 showed low EPR-mediated accumulation with poor tumor tissue penetration. Overall, ACUPA conjugated targeted starPEGs significantly improve tumor retention with deep tumor tissue penetration in low EPR PC3-Pip xenografts. These data suggest that PSMA targeting with multivalent ACUPA ligands may be a generally applicable strategy to increase nanocarrier delivery to prostate cancer. These targeted multivalent nanocarriers with high tumor binding and low healthy tissue retention could be employed in imaging and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niranjan Meher
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University
of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Gary W. Ashley
- ProLynx
Inc., San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Anil P. Bidkar
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University
of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Suchi Dhrona
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University
of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Cyril Fong
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University
of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | | | - Denis R. Beckford Vera
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University
of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - David M. Wilson
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University
of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
- Helen
Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0981, United States
| | - Youngho Seo
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University
of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
- Helen
Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0981, United States
| | - Daniel V. Santi
- ProLynx
Inc., San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Henry F. VanBrocklin
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University
of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
- Helen
Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0981, United States
| | - Robert R. Flavell
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University
of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
- Helen
Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0981, United States
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University
of California, San Francisco, California 94158-2517, United States
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Caminade AM, Hameau A, Turrin CO, Laurent R, Majoral JP. Dendritic metal complexes for bioimaging. Recent advances. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Li H, Sun J, Zhu H, Wu H, Zhang H, Gu Z, Luo K. Recent advances in development of dendritic polymer-based nanomedicines for cancer diagnosis. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 13:e1670. [PMID: 32949116 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic polymers have highly branched three-dimensional architectures, the fourth type apart from linear, cross-linked, and branched one. They possess not only a large number of terminal functional units and interior cavities, but also a low viscosity with weak or no entanglement. These features endow them with great potential in various biomedicine applications, including drug delivery, gene therapy, tissue engineering, immunoassay and bioimaging. Most review articles related to bio-related applications of dendritic polymers focus on their drug or gene delivery, while very few of them are devoted to their function as cancer diagnosis agents, which are essential for cancer treatment. In this review, we will provide comprehensive insights into various dendritic polymer-based cancer diagnosis agents. Their classification and preparation are presented for readers to have a precise understanding of dendritic polymers. On account of physical/chemical properties of dendritic polymers and biological properties of cancer, we will suggest a few design strategies for constructing dendritic polymer-based diagnosis agents, such as active or passive targeting strategies, imaging reporters-incorporating strategies, and/or internal stimuli-responsive degradable/enhanced imaging strategies. Their recent applications in in vitro diagnosis of cancer cells or exosomes and in vivo diagnosis of primary and metastasis tumor sites with the aid of single/multiple imaging modalities will be discussed in great detail. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease Diagnostic Tools > in vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging Diagnostic Tools > in vitro Nanoparticle-Based Sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haonan Li
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, and Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiayu Sun
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, and Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongyan Zhu
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, and Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Haoxing Wu
