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Guo J, Zhang K, Luo P, Wu N, Peng S, Wei L, Liu Y, He M, Yu J, Qin S, Fan Q, Luo T, Xiao J. Influence of protonic acid on the structure and properties of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) in oxidation polymerization. RSC Adv 2024; 14:1602-1611. [PMID: 38179093 PMCID: PMC10765281 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra07334c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) is widely used because of its excellent performance. We report the synthesis of two PEDOT:PSS dispersions. The two dispersions differ by the addition of additional protonic acid in the oxidative polymerization system. Although there are examples of the introduction of acids into the polymerization system, the effects of acid on the structure and properties of these materials, in particular their mechanisms of action, have not been elucidated. We describe the chemical structure and molecular weight of two PEDOT polymers using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, UV-vis-NIR spectroscopy, and density functional theory calculations. The carrier concentration, carrier mobility, and surface morphology of the composites are characterized by UV-vis-NIR spectroscopy, electron spin resonance, Raman spectra, Hall effect measurements, and atomic force microscopy. The crystallinity of PEDOT:PSS was measured by X-ray diffraction patterns. We show that the addition of a proper amount of protonic acid to the oxidative polymerization system can effectively reduce the formation of the terminal carbonyl group of PEDOT chains, which is conducive to the growth of polymer chains, and further improve the carrier concentration, which leads to an improvement of conductivity. Our results highlight the optimization of the chemical structure of PEDOT in order to increase its molecular weight and ultimately its conductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Guo
- Department of Polymer Material and Engineering, College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University Guiyang China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Polymer Material and Engineering, College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University Guiyang China
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymeric Materials Guiyang China
| | - Piao Luo
- Department of Polymer Material and Engineering, College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University Guiyang China
| | - Nanjie Wu
- Department of Polymer Material and Engineering, College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University Guiyang China
| | - Shigui Peng
- Department of Polymer Material and Engineering, College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University Guiyang China
| | - Lanlan Wei
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymeric Materials Guiyang China
| | - Yufei Liu
- Department of Polymer Material and Engineering, College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University Guiyang China
| | - Min He
- Department of Polymer Material and Engineering, College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University Guiyang China
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymeric Materials Guiyang China
| | - Jie Yu
- Department of Polymer Material and Engineering, College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University Guiyang China
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymeric Materials Guiyang China
| | - Shuhao Qin
- Department of Polymer Material and Engineering, College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University Guiyang China
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymeric Materials Guiyang China
| | - Qiao Fan
- Department of Polymer Material and Engineering, College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University Guiyang China
| | - Tingting Luo
- Department of Polymer Material and Engineering, College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University Guiyang China
| | - Jun Xiao
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymeric Materials Guiyang China
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Duarte LJ, Bruns RE. Electronic Distribution of S N2 IRC and TS Structures: Infrared Intensities of Imaginary Frequencies. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:2437-2447. [PMID: 35258284 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c01209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel IRC-TS-CCTDP method to investigate transition states (TS) is proposed in which changes in the molecular geometry follow atomic displacements corresponding to the imaginary frequency normal coordinate. Electronic charge structure changes can be analyzed using the charge-charge-transfer-dipolar polarization (CCTDP) model. An application is presented for the gas-phase SN2 reaction transition state structures for nine NuCX3LG- systems, with Nu and LG = H, F, Cl and X = H, F. Using quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) at the QCISD/aug-cc-pVTZ level, atomic charges and atomic dipoles were obtained and applied to calculate the CCTDP contributions to their imaginary normal mode intensities. The results show that the imaginary bands are exceptionally strong, ranging from 1217 to 16 086 km·mol-1, much higher than the stretching intensities found in the methyl halides (that are all less than 100 km·mol-1). For all systems, the CT contributions are responsible for 63% of the total dipole moment derivatives. The charge contributions are slightly higher for transition states where X = F. Dipolar polarization contributions are always small and only reflect the molecular orientation change when the nucleophile displaces the leaving group and, therefore, can be neglected. The same occurs for contributions from the X atoms. Only atoms aligned with the reaction axis Nu--C-LG contribute to the total intensity. Almost all of the infrared intensities are determined by electron transfers from the nucleophile to carbon and subsequently from carbon to the leaving group. The mechanism of charge transfer revealed by the CCTDP model is consistent with the well-accepted reaction mechanism. Open-access codes for performing the IRC-TS-CCTDP analysis are described and provided for potential users in the Supporting Information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo J Duarte
