1
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de Donato A, Ghejan BA, Bakker JM, Bernhardt TM, Bromley ST, Lang SM. Gas-Phase Production of Hydroxylated Silicon Oxide Cluster Cations: Structure, Infrared Spectroscopy, and Astronomical Relevance. ACS EARTH & SPACE CHEMISTRY 2024; 8:1154-1164. [PMID: 38919856 PMCID: PMC11194846 DOI: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.3c00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
The interaction of free cationic silicon oxide clusters, Si x O y + (x = 2-5, y ≥ x), with dilute water vapor, was investigated in a flow tube reactor. Product mass distributions indicate cluster size-dependent dissociative water adsorption. To probe the structure and vibrational spectra of the resulting Si x O y H2 + (x = 2-4) clusters, we employed infrared multiple photon dissociation spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations. The planar rhombic cluster core of the disilicon oxides (x = 2) appears to be retained upon dissociative adsorption of one H2O unit, whereas a significant structural transformation of the tri- and tetra-silicon oxides (x = 3 and 4) is induced, resulting in an increased coordination of the Si atoms and more 3D cluster structures. In an astronomical context, we discuss the potential relevance of Si x O y H z + clusters as seeds for dust nucleation and catalysts for carbon-based chemistry in diffuse or translucent interstellar clouds, where all the necessary conditions for producing these species are found. In the produced clusters, the frequency of the isolated silanol Si-OH stretching vibrational mode is considerably blue-shifted compared to that in hydroxylated bulk silica and small inorganic compounds. This mode has a characteristic frequency range between 1200 cm-1 (8.3 μm) and 1090 cm-1 (9.2 μm) and is associated with the anomalously small Si-OH bond lengths in these ionised species. In infrared observations such high frequency Si-O stretching modes are usually associated with a pure bulk silica component of silicate cosmic dust. The presence of Si x O y H2 + clusters in low silica astrophysical environments could thus potentially be detected via their signature Si-O band using the James Webb space telescope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreu
A. de Donato
- Departament
de Ciència de Materials i Química Física &
Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacio-nal (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, c/Martí i Franquès 1-11, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | | | - Joost M. Bakker
- Radboud
University, Institute of Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Nijmegen 6525 ED, The Netherlands
| | | | - Stefan T. Bromley
- Departament
de Ciència de Materials i Química Física &
Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacio-nal (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, c/Martí i Franquès 1-11, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Institució
Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, Bar-celona E-08010, Spain
| | - Sandra M. Lang
- Institute
of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, University
of Ulm, Ulm 89069, Germany
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2
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Lang SM, Bernhardt TM, Bakker JM, Barnett RN, Landman U. Cluster size dependent coordination of formate to free manganese oxide clusters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:32166-32172. [PMID: 37986571 PMCID: PMC10686260 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04035f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of free manganese oxide clusters, MnxOy+ (x = 1-9, y = 0-12), with formic acid was studied via infrared multiple-photon dissociation (IR-MPD) spectroscopy together with calculations using density functional theory (DFT). Clusters containing only one Mn atom, such as MnO2+ and MnO4+, bind formic acid as an intact molecule in both the cis- and trans-configuration. In contrast, all clusters containing two or more manganese atoms deprotonate the acid's hydroxyl group. The coordination of the resulting formate group is strongly cluster-size-dependent according to supporting DFT calculations for selected model systems. For Mn2O2+ the co-existence of two isomers with the formate bound in a bidentate bridging and chelating configurations, respectively, is found, whereas for Mn2O4+ the bidentate chelating configuration is preferred. In contrast, the bidentate bridging structure is energetically considerably more favorable for Mn4O4+. This binding motif stabilizes the 2D ring structure of the core of the Mn4O4+ cluster with respect to the 3D cubic geometry of the Mn4O4+ cluster core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Lang
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89069 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Thorsten M Bernhardt
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89069 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Joost M Bakker
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert N Barnett
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0430, USA
| | - Uzi Landman
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0430, USA
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3
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Lang SM, Bernhardt TM, Bakker JM, Yoon B, Landman U. Vibrational spectroscopy of free di-manganese oxide cluster complexes with di-hydrogen. Mol Phys 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2023.2192306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M. Lang
- Institute for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Joost M. Bakker
