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Daboczi M, Cui J, Temerov F, Eslava S. Scalable All-Inorganic Halide Perovskite Photoanodes with >100 h Operational Stability Containing Earth-Abundant Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2304350. [PMID: 37667871 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202304350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
The application of halide perovskites in the photoelectrochemical generation of solar fuels and feedstocks is hindered by the instability of perovskites in aqueous electrolytes and the use of expensive electrode and catalyst materials, particularly in photoanodes driving kinetically slow water oxidation. Here, solely earth-abundant materials are incorporated to fabricate a CsPbBr3 -based photoanode that reaches a low onset potential of +0.4 VRHE and 8 mA cm-2 photocurrent density at +1.23 VRHE for water oxidation, close to the radiative efficiency limit of CsPbBr3 . This photoanode retains 100% of its stabilized photocurrent density for more than 100 h of operation by replacing once the inexpensive graphite sheet upon signs of deterioration. The improved performance is due to an efficiently electrodeposited NiFeOOH catalyst on a protective self-adhesive graphite sheet, and enhanced charge transfer achieved by phase engineering of CsPbBr3 . Devices with >1 cm2 area, and low-temperature processing demonstrate the potential for low capital cost, stable, and scalable perovskite photoanodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matyas Daboczi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Junyi Cui
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Filipp Temerov
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, FI-90014, Finland
| | - Salvador Eslava
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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2
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Tsai H, Ghosh D, Kinigstein E, Dryzhakov B, Driscoll H, Owczarek M, Hu B, Zhang X, Tretiak S, Nie W. Light-Induced Structural Dynamics and Charge Transport in Layered Halide Perovskite Thin Films. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:429-436. [PMID: 36603204 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The dynamic nature of the metal halide perovskite lattice upon photoexcitation plays a vital role in their properties. Here we report an observation of light-induced structure dynamics in quasi-2D Ruddlesden-Popper phase perovskite thin films and its impact on the carrier transport properties. By a time-resolved X-ray scattering technique, we observe a rapid lattice expansion upon photoexcitation, followed by a slow relaxation over the course of 100 ns in the dark. Theoretical modeling suggests that the expansion originates from the lattice's thermal fluctuations caused by photon energy deposition. Power dependent optical spectroscopy and photoconductivity indicate that high laser powers triggered a strong local structural disorder, which increased the charge dissociation activation energy that results in localized transport. Our study investigates the impact of laser energy deposition on the lattices and the subsequent carrier transport properties, that are relevant to device operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsinhan Tsai
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico87545, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Dibyajyoti Ghosh
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico87545, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi110016, India
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi110016, India
| | - Eli Kinigstein
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois60439, United States
| | - Bogdan Dryzhakov
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee37996, United States
| | - Honora Driscoll
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico87545, United States
| | - Magdalena Owczarek
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico87545, United States
| | - Bin Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee37996, United States
| | - Xiaoyi Zhang
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois60439, United States
| | - Sergei Tretiak
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico87545, United States
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico87545, United States
| | - Wanyi Nie
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico87545, United States
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3
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Bruevich V, Kasaei L, Rangan S, Hijazi H, Zhang Z, Emge T, Andrei EY, Bartynski RA, Feldman LC, Podzorov V. Intrinsic (Trap-Free) Transistors Based on Epitaxial Single-Crystal Perovskites. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2205055. [PMID: 36026556 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202205055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The first experimental realization of the intrinsic (not dominated by defects) charge conduction regime in lead-halide perovskite field-effect transistors (FETs) is reported. The advance is enabled by: i) a new vapor-phase epitaxy technique that results in large-area single-crystalline cesium lead bromide (CsPbBr3 ) films with excellent structural and surface properties, including atomically flat surface morphology, essentially free from defects and traps at the level relevant to device operation; ii) an extensive materials analysis of these films using a variety of thin-film and surface probes certifying the chemical and structural quality of the material; and iii) the fabrication of nearly ideal (trap-free) FETs with characteristics superior to any reported to date. These devices allow the investigation of the intrinsic FET and (gated) Hall-effect carrier mobilities as functions of temperature. The intrinsic mobility is found to increase on cooling from ≈30 cm2 V-1 s-1 at room temperature to ≈250 cm2 V-1 s-1 at 50 K, revealing a band transport limited by phonon scattering. Establishing the intrinsic (phonon-limited) mobility provides a solid test for theoretical descriptions of carrier transport in perovskites, reveals basic limits to the technology, and points to a path for future high-performance perovskite electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Bruevich
- Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers University, 136 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Leila Kasaei
- Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers University, 136 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Sylvie Rangan
- Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers University, 136 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Hussein Hijazi
- Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers University, 136 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Zhenyuan Zhang
- Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers University, 136 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Thomas Emge
- Wright-Rieman Laboratories, Rutgers University, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Eva Y Andrei
- Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers University, 136 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Robert A Bartynski
- Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers University, 136 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Leonard C Feldman
- Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers University, 136 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Vitaly Podzorov
- Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers University, 136 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
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4
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Sanchez-Palencia P, García G, Wahnon P, Palacios P. Cation Substitution Effects on the Structural, Electronic and Sun-Light Absorption Features of All-Inorganic Halide Perovskites. Inorg Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qi01553b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
All-inorganic perovskites (such as CsPbI3) are emerging as new candidates for photovoltaic applications. Unfortunately, this class of materials present two important weaknesses in their way to commercialization: poor stability and...