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, and Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hu Zhang
- Amgen Bioprocessing Centre, Keck Graduate Institute, Claremont, California, USA
| | - Zhongwei Gu
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, and Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kui Luo
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, and Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Urbanovský P, Kotek J, Císařová I, Hermann P. Selective and clean synthesis of aminoalkyl- H-phosphinic acids from hypophosphorous acid by phospha-Mannich reaction. RSC Adv 2020; 10:21329-21349. [PMID: 35518776 PMCID: PMC9059144 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra03075a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aminoalkyl-H-phosphinic acids, also called aminoalkylphosphonous acids, are investigated as biologically active analogues of carboxylic amino acids and/or as valuable intermediates for synthesis of other aminoalkylphosphorus acids. Their synthesis has been mostly accomplished by phospha-Mannich reaction of a P–H precursor, an aldehyde and an amine. The reaction is rarely clean and high-yielding. Here, reaction of H3PO2 with secondary amines and formaldehyde in wet AcOH led to aminomethyl-H-phosphinic acids in nearly quantitative yields and with almost no by-products. Surprisingly, the reaction outcome depended on the basicity of the amines. Amines with pKa > 7–8 gave the desired products. For less basic amines, reductive N-methylation coupled with oxidation of H3PO2 to H3PO3 became a relevant side reaction. Primary amines reacted less clearly and amino-bis(methyl-H-phosphinic acids) were obtained only for very basic amines. Reaction yields with higher aldehydes were lower. Unique carboxylic–phosphinic–phosphonic acids as well as poly(H-phosphinic acids) derived from polyamines were obtained. Synthetic usefulness of the aminoalkyl-H-phosphinic was illustrated in P–H bond oxidation and its addition to double bonds, and in selective amine deprotection. Compounds with an ethylene-diamine fragment, e.g. most common polyazamacrocycles, are not suitable substrates. The X-ray solid-state structures of seventeen aminoalkyl-phosphinic acids were determined. In the reaction mechanism, N-hydroxyalkyl species R2NCH2OH and [R2N(CH2OH)2]+, probably stabilized as acetate esters, are suggested as the reactive intermediates. This mechanism is an alternative one to the known phospha-Mannich reaction mechanisms. The conditions can be utilized in syntheses of various aminoalkylphosphorus compounds. Acetic acid was used as a new solvent for phospha-Mannich reaction leading to clear reaction mixtures and high yields of the aminoalkylphosphonous acids (AHPA), and hydroxymethylated species were suggested as key intermediates in the reaction.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Urbanovský
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universita Karlova (Charles University) Hlavova 8/2030, 12843 Prague 2 Czech Republic +420-22195-1253 +420-22195-1263
| | - Jan Kotek
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universita Karlova (Charles University) Hlavova 8/2030, 12843 Prague 2 Czech Republic +420-22195-1253 +420-22195-1263
| | - Ivana Císařová
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universita Karlova (Charles University) Hlavova 8/2030, 12843 Prague 2 Czech Republic +420-22195-1253 +420-22195-1263
| | - Petr Hermann
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universita Karlova (Charles University) Hlavova 8/2030, 12843 Prague 2 Czech Republic +420-22195-1253 +420-22195-1263
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Wurzer A, Di Carlo D, Schmidt A, Beck R, Eiber M, Schwaiger M, Wester HJ. Radiohybrid Ligands: A Novel Tracer Concept Exemplified by 18F- or 68Ga-Labeled rhPSMA Inhibitors. J Nucl Med 2020; 61:735-742. [PMID: 31862804 PMCID: PMC7198388 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.119.234922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
When we critically assess the reason for the current dominance of 68Ga-labeled peptides and peptide-like ligands in radiopharmacy and nuclear medicine, we have to conclude that the major advantage of such radiopharmaceuticals is the apparent lack of suitable 18F-labeling technologies with proven clinical relevance. To prepare and to subsequently perform a clinical proof-of-concept study on the general suitability of silicon-fluoride-acceptor (SiFA)-conjugated radiopharmaceuticals, we developed inhibitors of the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) that are labeled by isotopic exchange (IE). To compensate for the pronounced lipophilicity of the SiFA unit, we used metal chelates, conjugated in close proximity to SiFA. Six different radiohybrid PSMA ligands (rhPSMA ligands) were evaluated and compared with the commonly used 18F-PSMA inhibitors 18F-DCFPyL and 18F-PSMA-1007. Methods: All inhibitors were synthesized by solid-phase peptide synthesis. Human