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bokwon Yoon
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA
| | - Uzi Landman
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA
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4
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Zhu Z, Liu G, Ciborowski SM, Cao Y, Harris RM, Bowen KH. Water activation and splitting by single anionic iridium atoms. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:234304. [PMID: 36550022 DOI: 10.1063/5.0130277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Mass spectrometric analysis of anionic products that result from interacting Ir- with H2O shows the efficient generation of [Ir(H2O)]- complexes and IrO- molecular anions. Anion photoelectron spectra of [Ir(H2O)]-, formed under various source conditions, exhibit spectral features that are due to three different forms of the complex: the solvated anion-molecule complex, Ir-(H2O), as well as the intermediates, [H-Ir-OH]- and [H2-Ir-O]-, where one and two O-H bonds have been broken, respectively. The measured and calculated vertical detachment energy values are in good agreement and, thus, support identification of all three types of isomers. The calculated reaction pathway shows that the overall reaction Ir- + H2O → IrO- + H2 is exothermic. Two minimum energy crossing points were found, which shuttle intermediates and products between singlet and triplet potential surfaces. This study presents the first example of water activation and splitting by single Ir- anions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoguo Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles St., Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Gaoxiang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles St., Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Sandra M Ciborowski
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles St., Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Yulu Cao
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles St., Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Rachel M Harris
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles St., Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Kit H Bowen
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles St., Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
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5
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Zhou T, Abe M, Zhang Y, Kudoh S, Mafuné F. Dissociative Adsorption of Water on CaMn 4O 5 Cationic Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:8218-8224. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c06103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tianyue Zhou
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Manami Abe
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Yufei Zhang
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kudoh
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Mafuné
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
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6
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Hou G, Yang T, Li M, Vanbuel J, Lushchikova OV, Ferrari P, Bakker JM, Janssens E. Water Splitting by C
60
‐Supported Vanadium Single Atoms. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202112398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gao‐Lei Hou
- Quantum Solid-State Physics Department of Physics and Astronomy KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200D 3001 Leuven Belgium
- MOE Key Laboratory for Non-Equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter School of Physics Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 P. R. China
| | - Tao Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Non-Equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter School of Physics Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 P. R. China
| | - Mengyang Li
- MOE Key Laboratory for Non-Equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter School of Physics Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 P. R. China
| | - Jan Vanbuel
- Quantum Solid-State Physics Department of Physics and Astronomy KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200D 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Olga V. Lushchikova
- Radboud University Institute for Molecules and Materials FELIX Laboratory Toernooiveld 7 6525 ED Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Piero Ferrari
- Quantum Solid-State Physics Department of Physics and Astronomy KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200D 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Joost M. Bakker
- Radboud University Institute for Molecules and Materials FELIX Laboratory Toernooiveld 7 6525 ED Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Ewald Janssens
- Quantum Solid-State Physics Department of Physics and Astronomy KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200D 3001 Leuven Belgium
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7