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5
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Buizza LRV, Herz LM. Polarons and Charge Localization in Metal-Halide Semiconductors for Photovoltaic and Light-Emitting Devices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2007057. [PMID: 33955594 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202007057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Metal-halide semiconductors have shown excellent performance in optoelectronic applications such as solar cells, light-emitting diodes, and detectors. In this review the role of charge-lattice interactions and polaron formation in a wide range of these promising materials, including perovskites, double perovskites, Ruddlesden-Popper layered perovskites, nanocrystals, vacancy-ordered, and other novel structures, is summarized. The formation of Fröhlich-type "large" polarons in archetypal bulk metal-halide ABX3 perovskites and its dependence on A-cation, B-metal, and X-halide composition, which is now relatively well understood, are discussed. It is found that, for nanostructured and novel metal-halide materials, a larger variation in the strengths of polaronic effects is reported across the literature, potentially deriving from variations in potential barriers and the presence of interfaces at which lattice relaxation may be enhanced. Such findings are further discussed in the context of different experimental approaches used to explore polaronic effects, cautioning that firm conclusions are often hampered by the presence of alternate processes and interactions giving rise to similar experimental signatures. Overall, a complete understanding of polaronic effects will prove essential given their direct influence on optoelectronic properties such as charge-carrier mobilities and emission spectra, which are critical to the performance of energy and optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo R V Buizza
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Laura M Herz
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
- TUM Institute for Advanced Study (IAS), Lichtenbergstraße 2 a, Garching bei München, 85748, Germany
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6
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Xia C, Peng J, Poncé S, Patel JB, Wright AD, Crothers TW, Uller Rothmann M, Borchert J, Milot RL, Kraus H, Lin Q, Giustino F, Herz LM, Johnston MB. Limits to Electrical Mobility in Lead-Halide Perovskite Semiconductors. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:3607-3617. [PMID: 33822630 PMCID: PMC8154852 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c00619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Semiconducting polycrystalline thin films are cheap to produce and can be deposited on flexible substrates, yet high-performance electronic devices usually utilize single-crystal semiconductors, owing to their superior charge-carrier mobilities and longer diffusion lengths. Here we show that the electrical performance of polycrystalline films of metal-halide perovskites (MHPs) approaches that of single crystals at room temperature. Combining temperature-dependent terahertz conductivity measurements and ab initio calculations we uncover a complete picture of the origins of charge-carrier scattering in single crystals and polycrystalline films of CH3NH3PbI3. We show that Fröhlich scattering of charge carriers with multiple phonon modes is the dominant mechanism limiting mobility, with grain-boundary scattering further reducing mobility in polycrystalline films. We reconcile the large discrepancy in charge-carrier diffusion lengths between single crystals and films by considering photon reabsorption. Thus, polycrystalline films of MHPs offer great promise for devices beyond solar cells, including light-emitting diodes and modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea
Q. Xia
- Department
of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon
Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, U.K.
| | - Jiali Peng
- Key
Lab of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Structures of Ministry of Education
of China, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P.R. China
| | - Samuel Poncé
- Department
of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K.