serum albumin binding was measured by affinity high-performance liquid chromatography, whereas the lipophilicity of each tracer was determined by the n-octanol/buffer method. In vitro studies (IC50, internalization) were performed on LNCaP cells. Biodistribution studies were conducted on LNCaP tumor-bearing male CB-17 SCID mice. Results: On the laboratory scale (starting activities, 0.2-9.0 GBq), labeling of 18F-rhPSMA-5 to -10 by IE was completed in < 20 min (radiochemical yields, 58% ± 9%; radiochemical purity, >97%) with molar activities of 12-60 GBq/μmol. All rhPSMAs showed low nanomolar affinity and high internalization by PSMA-expressing cells when compared with the reference radiopharmaceuticals, medium-to-low lipophilicity, and high human serum albumin binding. Biodistribution studies in LNCaP tumor-bearing mice revealed high tumor uptake, sufficiently fast clearance kinetics from blood, low hepatobiliary excretion, fast renal excretion, and very low uptake of 18F activity in bone. Conclusion: The novel 18F-rhPSMA radiopharmaceuticals developed under the radiohybrid concept show equal or better targeting characteristics than the established 18F-PSMA tracers 18F-DCFPyL and 18F-PSMA-1007. The unparalleled simplicity of production, the possibility to produce the identical 68Ga-labeled 19F-68Ga-rhPSMA tracers, and the possibility to extend this concept to true theranostic radiohybrid radiopharmaceuticals, such as F-Lu-rhPSMA, are unique features of these radiopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Wurzer
- Chair of Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany; and
| | - Daniel Di Carlo
- Chair of Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany; and
| | - Alexander Schmidt
- Chair of Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany; and
| | - Roswitha Beck
- Chair of Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany; and
| | - Matthias Eiber
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Schwaiger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen Wester
- Chair of Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany; and
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10
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Tumor Uptake of Triazine Dendrimers Decorated with Four, Sixteen, and Sixty-Four PSMA-Targeted Ligands: Passive versus Active Tumor Targeting. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9090421. [PMID: 31466360 PMCID: PMC6770530 DOI: 10.3390/biom9090421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Various glutamate urea ligands have displayed high affinities to prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA), which is highly overexpressed in prostate and other cancer sites. The multivalent versions of small PSMA-targeted molecules are known to be even more efficiently bound to the receptor. Here, we employ a well-known urea-based ligand, 2-[3-(1,3-dicarboxypropyl)-ureido] pentanedioic acid (DUPA) and triazine dendrimers in order to study the effect of molecular size on multivalent targeting in prostate cancer. The synthetic route starts with the preparation of a dichlorotriazine bearing DUPA in 67% overall yield over five steps. This dichlorotriazine reacts with G1, G3, and G5 triazine dendrimers bearing a 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) group for 64Cu-labeling at the core to afford poly(monochlorotriazine) intermediates. Addition of 4-aminomethylpiperidine (4-AMP) and the following deprotection produce the target compounds, G1-(DUPA)4, G3-(DUPA)16, and G5-(DUPA)64. These targets include 4/16/64 DUPA groups on the surface and a DOTA group at the core, respectively. In vitro cell assay using PC3-PIP (PSMA positive) and PC3-FLU (PSMA negative) cells reveals that G1-(DUPA)4 has the highest PC3-PIP to PC3-FLU uptake ratio (10-fold) through the PSMA-mediated specific uptake. While G5-(DUPA)64 displayed approximately 12 times higher binding affinity (IC50 23.6 nM) to PC3-PIP cells than G1-(DUPA)4 (IC50 282.3 nM) as evaluated in a competitive binding assay, the G5 dendrimer also showed high non-specific binding to PC3-FLU cells. In vivo uptake of the 64Cu-labeled dendrimers was also evaluated in severe combined inmmunodeficient (SCID) mice bearing PC3-PIP and PC3-FLU xenografts on each shoulder, respectively. Interestingly, quantitative imaging analysis of positron emission tomograph (PET) displayed the lowest tumor uptake in PC3-PIP cells for the midsize dendrimer G3-(DUPA)16 (19.4 kDa) (0.66 ± 0.15%ID/g at 1 h. p.i., 0.64 ± 0.11%ID/g at 4 h. p.i., and 0.67 ± 0.08%ID/g at 24 h. p.i.). Through the specific binding of G1-(DUPA)4 to PSMA, the smallest dendrimer (5.1 kDa) demonstrated the highest PC3-PIP to muscle and PC3-PIP to PC3-FLU uptake ratios (17.7 ± 5.5 and 6.7 ± 3.0 at 4 h p.i., respectively). In addition, the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect appeared to be an overwhelming factor for tumor uptake of the largest dendrimer G5-(DUPA)64 as the uptake was at a similar level irrelevant to the PSMA expression.