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Hou GL, Yang T, Li M, Vanbuel J, Lushchikova OV, Ferrari P, Bakker JM, Janssens E. Water Splitting by C 60 -Supported Vanadium Single Atoms. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:27095-27101. [PMID: 34610202 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202112398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Water splitting is an important source of hydrogen, a promising future carrier for clean and renewable energy. A detailed understanding of the mechanisms of water splitting, catalyzed by supported metal atoms or nanoparticles, is essential to improve the design of efficient catalysts. Here, we report an infrared spectroscopic study of such a water splitting process, assisted by a C60 supported vanadium atom, C60 V+ +H2 O→C60 VO+ +H2 . We probe both the entrance channel complex C60 V+ (H2 O) and the end product C60 VO+ , and observe the formation of H2 as a result from resonant infrared absorption. Density functional theory calculations exploring the detailed reaction pathway reveal that a quintet-to-triplet spin crossing facilitates the water splitting reaction by C60 -supported V+ , whereas this reaction is kinetically hindered on the isolated V+ ion by a high energy barrier. The C60 support has an important role in lowering the reaction barrier with more than 70 kJ mol-1 due to a large orbital overlap of one water hydrogen atom with one carbon atom of the C60 support. This fundamental insight in the water splitting reaction by a C60 -supported single vanadium atom showcases the importance of supports in single atom catalysts by modifying the reaction potential energy surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao-Lei Hou
- Quantum Solid-State Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, 3001, Leuven, Belgium.,MOE Key Laboratory for Non-Equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Tao Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Non-Equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Mengyang Li
- MOE Key Laboratory for Non-Equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Jan Vanbuel
- Quantum Solid-State Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Olga V Lushchikova
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7, 6525, ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Piero Ferrari
- Quantum Solid-State Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joost M Bakker
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7, 6525, ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ewald Janssens
- Quantum Solid-State Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
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8
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Chen JJ, Li XN, Liu QY, Wei GP, Yang Y, Li ZY, He SG. Water Gas Shift Reaction Catalyzed by Rhodium-Manganese Oxide Cluster Anions. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:8513-8520. [PMID: 34463512 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c02267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fundamental understanding of the nature of active sites in real-life water gas shift (WGS) catalysts that can convert CO and H2O into CO2 and H2 is crucial to engineer related catalysts performing under ambient conditions. Herein, we identified that the WGS reaction can be, in principle, catalyzed by rhodium-manganese oxide clusters Rh2MnO1,2- in the gas phase at room temperature. This is the first example of the construction of such a potential catalysis in cluster science because it is challenging to discover clusters that can abstract the oxygen from H2O and then supply the anchored oxygen to oxidize CO. The WGS reaction was characterized by mass spectrometry, photoelectron spectroscopy, and quantum-chemical calculations. The coordinated oxygen in Rh2MnO1,2- is paramount for the generation of an electron-rich Mn+-Rh- bond that is critical to capture and reduce H2O and giving rise to a polarized Rh+-Rh- bond that functions as the real redox center to drive the WGS reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao-Jiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xiao-Na Li
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Qing-Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Gong-Ping Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zi-Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Sheng-Gui He
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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9
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Iribarren I, Sánchez‐Sanz G, Elguero J, Alkorta I, Trujillo C. Reactivity of Coinage Metal Hydrides for the Production of H 2 Molecules. ChemistryOpen 2021; 10:724-730. [PMID: 34319005 PMCID: PMC8340072 DOI: 10.1002/open.202100108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of molecular hydrogen as well as the possibility of using coinage metal hydrides as a prospective complex to produce hydrogen was presented in this work. Therefore, the reactions involving the interaction between two coinage metal hydrides, MH (M=Cu, Ag and Au, homo and heterodimers), were studied. The free energy profiles corresponding to aforementioned complexation were analysed by means of ab initio methods of quantum chemistry. The characteristics of these intermediates, final complexes and the electron density properties of the established interactions were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iñigo Iribarren
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences InstituteSchool of ChemistryThe University of DublinTrinity CollegeDublin 2Ireland
| | - Goar Sánchez‐Sanz
- Irish Centre of High-End ComputingGrand Canal QuayDublin 2 (Ireland)& School of ChemistryUniversity College Dublin BelfieldDublin 4Ireland
| | - José Elguero
- Instituto de Química Médica IQM-CSICJuan de la Cierva, 328006MadridSpain
| | - Ibon Alkorta
- Instituto de Química Médica IQM-CSICJuan de la Cierva, 328006MadridSpain
| | - Cristina Trujillo
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences InstituteSchool of ChemistryThe University of DublinTrinity CollegeDublin 2Ireland
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10