- Theory
and Simulation of Materials (THEOS), École
Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jay B. Patel
- Department
of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon
Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, U.K.
| | - Adam D. Wright
- Department
of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon
Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, U.K.
| | - Timothy W. Crothers
- Department
of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon
Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, U.K.
| | - Mathias Uller Rothmann
- Department
of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon
Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, U.K.
| | - Juliane Borchert
- Department
of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon
Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, U.K.
| | - Rebecca L. Milot
- Department
of Physics, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Hans Kraus
- Department
of Physics, University of Oxford, Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble
Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, U.K.
| | - Qianqian Lin
- Key
Lab of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Structures of Ministry of Education
of China, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P.R. China
| | - Feliciano Giustino
- Department
of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K.
- Oden Institute
for Computational Engineering and Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Department
of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Laura M. Herz
- Department
of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon
Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, U.K.
| | - Michael B. Johnston
- Department
of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon
Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, U.K.
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7
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Sánchez-Palencia P, García G, Wahnón P, Palacios P. The effects of the chemical composition on the structural, thermodynamic, and mechanical properties of all-inorganic halide perovskites. Inorg Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qi00347j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A systematic ab-initio study of all-inorganic perovskites with formula CsPb1−bSnb(I1−xBrx)3 has been performed, elucidating the connection of that composition with their structural, thermodynamics and mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Sánchez-Palencia
- Instituto de Energía Solar
- ETSI Telecomunicación
- Universidad Politécnica de Madrid
- Ciudad Universitaria
- Madrid
| | - Gregorio García
- Instituto de Energía Solar
- ETSI Telecomunicación
- Universidad Politécnica de Madrid
- Ciudad Universitaria
- Madrid
| | - Perla Wahnón
- Instituto de Energía Solar
- ETSI Telecomunicación
- Universidad Politécnica de Madrid
- Ciudad Universitaria
- Madrid
| | - Pablo Palacios
- Instituto de Energía Solar
- ETSI Telecomunicación
- Universidad Politécnica de Madrid
- Ciudad Universitaria
- Madrid
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8
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Yan L, Wang M, Zhai C, Zhao L, Lin S. Symmetry Breaking Induced Anisotropic Carrier Transport and Remarkable Thermoelectric Performance in Mixed Halide Perovskites CsPb(I 1-xBr x) 3. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:40453-40464. [PMID: 32790315 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c07501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We present a combination of first-principles calculations and the Boltzmann transport theory to understand the carrier transport and thermoelectric performance of mixed halide perovskite alloys CsPb(I1-xBrx)3 with different Br compositions. Our computational results correlate the conduction band splitting in CsPb(I1-xBrx)3 to the significant anisotropy in their carrier transport properties, such as effective masses and deformation potential constants. Such band splitting originates from the symmetry-broken crystal structures of CsPb(I1-xBrx)3 polymorphs: with residue stresses/strains in asymmetric CsPb(I1-xBrx)3, nondegenerate orbitals reconstruct the conduction band and reduce the Pb-halide antibonding character along certain directions. While the Seebeck coefficient (S) and the relaxation time-normalized electrical conductivity (σ/τ) show weak directional anisotropy, the carrier relaxation time (τ) is highly direction-dependent. The reconstruction of the conduction band finally leads to significantly anisotropic and enhanced thermoelectric power factors (PF = S2σ) in CsPb(I1-xBrx)3 compared to those in pure CsPbI3 and CsPbBr3, showing anomalous nonlinear alloy behavior. A delicate balance between S2σ and combined measurement of the carrier effective mass and deformation potential constant, m*EDP, is confirmed. The lattice thermal conductivities of CsPb(I1-xBrx)3 are significantly suppressed compared to those of their pure counterparts due to strong mass disordering and strain fields upon halogen substitution. As a result, symmetry breaking in CsPb(I1-xBrx)3 leads to anisotropy in carrier transport, high PF, and scattered phonon transport (ultralow thermal conductivity), concurrently contributing to their promising thermoelectric figures of merit (ZT) up to 1.7 at room temperature. The principles behind the asymmetry-induced factors would serve as new design concepts to tailor the thermoelectric properties of alloys, mixtures, superlattices, and low-dimensional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifu Yan