- Institute of Chemistry, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-861, Brazil
| | - Roy E Bruns
- Institute of Chemistry, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-861, Brazil
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Richter WE, Duarte LJ, Bruns RE. Atomic charge and atomic dipole modeling of gas-phase infrared intensities of fundamental bands for out-of-plane CH and CF bending vibrations. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 251:119393. [PMID: 33450451 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.119393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Out-of-plane CH group bending vibrational bands have long been known to be more intense than those for CF groups in similar molecular environments. This contrasts with expectations derived from charge models for which equilibrium atomic charge displacements are considered dominant contributions to dipole moment change on vibration. For this reason, the Charge, Charge Transfer, Dipolar Polarization (CCTDP) model based on the Quantum Theory for Atoms in Molecules (QTAIM) has been applied to the ethylene, tetrafluoroethylene and difluoro- and dichloroethylene molecules. Atomic charges and atomic dipoles from QTAIM and infrared intensities were calculated at the M06-2X/aug-cc-pVTZ level. The CH out-of-plane bending vibrations with relatively high intensities between 48.0 and 82.1 km/mol are characterized by small atomic charge and large polarization contributions having the same sign resulting in large net dipole moment contributions. Large charge and polarization dipole moment derivative contributions with opposite signs cancel each other producing very small intensities between 0.3 and 12.7 km/mol for the CF bends. Intensity variations can be successfully modeled by only their carbon atomic contributions with smaller contributions from the terminal atoms. Both CH and CF bending vibrations have large polarization contributions. Their charge contributions are usually small except for carbon atoms bonded to two fluorine atoms. The terminal atoms as well as the carbons have charge and polarization contributions of opposite sign. Comparison to benzene and hexafluorobenzene reveals that changes in these molecules' electronic densities caused by the out-of-plane atomic displacements are characteristic for each bond. In conclusion, successful modeling of the ethylene intensities must include atomic dipole parameters.Models based only on charges are doomed to failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wagner E Richter
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Technology - Paraná, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil; Institute of Chemistry, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Leonardo J Duarte
- Institute of Chemistry, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Roy E Bruns
- Institute of Chemistry, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Richter WE, Duarte LJ, Vidal LN, Bruns RE. AC/DC Analysis: Broad and Comprehensive Approach to Analyze Infrared Intensities at the Atomic Level. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:3219-3229. [PMID: 33847496 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c01314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We present a complete theoretical protocol to partition infrared intensities into terms owing to individual atoms by two different but related approaches: the atomic contributions (ACs) show how the entire molecular vibrational motion affects the electronic structure of a single atom and the total infrared intensity. On the other hand, the dynamic contributions (DCs) show how the displacement of a single atom alters the electronic structure of the entire molecule and the total intensity. The two analyses are complementary ways of partitioning the same total intensity and conserve most of the features of the total intensity itself. Combined, they are called the AC/DC analysis. These can be further partitioned following the CCTDP (or CCT) models according to the population analysis chosen by the researcher. The main conceptual features of the equations are highlighted, and representative numerical results are shown to support the interpretation of the equations. The results are invariant to rotation and translation and can readily be extended to molecules of any size, shape, or symmetry. Although the AC/DC analysis requires the choice of a charge model, all charge models that correctly reproduce the total molecular dipole moment can be used. A fully automated protocol managed by the Placzek program is made available, free of charge and with input examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wagner E Richter
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Technology-Paraná, Ponta Grossa, Paraná 81280-340, Brazil
| | - Leonardo J Duarte
- Institute of Chemistry, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13081-970, Brazil
| | - Luciano N Vidal
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Federal University of Technology-Paraná, Ponta Grossa, Paraná 81280-340, Brazil
| | - Roy E Bruns
- Institute of Chemistry, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13081-970, Brazil
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Probing the robustness of the charge-charge transfer-dipolar polarization model and infrared intensities. J Mol Model 2018; 24:182. [PMID: 29959583 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-018-3723-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The robustness of the QTAIM charge-charge transfer-dipolar polarization parameters for the CH, CF, and CCl stretching and bending distortions of the fluoro- and chloromethanes was determined comparing results calculated at three quantum levels, MP2/6-311G++(3d,3p), QCISD/cc-pVTZ, and QCISD/aug-cc-pVTZ. The correlation coefficients between the MP2/6-311G++G(d,p) and QCISD/cc-pVTZ results with those of QCISD/aug-cc-pVTZ intensities are excellent, 0.934 and 0.988, respectively, showing that the parameters converge with increasing quality of the quantum levels. In spite of numerical differences, the interpretation of the electronic structure changes occurring for these vibrations is the same for all three quantum levels. Accurate determination of charge transfer-counterpolarization effects is important for properly describing electron density changes for small molecular distortions.