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Lang SM, Zimmermann N, Bernhardt TM, Barnett RN, Yoon B, Landman U. Size, Stoichiometry, Dimensionality, and Ca Doping of Manganese Oxide-Based Water Oxidation Clusters: An Oxyl/Hydroxy Mechanism for Oxygen-Oxygen Coupling. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:5248-5255. [PMID: 34048261 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c01299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Gas-phase ion-trap reactivity experiments and density functional simulations reveal that water oxidation to H2O2 mediated by (calcium) manganese oxide clusters proceeds via formation of a terminal oxyl radical followed by oxyl/hydroxy O-O coupling. This mechanism is predicted to be energetically feasible for Mn2Oy+ (y = 2-4) and the binary CaMn3O4+, in agreement with the experimental observations. In contrast, the reaction does not proceed for the tetramanganese oxides Mn4Oy+ (y = 4-6) under these experimental conditions. This is attributed to the high fluxionality of the tetramanganese clusters, resulting in the instability of the terminal oxyl radical as well as an energetically unfavorable change of the spin state required for H2O2 formation. Ca doping, yielding a symmetry-broken lower-symmetry three-dimensional (3D) CaMn3O4+ cluster, results in structural stabilization of the oxyl radical configuration, accompanied by a favorable coupling between potential energy surfaces with different spin states, thus enabling the cluster-mediated water oxidation reaction and H2O2 formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Lang
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, University of Ulm, 89069 Ulm, Germany
| | - Nina Zimmermann
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, University of Ulm, 89069 Ulm, Germany
| | - Thorsten M Bernhardt
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, University of Ulm, 89069 Ulm, Germany
| | - Robert N Barnett
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0430, United States
| | - Bokwon Yoon
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0430, United States
| | - Uzi Landman
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0430, United States
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11
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Lang SM, Bernhardt TM, Bakker JM, Barnett RN, Landman U. Cluster Size Dependent Interaction of Free Manganese Oxide Clusters with Acetic Acid and Methyl Acetate. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:4435-4445. [PMID: 33988993 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c03195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have employed infrared multiple-photon dissociation (IR-MPD) spectroscopy together with density functional theory (DFT) calculations to study the interaction of series of subnanometer sized manganese oxide clusters, MnxOy+ (x = 1-6, y = 0-9) with acetic acid (HOAc) and methyl acetate (MeOAc). Reaction with HOAc leads to strongly cluster size and composition dependent IR-MPD spectra, indicating molecular adsorption on MnOx+ clusters and thermodynamically favorable but kinetically hampered HOAc dissociation (deprotonation) on Mn2O4+ and Mn3O5+. Other cluster sizes exhibit the preferred formation of a dissociative bidentate chelating structure. In contrast to HOAc, all clusters bind MeOAc via the carbonyl group as an intact molecule, and dissociation appears to be kinetically hindered under the given experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Lang
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89069 Ulm, Germany
| | - Thorsten M Bernhardt
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89069 Ulm, Germany
| | - Joost M Bakker
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert N Barnett
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0430, United States
| | - Uzi Landman
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0430, United States
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12
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Xin K, Chen Y, Zhang L, Xu B, Wang X, Wang G. Infrared photodissociation spectroscopic investigation on VO+ and NbO+ hydrolysis catalyzed by water molecules. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:528-535. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp04448b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the hydrolysis of vanadium/niobium monoxide cation (VO+/NbO+) with water molecules in the gas phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Xin
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Yinjuan Chen
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Luning Zhang
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Bing Xu
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Guanjun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University
- Shanghai 200438
- China
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13
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Zimmermann N, Bernhardt TM, Bakker JM, Barnett RN, Landman U, Lang SM. Infrared Spectroscopy of Gas-Phase Mn xO y(CO 2) z+ Complexes. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:1561-1566. [PMID: 31994885 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b11258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of manganese oxide clusters MnxOy+ (x = 2-5, y ≥ x) with CO2 is studied via infrared multiple-photon dissociation spectroscopy (IR-MPD) in the spectral region of 630-1860 cm-1. Along with vibrational modes of the manganese oxide cluster core, two bands are observed around 1200-1450 cm-1 and they are assigned to the characteristic Fermi resonance of CO2 arising from anharmonic coupling between the symmetric stretch vibration and the overtone of the bending mode. The spectral position of the lower frequency band depends on the cluster size and the number of adsorbed CO2 molecules, whereas the higher frequency band is largely unaffected. Despite these effects, the observation of the Fermi dyad indicates only a small perturbation of the CO2 molecule. This finding is confirmed by the theoretical investigation of Mn2O2(CO2)+ revealing only small orbital mixing between the dimanganese oxide cluster and CO2, indicative of mainly electrostatic interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Zimmermann