- National Engineering Research Center of Turbo-Generator Vibration, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Mingchao Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Chenxi Zhai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Lingling Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center of Turbo-Generator Vibration, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Shangchao Lin
- Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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9
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Thongnum A, Pinsook U. Polaron transport in hybrid CH 3NH 3PbI 3 perovskite thin films. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:14112-14119. [PMID: 32597440 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr03432k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive study of the transport properties of a prototypical CH3NH3PbI3 thin film is presented. The polaron-longitudinal optical (LO) phonon scattering mechanism, based on Low-Pines's polaron mobility, was studied to elucidate the charge-carrier mobility. We found that the calculated mobilities showed very good quantitative agreement with the experimental data measured in thin film samples using photoconductivity techniques. In THz mobility, the calculated results yielded room-temperature (RT) mobilities of ∼650 cm2 V-1 s-1 (single crystal) and ∼220 cm2 V-1 s-1 (disordered thin film) at a low quantum yield (φ) and 32 cm2 V-1 s-1 (high-quality thin film) at φ = 1. The dynamic disorder due to organic reorientation was included in the calculations. Its effect provided a power law mobility of μ ∝ Tm and satisfactorily supported temperature-dependent mobility over the temperature range of 80-370 K. In the orthorhombic and tetragonal phases, the charge-carrier mobilities with dynamic disorder were approximately 47% and 22% lower than those obtained from phases without dynamic disorder. The RT mobility was 26 cm2 V-1 s-1 at φ = 1. In the low-temperature orthorhombic phase, the structural phase transition was considered. The mobility followed a power law with m = -1.7. In the tetragonal and cubic phases, the mobility also followed a power law, but with m = -1.1, which is an intermediate range in optical phonon scattering. When combined with recent theoretical analysis, we also found three limitations of power law mobility with exponents between -0.46 and -1.1 for polaron-LO phonon scattering, -1.2 and -1.6 for bare carrier-LO phonon scattering, and -1.7 and -2.0 for carrier scattering off optical phonons and lattice fluctuations. This work not only provides a description of temperature-dependent mobility in CH3NH3PbI3 thin films, but also gives new insights into THz photoconductivity and the relationship between LO phonon scattering and power law mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusit Thongnum
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok 10110, Thailand. and Thailand Center of Excellence in Physics, Commission on Higher Education, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Udomsilp Pinsook
- Thailand Center of Excellence in Physics, Commission on Higher Education, Bangkok 10400, Thailand and Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10300, Thailand
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10
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Geng W, Tong C, Zhang Y, Liu L. Theoretical Progress on the Relationship between the Structures and Properties of Perovskite Solar Cells. ADVANCED THEORY AND SIMULATIONS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.202000022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Geng
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu Sichuan 610054 China
- School of Physics Beihang University Beijing 100191 China
| | - Chuan‐Jia Tong
- School of Physics Beihang University Beijing 100191 China
| | - Yanning Zhang
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu Sichuan 610054 China
| | - Li‐Min Liu
- School of Physics Beihang University Beijing 100191 China
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Poncé S, Li W, Reichardt S, Giustino F. First-principles calculations of charge carrier mobility and conductivity in bulk semiconductors and two-dimensional materials. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2020; 83:036501. [PMID: 31923906 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ab6a43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
One of the fundamental properties of semiconductors is their ability to support highly tunable electric currents in the presence of electric fields or carrier concentration gradients. These properties are described by transport coefficients such as electron and hole mobilities. Over the last decades, our understanding of carrier mobilities has largely been shaped by experimental investigations and empirical models. Recently, advances in electronic structure methods for real materials have made it possible to study these properties with predictive accuracy and without resorting to empirical parameters. These new developments are unlocking exciting new opportunities, from exploring carrier transport in quantum matter to in silico designing new semiconductors with tailored transport properties. In this article, we review the most recent developments in the area of ab initio calculations of carrier mobilities of semiconductors. Our aim is threefold: to make this rapidly-growing research area accessible to a broad community of condensed-matter theorists and materials scientists; to identify key challenges that need to be addressed in order to increase the predictive power of these methods; and to identify new opportunities for increasing the impact of these computational methods on the science and technology of advanced materials. The review is organized in three parts. In the first part, we offer a brief historical overview of approaches to the calculation of carrier mobilities, and we establish the conceptual framework underlying modern ab initio approaches. We summarize