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Kwon H, Son S, Byun Y. Prostate‐Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA)‐Targeted Radionuclide Probes for Imaging and Therapy of Prostate Cancer. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201900329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongmok Kwon
- College of PharmacyKorea University 2511 Sejong-ro Sejong 30019 South Korea
| | - Sang‐Hyun Son
- College of PharmacyKorea University 2511 Sejong-ro Sejong 30019 South Korea
| | - Youngjoo Byun
- College of PharmacyKorea University 2511 Sejong-ro Sejong 30019 South Korea
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12
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Makarem A, Klika KD, Litau G, Remde Y, Kopka K. HBED-NN: A Bifunctional Chelator for Constructing Radiopharmaceuticals. J Org Chem 2019; 84:7501-7508. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b00832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ata Makarem
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, INF 223, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karel D. Klika
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Molecular Structure Analysis, INF 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - German Litau
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, INF 223, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yvonne Remde
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, INF 223, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Klaus Kopka
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, INF 223, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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13
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Talma M, Maślanka M, Mucha A. Recent developments in the synthesis and applications of phosphinic peptide analogs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:1031-1042. [PMID: 30846252 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic pseudopeptides that fit well with the active site architecture allow the most effective binding to enzymes, similar to native substrates in high-energy transition states. Phosphinic acid peptide analogs that comprise the tetrahedral phosphorus moiety introduced to replace an internal amide bond exert such an isosteric or isoelectronic resemblance, combined with providing other advantageous features, for example, metal complexing properties. Accordingly, they are capable of inhibiting metal-dependent enzymes involved in biological functions in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. These enzymes are associated with notorious human diseases, such as cancer, e.g., matrix metalloproteinases, or are etiological factors of protozoal and bacterial infections, e.g., metalloaminopeptidases. The affinity and selectivity of these compounds can be conveniently adjusted, either by structural modification of dedicated side chains or by backbone elongation to enhance specific interactions with the corresponding binding pockets. Recent approaches to the synthesis of these compounds are illustrated by examples of the preparation of rationally designed structures of inhibitors of particular enzymes. Activity against appealing enzymatic targets is presented, along with the molecular mechanisms of action and therapeutic implications. Innovative aspects of phosphinic peptide application, e.g., as activity-based probes, and ligands of complexes of radioisotopes for nuclear medicine are also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Talma
- Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marta Maślanka
- Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Artur Mucha
- Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland.
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14
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David T, Hlinová V, Kubíček V, Bergmann R, Striese F, Berndt N, Szöllősi D, Kovács T, Máthé D, Bachmann M, Pietzsch HJ, Hermann P. Improved Conjugation, 64-Cu Radiolabeling, in Vivo Stability, and Imaging Using Nonprotected Bifunctional Macrocyclic Ligands: Bis(Phosphinate) Cyclam (BPC) Chelators. J Med Chem 2018; 61:8774-8796. [PMID: 30180567 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Bifunctional derivatives of bis(phosphinate)-bearing cyclam (BPC) chelators bearing a carboxylate, amine, isothiocyanate, azide, or cyclooctyne in the BP side chain were synthesized. Conjugations required no protection of phosphinate or ring secondary amine groups. The ring amines were not reactive (proton protected) at pH < ∼8. For isothiocyanate coupling, oligopeptide N-terminal α-amines were more suitable than alkyl amines, e.g., Lys ω-amine (p Ka ∼7.5-8.5 and ∼10-11, respectively) due to lower basicity. The Cu-64 labeling was efficient at room temperature (specific activity ∼100 GBq/μmol; 25 °C, pH 6.2, ∼100 ligand equiv, 10 min). A representative Cu-64-BPC was tested in vivo showing fast clearance and no nonspecific radioactivity deposition. The monoclonal anti-PSCA antibody 7F5 conjugates with thiocyanate BPC derivative or NODAGA were radiolabeled and studied in PC3-PSCA tumor bearing mice by PET. The radiolabeled BPC conjugate was accumulated in the prostate tumor with a low off-target uptake, unlike Cu-64-labeled NODAGA-antibody conjugate. The BPC chelators have a great potential for theranostic applications of the Cu-64/Cu-67 matched pair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš David