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis , University of Ulm , 89069 Ulm , Germany
| | - Thorsten M Bernhardt
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis , University of Ulm , 89069 Ulm , Germany
| | - Joost M Bakker
- Radboud University , Institute of Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory , Toernooiveld 7 , 6525 ED Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - Robert N Barnett
- School of Physics , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332-0430 , United States
| | - Uzi Landman
- School of Physics , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332-0430 , United States
| | - Sandra M Lang
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis , University of Ulm , 89069 Ulm , Germany
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14
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Zimmermann N, Bernhardt TM, Bakker JM, Landman U, Lang SM. Infrared photodissociation spectroscopy of di-manganese oxide cluster cations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:23922-23930. [PMID: 31661104 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp04586d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Infrared multiple-photon dissociation (IR-MPD) spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been employed to elucidate the geometric structure of a series of di-manganese oxide clusters Mn2Ox+ (x = 4-7). The theoretical exploration predicts that all investigated clusters contain a rhombus-like Mn2O2 core with up to four, terminally bound, oxygen atoms. The short Mn-O bond length of the terminal oxygen atoms of ≤1.58 Å indicates triple bond character instead of oxyl radical formation. However, the IR-MPD spectra reveal that higher energy isomers with up to two O2 molecules η2-coordinated to the cluster core can be kinetically trapped under the given experimental conditions. In these complexes, all O2 units are activated to superoxide species. In addition, the sequential increase of the oxygen content in the cluster allows for a controlled increase of the positive charge localized on the Mn atoms reaching a maximum for Mn2O7+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Zimmermann
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89069 Ulm, Germany.
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15
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Mauthe S, Fleischer I, Bernhardt TM, Lang SM, Barnett RN, Landman U. A Gas‐Phase Ca
n
Mn
4−
n
O
4
+
Cluster Model for the Oxygen‐Evolving Complex of Photosystem II. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201903738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Mauthe
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis University of Ulm Albert-Einstein-Allee 47 89069 Ulm Germany
| | - Irene Fleischer
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis University of Ulm Albert-Einstein-Allee 47 89069 Ulm Germany
| | - Thorsten M. Bernhardt
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis University of Ulm Albert-Einstein-Allee 47 89069 Ulm Germany
| | - Sandra M. Lang
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis University of Ulm Albert-Einstein-Allee 47 89069 Ulm Germany
| | - Robert N. Barnett
- School of Physics Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta Georgia 30332-0430 USA
| | - Uzi Landman
- School of Physics Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta Georgia 30332-0430 USA
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16
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Mauthe S, Fleischer I, Bernhardt TM, Lang SM, Barnett RN, Landman U. A Gas‐Phase Ca
n
Mn
4−
n
O
4
+
Cluster Model for the Oxygen‐Evolving Complex of Photosystem II. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:8504-8509. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201903738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Mauthe
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis University of Ulm Albert-Einstein-Allee 47 89069 Ulm Germany
| | - Irene Fleischer
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis University of Ulm Albert-Einstein-Allee 47 89069 Ulm Germany
| | - Thorsten M. Bernhardt
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis University of Ulm Albert-Einstein-Allee 47 89069 Ulm Germany
| | - Sandra M. Lang
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis University of Ulm Albert-Einstein-Allee 47 89069 Ulm Germany
| | - Robert N. Barnett
- School of Physics Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta Georgia 30332-0430 USA
| | - Uzi Landman
- School of Physics Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta Georgia 30332-0430 USA
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17
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Zhang Y, Masuzaki D, Mafuné F. Hydrophilicity and oxophilicity of the isolated CaMn4O5 cationic cluster modeling inorganic core of the oxygen-evolving complex. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:14327-14330. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc07818e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Isolated CaMn4O5+ was hardly formed in the presence of oxygen, whereas CaMn4O4(OH)2+ was formed stably in the presence of water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Zhang