the Boltzmann theory of carrier transport and we discuss its scope of applicability, merits, and limitations in the broader context of many-body Green's function approaches. We discuss recent implementations of the Boltzmann formalism within the context of density functional theory and many-body perturbation theory calculations, placing an emphasis on the key computational challenges and suggested solutions. In the second part of the article, we review applications of these methods to materials of current interest, from three-dimensional semiconductors to layered and two-dimensional materials. In particular, we discuss in detail recent investigations of classic materials such as silicon, diamond, gallium arsenide, gallium nitride, gallium oxide, and lead halide perovskites as well as low-dimensional semiconductors such as graphene, silicene, phosphorene, molybdenum disulfide, and indium selenide. We also review recent efforts toward high-throughput calculations of carrier transport. In the last part, we identify important classes of materials for which an ab initio study of carrier mobilities is warranted. We discuss the extension of the methodology to study topological quantum matter and materials for spintronics and we comment on the possibility of incorporating Berry-phase effects and many-body correlations beyond the standard Boltzmann formalism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Poncé
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, United Kingdom. Theory and Simulation of Materials (THEOS), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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12
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McClintock L, Xiao R, Hou Y, Gibson C, Travaglini HC, Abramovitch D, Tan LZ, Senger RT, Fu Y, Jin S, Yu D. Temperature and Gate Dependence of Carrier Diffusion in Single Crystal Methylammonium Lead Iodide Perovskite Microstructures. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:1000-1006. [PMID: 31958953 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b03643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We investigate temperature-dependent photogenerated carrier diffusion in single-crystal methylammonium lead iodide microstuctures via scanning photocurrent microscopy. Carrier diffusion lengths increased abruptly across the tetragonal to orthorhombic phase transition and reached 200 ± 50 μm at 80 K. In combination with the microsecond carrier lifetime measured by a transient photocurrent method, an enormous carrier mobility value of 3 × 104 cm2/V s was extracted at 80 K. The observed highly nonlocal photocurrent and the rapid increase of the carrier diffusion length at low temperatures can be understood by the formation and efficient transport of free excitons in the orthorhombic phase as a result of reduced optical phonon scattering due to the dipolar nature of the excitons. Carrier diffusion lengths were tuned by a factor of 8 by gate voltage and increased with increasing majority carrier (electron) concentration, consistent with the exciton model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke McClintock
- Department of Physics , University of California-Davis , One Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Rui Xiao
- Department of Physics , University of California-Davis , One Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Yasen Hou
- Department of Physics , University of California-Davis , One Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Clinton Gibson
- Department of Physics , University of California-Davis , One Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Henry Clark Travaglini
- Department of Physics , University of California-Davis , One Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - David Abramovitch
- Department of Physics , University of California-Berkeley , 366 LeConte Hall , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Molecular Foundry , Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory , 67 Cyclotron Road , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Liang Z Tan
- Molecular Foundry , Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory , 67 Cyclotron Road , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | | | - Yongping Fu
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Song Jin
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Dong Yu
- Department of Physics , University of California-Davis , One Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
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Diao XF, Tang YL, Xie Q, Chen DL, Li SX, Liu GF. Study on the Property of Electron-Transport Layer in the Doped Formamidinium Lead Iodide Perovskite Based on DFT. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:20024-20035. [PMID: 31788637 PMCID: PMC6882109 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The electron-transport layer in planar perovskite solar cells plays an important role in improving photoelectric conversion efficiency. At present, the main electronic transmission materials in perovskite solar cells include TiO2, ZnO, WO3, ZrO2, SnO2, ZnO2, etc. This work mainly studies the electron-transport characteristics of six different electron-transport layers in perovskite solar cells. Based on the density functional theory, the electron-transport model of a solar cell doped with formamidinium iodide lead compound perovskite under six different electron-transport materials was constructed, and their effective electron mass and the mobility of carriers were obtained by optimizing the structure and theoretical calculation. The results show that the mobility of electrons in TiO2 crystal is slightly higher than that of FA0.75Cs0.25Sn0.5Pb0.5I3 carriers. Because of their high matching degree, it can be reasonably explained that titanium dioxide has been widely used in perovskite solar cells and achieved higher photoelectric conversion efficiency. In addition, the mobility of carriers in WO3 and SnO2 crystals is also high, so they also have great advantages in carrier transport. Due to its abundant, nontoxic, and low-pollution content, TiO2 has become the most widely used electronic transmission layer material for solar cells. Furthermore, we have explored eight new semiconductor materials that have not yet been used in perovskite solar cells as the electron-transport layer. The calculation results show that Ta2O5 and Bi2O3 are promising materials for the electron-transport layer. This study provides a theoretical basis for seeking better electronic transmission materials for solar cells in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Feng Diao