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Charles University , Hlavova 2030 , 128 40 Prague , Czech Republic.,Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research , Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf , Bautzner Landstrasse 400 , 01328 Dresden , Germany
| | - Veronika Hlinová
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Charles University , Hlavova 2030 , 128 40 Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Kubíček
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Charles University , Hlavova 2030 , 128 40 Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Ralf Bergmann
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research , Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf , Bautzner Landstrasse 400 , 01328 Dresden , Germany
| | - Franziska Striese
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research , Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf , Bautzner Landstrasse 400 , 01328 Dresden , Germany
| | - Nicole Berndt
- Partner Site Dresden , German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) , Fetscherstrasse 74 , 01307 Dresden , Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) , Im Neuenheimer Feld 280 , 69120 Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Dávid Szöllősi
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology , Semmelweis University , Tűzoltó utca 37-47 , H-1094 Budapest , Hungary
| | - Tibor Kovács
- Institute of Radiochemistry and Radioecology , University of Pannonia , Egyetem St. 10 , H-8200 Veszprém , Hungary.,Social Organization for Radioecological Cleanliness , P.O. Box 158, H-8200 Veszprém , Hungary
| | - Domokos Máthé
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology , Semmelweis University , Tűzoltó utca 37-47 , H-1094 Budapest , Hungary
| | - Michael Bachmann
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research , Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf , Bautzner Landstrasse 400 , 01328 Dresden , Germany.,Tumor Immunology, University Cancer Center (UCC) , "Carl Gustav Carus" Technische Universität Dresden , Fetscherstrasse 74 , 01307 Dresden , Germany.,National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) , "Carl Gustav Carus" Technische Universität Dresden , Fetscherstrasse 74 , 01307 Dresden , Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen Pietzsch
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research , Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf , Bautzner Landstrasse 400 , 01328 Dresden , Germany
| | - Petr Hermann
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Charles University , Hlavova 2030 , 128 40 Prague , Czech Republic
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15
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Wurzer A, Pollmann J, Schmidt A, Reich D, Wester HJ, Notni J. Molar Activity of Ga-68 Labeled PSMA Inhibitor Conjugates Determines PET Imaging Results. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:4296-4302. [PMID: 30011372 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Radiopharmaceuticals targeting the enzyme prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA; synonyms: glutamate carboxypeptidase II, NAALADase; EC 3.4.17.21) have recently emerged as powerful agents for diagnosis and therapy (theranostics) of prostate carcinoma (PCa). The radiation doses for therapeutic application of such compounds are limited by substantial uptakes in kidneys and salivary glands, with excess doses reportedly leading to radiotoxicity-related adverse effects, such as kidney insufficiency or xenostomia. On the basis of the triazacyclononane-triphosphinate (TRAP) chelator, monomeric to trimeric conjugates of the PSMA inhibitor motif lysine-urea-glutamic acid (KuE) were synthesized by means of Cu(I)-mediated (CuAAC) or 5-aza-dibenzocyclooctyne (DBCO)-driven, strain-promoted click chemistry (SPAAC), which were labeled with gallium-68 for application in positron emission tomography (PET), and characterized in terms of PSMA affinity (determined in cellular displacement assays against I-125-BA) and lipophilicity (expressed as log D). Using subcutaneous murine LNCaP (PSMA-positive human prostate carcinoma) xenografts, the influence of ligand multiplicity, affinity, polarity, and molar activity (i.e., mass dose) on the uptakes in tumor, kidney, salivary, and background (muscle) was analyzed by means of region-of-interest (ROI) based quantification