- Department of Basic Science
- School of Arts and Sciences
- The University of Tokyo Komaba
- Tokyo 153-8902
- Japan
| | - Daigo Masuzaki
- Department of Basic Science
- School of Arts and Sciences
- The University of Tokyo Komaba
- Tokyo 153-8902
- Japan
| | - Fumitaka Mafuné
- Department of Basic Science
- School of Arts and Sciences
- The University of Tokyo Komaba
- Tokyo 153-8902
- Japan
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18
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Zyubina TS, Dzhabiev TS. Ozone Adsorption and Release by Hexagonal Manganese Clusters (MnAkBi)m · nH2O (A, B = O, SO4, H2SO4; i, k = 0, 1, 2; n = 3–15, m = 3, 6, 12): Quantum-Chemical Modeling. RUSS J INORG CHEM+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036023618110220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Masuzaki D, Takehashi Y, Mafuné F. Stability and Effect of Hydration on Calcium Oxide Cluster Ions, CanOm+, in the Gas Phase. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2018. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20180149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daigo Masuzaki
- Department of Basic Science, School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Yuma Takehashi
- Department of Basic Science, School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Mafuné
- Department of Basic Science, School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
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20
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Johnston MD, Gentry MR, Metz RB. Photofragment Imaging, Spectroscopy, and Theory of MnO . J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:8047-8053. [PMID: 30226771 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b07849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Density functional and ab initio calculations, along with photodissociation spectroscopy and ion imaging of MnO+ from 21,300 to 33,900 cm-1, are used to probe the photodissociation dynamics and bond strength of the manganese oxide cation (MnO+). These studies confirm the theoretical ground state (5Π) and determine the spin-orbit constant ( A' = 14 cm-1) of the dominant optically accessible excited state (5Π) in the region. Photodissociation via this excited 5Π state results in ground state Mn+ (7S) + O (3P) products. At energies above 30,000 cm-1, the Mn+ (5S) + O (3P) channel is energetically accessible and becomes the preferred dissociation pathway. The bond dissociation energy ( D0 = 242 ± 5 kJ/mol) of MnO+ is measured from several images of each photofragmentation channel and compared to theory, resolving a disagreement in previous measurements. MRCI+Q calculations are much more successful in predicting the observed spectrum than TD-DFT or EOM-CCSD calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M David Johnston
- Department of Chemistry , University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst , Massachusetts 01003 , United States
| | - Matthew R Gentry
- Department of Chemistry , University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst , Massachusetts 01003 , United States
| | - Ricardo B Metz
- Department of Chemistry , University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst , Massachusetts 01003 , United States
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21
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Gutsev GL, Bozhenko KV, Gutsev LG, Utenyshev AN, Aldoshin SM. Dependence of Properties and Exchange Coupling Constants on the Charge in the Mn2On and Fe2On Series. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:5644-5655. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b03496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G. L. Gutsev
- Department of Physics, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida 32307, United States
| | - K. V. Bozhenko
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Moscow Region, Russia
- Department of Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, Moscow 117198, Russia
| | - L. G. Gutsev
- Department of Physics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| | - A. N. Utenyshev
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - S. M. Aldoshin
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Moscow Region, Russia
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22
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Dissociative Water Adsorption on Gas-Phase Titanium Dioxide Cluster Anions Probed with Infrared Photodissociation Spectroscopy. Top Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-017-0863-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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23
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Chen JJ, Zhang T, Zhang MQ, Liu QY, Li XN, He SG. Size-Dependent Reactivity of Nano-Sized Neutral Manganese Oxide Clusters toward Ethylene. Chemistry 2017; 23:15820-15826. [PMID: 28925004 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Neutral manganese oxide clusters with the general composition Mn2 N O3 N+x (N=2-22; x=-1, 0, 1) with dimensions up to a nanosize were prepared by laser ablation and reacted with C2 H4 in a fast flow reactor. The size-dependent reactivity of C2 H4 adsorption on these clusters was experimentally identified and the adsorption reactivity decreases generally with an increase of the cluster size. Density functional theory calculations were performed to study the geometrical and electronic structures of the Mn2 N O3 N (N=1-6) clusters. The calculated results indicated that the coordination number and the charge distribution of the metal centers are responsible for the experimentally observed size-dependent reactivity. The highly charged Mn atoms with low coordination are preferential to adsorb C2 H4 . In contrast, the neutral manganese oxide clusters are completely inert toward the saturated hydrocarbon molecule C2 H6 . This work provides new perspectives to design related materials in the separation of hydrocarbon molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao-Jiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P.R. China