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Richter WE, Silva AF, Bruns RE. Atomic polarizations necessary for coherent infrared intensity modeling with theoretical calculations. J Chem Phys 2018; 146:134107. [PMID: 28390371 DOI: 10.1063/1.4979574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The inclusion of atomic polarizations for describing molecular electronic structure changes on vibration is shown to be necessary for coherent infrared intensity modeling. Atomic charges from the ChelpG partition scheme and atomic charges and dipoles from Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules (QTAIM) were employed within two different models to describe the stretching and bending vibrational intensities of the C-H, C-F, and C=O groups. The model employing the QTAIM parameters was the Charge-Charge Transfer and Dipolar Polarization model (QTAIM/CCTDP), and the model employing the ChelpG charges was the Equilibrium Charge-Charge Flux (ChelpG/ECCF). The QTAIM/CCTDP models result in characteristic proportions of the charge-charge transfer-dipolar polarization contributions even though their sums giving the total intensities do not discriminate between these vibrations. According to the QTAIM/CCTDP model, the carbon monoxide intensity has electronic structure changes similar to those of the carbonyl stretches whereas they resemble those of the CH stretches for the ChelpG/ECCF model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wagner E Richter
- Departamento Acadêmico de Engenharia Química, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Ponta Grossa, PR CEP 84.016-210, Brazil
| | - Arnaldo F Silva
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP CP 6154, CEP 13.083-970, Brazil
| | - Roy E Bruns
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP CP 6154, CEP 13.083-970, Brazil
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Costa GJ, Borin AC, Custodio R, Vidal LN. Fully Anharmonic Vibrational Resonance Raman Spectrum of Diatomic Systems. J Chem Theory Comput 2018; 14:843-855. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.7b01034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo J. Costa
- Departamento Acadêmico de Química e Biologia, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Av. Dep. Heitor de Alencar Furtado, 5000, Curitiba/PR 81280-340, Brazil
| | - Antonio C. Borin
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, NAP-Photo Tech the USP Consortium of Photochemical Technology, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, São Paulo/SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Rogério Custodio
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, R. Josué de Castro, 126, Campinas/SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Luciano N. Vidal
- Departamento Acadêmico de Química e Biologia, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Av. Dep. Heitor de Alencar Furtado, 5000, Curitiba/PR 81280-340, Brazil
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Ryazantsev SV, Tyurin DA, Feldman VI. Experimental determination of the absolute infrared absorption intensities of formyl radical HCO. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2017; 187:39-42. [PMID: 28646663 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Formyl radical HCO is an important reactive intermediate in combustion, atmospheric and extraterrestrial chemistry. Like in the case of other transients, the lack of knowledge of the absolute IR intensities limits the quantitative spectroscopic studies on this species. We report the first experimental determination of the absorption intensities for the fundamental vibrational bands of HCO. The measurements have been performed using matrix-isolation FTIR spectroscopy. Determination of the values was based on the repeated photodissociation and thermal recovery of the HCO radical using the known value of the absorption coefficient of CO. The experimentally determined values (93.2±6.0, 67.2±4.5, and 109.2±6.6kmmol-1 for the ν1, ν2, and ν3 modes, respectively) have been compared to the calculated IR intensities obtained by DFT and UCCSD(T) computations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey V Ryazantsev
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Daniil A Tyurin
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir I Feldman
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Duarte LJ, Richter WE, Silva AF, Bruns RE. Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules Charge–Charge Transfer–Dipolar Polarization Classification of Infrared Intensities. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:8115-8123. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b08031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo J. Duarte
- Chemistry
Institute, University of Campinas, CP 6154, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Wagner E. Richter
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Technological Federal University of Parana, Ponta Grossa, Paraná 84016-210, Brazil
| | - Arnaldo F. Silva
- Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, Great Britain
| | - Roy E. Bruns
- Chemistry
Institute, University of Campinas, CP 6154, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
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Phosgene at the complete basis set limit of CCSDT(Q): Molecular structure and rovibrational analysis. Chem Phys Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2017.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Silva AF, Duarte LJ, Bruns RE. QTAIM-Based Characteristic Group Infrared Intensities of Amino Acids and Their Transference to Peptides. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:8387-8399. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b07690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arnaldo F. Silva
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Cidade Universitária Campinas, PO Box 6154, Campinas, São Paulo 13083970, Brazil
| | - Leonardo J. Duarte
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Cidade Universitária Campinas, PO Box 6154, Campinas, São Paulo 13083970, Brazil
| | - Roy E. Bruns
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Cidade Universitária Campinas, PO Box 6154, Campinas, São Paulo 13083970, Brazil
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