of small-animal PET imaging data. As expected, trimerization of the KuE motif resulted in high PSMA affinities (IC50 ranging from 6.0-1.5 nM). Of all parameters, molar activity/cold mass had the most pronounced influence on PET uptakes. Because accumulation in nontumor tissues was effected to a larger extent than tumor uptakes, lower molar activities resulted in substantially better tumor-to-organ ratios. For example, for one trimer, 68Ga-AhxKuE3 (IC50 = 1.5 ± 0.3 nM, log D = -3.8 ± 0.1), a higher overall amount of active compound (12 pmol vs 2 nmol, equivalent to molar activities of 1200 and 8 MBq/nmol) resulted in a remarkable reduction of the kidney-to-tumor ratio from 11.4 to 1.4, respectively, at 60 min p.i. Our study suggests that, for PSMA-targeting radiopharmaceuticals, molar activity has a more pronounced influence on small-animal PET imaging results than structural or in vitro parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Wurzer
- Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry , Technische Universität München , Walther-Meißner-Straße 3 , D-85748 Garching , Germany
| | - Julia Pollmann
- Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry , Technische Universität München , Walther-Meißner-Straße 3 , D-85748 Garching , Germany
| | - Alexander Schmidt
- Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry , Technische Universität München , Walther-Meißner-Straße 3 , D-85748 Garching , Germany
| | - Dominik Reich
- Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry , Technische Universität München , Walther-Meißner-Straße 3 , D-85748 Garching , Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen Wester
- Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry , Technische Universität München , Walther-Meißner-Straße 3 , D-85748 Garching , Germany
| | - Johannes Notni
- Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry , Technische Universität München , Walther-Meißner-Straße 3 , D-85748 Garching , Germany
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16
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Wurzer A, Seidl C, Morgenstern A, Bruchertseifer F, Schwaiger M, Wester H, Notni J. Dual-Nuclide Radiopharmaceuticals for Positron Emission Tomography Based Dosimetry in Radiotherapy. Chemistry 2018; 24:547-550. [PMID: 28833667 PMCID: PMC5813229 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201702335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Improvement of the accuracy of dosimetry in radionuclide therapy has the potential to increase patient safety and therapeutic outcomes. Although positron emission tomography (PET) is ideally suited for acquisition of dosimetric data because PET is inherently quantitative and offers high sensitivity and spatial resolution, it is not directly applicable for this purpose because common therapeutic radionuclides lack the necessary positron emission. This work reports on the synthesis of dual-nuclide labeled radiopharmaceuticals with therapeutic and PET functionality, which are based on common and widely available metal radionuclides. Dual-chelator conjugates, featuring interlinked cyclen- and triazacyclononane-based polyphosphinates DOTPI and TRAP, allow for strictly regioselective complexation of therapeutic (e.g., 177 Lu, 90 Y, or 213 Bi) and PET (e.g., 68 Ga) radiometals in the same molecular framework by exploiting the orthogonal metal ion selectivity of these chelators (DOTPI: large cations, such as lanthanide(III) ions; TRAP: small trivalent ions, such as GaIII ). Such DOTPI-TRAP conjugates were decorated with 3 Gly-urea-Lys (KuE) motifs for targeting prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), employing Cu-catalyzed (CuAAC) as well as strain-promoted (SPAAC) click chemistry. These were labeled with 177 Lu or 213 Bi and 68 Ga and used for in vivo imaging of LNCaP (human prostate carcinoma) tumor xenografts in SCID mice by PET, thus proving practical applicability of the concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Wurzer
- Pharmaceutical RadiochemistryTechnische Universität MünchenWalther-Meißner-Strasse 385748GarchingGermany
| | - Christof Seidl
- Department of Nuclear MedicineTechnische Universität MünchenGermany
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyTechnische Universität MünchenGermany
| | - Alfred Morgenstern
- European Commission, Joint Research CentreDirectorate for Nuclear Safety and SecurityKarlsruheGermany
| | - Frank Bruchertseifer
- European Commission, Joint Research CentreDirectorate for Nuclear Safety and SecurityKarlsruheGermany
| | - Markus Schwaiger
- Department of Nuclear MedicineTechnische Universität MünchenGermany
| | - Hans‐Jürgen Wester
- Pharmaceutical RadiochemistryTechnische Universität MünchenWalther-Meißner-Strasse 385748GarchingGermany
| | - Johannes Notni
- Pharmaceutical RadiochemistryTechnische Universität MünchenWalther-Meißner-Strasse 385748GarchingGermany
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