| | - Ting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P.R. China
| | - Mei-Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P.R. China
| | - Qing-Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Na Li
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China
| | - Sheng-Gui He
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P.R. China
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24
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Dieu Hang T, Hung HM, Nguyen MT. Comparative Study of Methanol Activation by Different Small Mixed Silicon Clusters Si 2M with M = H, Li, Na, Cu, and Ag. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:4563-4574. [PMID: 31457748 PMCID: PMC6641899 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b00808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
High-accuracy quantum chemical calculations were carried out to study the mechanisms and catalytic abilities of various mixed silicon species Si2M with M = H, Li, Na, Cu, and Ag toward the first step of methanol activation reaction. Standard heats of formation of these small triatomic Si clusters were determined. Potential-energy profiles were constructed using the coupled-cluster theory with extrapolation to complete basis set CCSD(T)/CBS, and CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVTZ-PP for Si2Cu and Si2Ag. The most stable complexes generated by the interaction of methanol with the mixed clusters Si2M possess low-spin states and mainly stem from an M-O connection in preference to Si-O interaction, except for the Si2H case. In two competitive pathways including O-H and C-H bond breakings, the cleavage of the O-H bond in the presence of all clusters studied becomes predominant. Of the mixed clusters Si2M considered, the dissociation pathways of both O-H and C-H bonds with Si2Li turns out to have the lowest energy barriers. The most remarkable finding is the absence of the overall energy barrier for the O-H cleavage with the assistance of Si2Li. The breaking of O-H and C-H bonds with the assistance of Si2H, Si2Li, and Si2Na is kinetically preferred with respect to the Si2Cu and Si2Ag cases, apart from the case of Si2Na for O-H cleavage. In comparison with other transition-metal clusters with the same size, such as Cu3, Pt3, and PtAu2, the energy barriers for the O-H bond activation in the presence of small Si species, especially Si2H and Si2Li, are found to be lower. Consequently, these small mixed silicon clusters can be regarded as promising alternatives for the expensive metal-based catalysts currently used for methanol activation particularly and other dehydrogenation processes of organic compounds. The present study also suggests a further extensive search for other doped silicon clusters as efficient and more realistic gas-phase catalysts for important dehydrogenation processes in such a way that they can be experimentally prepared and implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tran Dieu Hang
- Department
of Chemistry, Quy Nhon University, 590000 Quy Nhon, Vietnam
- Department
of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Huynh Minh Hung
- Department
of Chemistry, Quy Nhon University, 590000 Quy Nhon, Vietnam
- Department
of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Minh Tho Nguyen
- Computational
Chemistry Research Group, Ton Duc Thang
University, 700000 Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang
University, 700000 Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Department
of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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25
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Koyama K, Nagata T, Kudoh S, Miyajima K, Huitema DMM, Chernyy V, Bakker JM, Mafuné F. Geometrical Structures of Partially Oxidized Rhodium Cluster Cations, Rh6Om+ (m = 4, 5, 6), Revealed by Infrared Multiple Photon Dissociation Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:8599-8605. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b08822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Koyama
- Department
of Basic Science, School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Nagata
- Department
of Basic Science, School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kudoh
- Department
of Basic Science, School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Ken Miyajima
- Department
of Basic Science, School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Douwe M. M. Huitema
- FELIX
Laboratory, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7c, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Valeriy Chernyy
- FELIX
Laboratory, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7c, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Joost M. Bakker
- FELIX
Laboratory, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7c, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Fumitaka Mafuné
- Department
of Basic Science, School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
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