- School of Big Data and Information Engineering and School of Physics, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- School
of Physics and Electronic Sciences, Guizhou
Normal College, Guiyang 550018, China
| | - Yan-lin Tang
- School of Big Data and Information Engineering and School of Physics, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Quan Xie
- School of Big Data and Information Engineering and School of Physics, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - De-Liang Chen
- School
of Physics and Electronic Sciences, Guizhou
Normal College, Guiyang 550018, China
| | - Shi-xiong Li
- School
of Physics and Electronic Sciences, Guizhou
Normal College, Guiyang 550018, China
| | - Gao-Fu Liu
- School
of Physics and Electronic Sciences, Guizhou
Normal College, Guiyang 550018, China
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14
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Joshi PP, Maehrlein SF, Zhu X. Dynamic Screening and Slow Cooling of Hot Carriers in Lead Halide Perovskites. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1803054. [PMID: 30672044 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201803054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Among the exceptional properties of lead halide perovskites (LHPs) is the ultraslow cooling of hot carriers. Carrier densities below the Mott density for large polarons (≤ ≈1018 cm-3 ) are focused on here. As in other semiconductors, a nascent hot electron distribution initially cools down via emission of longitudinal optical (LO) phonons on the 10-14 -10-13 s timescale. What distinguishes LHPs from conventional semiconductors is the exceptionally efficient screening in the former. The dielectric screening in LHPs on the 10-13 s timescale results in an order-of-magnitude reduction in the Coulomb potential upon the formation of a large polaron, likely with ferroelectric-like local ordering. Further LO-phonon emission is inhibited, and this leads to partial retention of hot electron energy on the 10-12 s timescale, more so in hybrid LHPs than in their all-inorganic counterparts. Further cooling of hot polarons occurs on the 10-10 s timescale, and this can be attributed to the slow diffusion of heat out of the large polaron volume due to the low thermal conductivity of LHPs. Like other carrier properties, slow hot carrier cooling in LHPs can be intimately related to efficient screening in a soft, anharmonic, and dynamically disordered lattice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xiaoyang Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
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15
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Jiang Y, Wang X, Pan A. Properties of Excitons and Photogenerated Charge Carriers in Metal Halide Perovskites. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1806671. [PMID: 31106917 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201806671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Metal halide perovskites (MHPs) have recently attracted great attention from the scientific community due to their excellent photovoltaic performance as well as their tremendous potential for other optoelectronic applications such as light-emitting diodes, lasers, and photodetectors. Despite the rapid progress in device applications, a solid understanding of the photophysical properties behind the device performance is highly desirable for MHPs. Here, the properties of excitons and photogenerated charge carriers in MHPs are explored. The unique dielectric constant properties, crystal-liquid duality, and fundamental optical processes of MHPs are first discussed. The properties of excitons and related phenomena in MHPs are then detailed, including the exciton binding energy determined by various methods and their influence factors, exciton dynamics, exciton-photon coupling and related applications, and exciton-phonon coupling in MHPs. The properties of photogenerated free charge carriers in MHPs such as the carrier diffusion length, mobility, and recombination are described. Recent progress in various applications is also demonstrated. Finally, a conclusion and perspectives of future studies for MHPs are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province, School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410012, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province, School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410012, China
| | - Anlian Pan
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410012, China
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16
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Mayers MZ, Tan LZ, Egger DA, Rappe AM, Reichman DR. How Lattice and Charge Fluctuations Control Carrier Dynamics in Halide Perovskites. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:8041-8046. [PMID: 30387614 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b04276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Here we develop a microscopic approach aimed at the description of a suite of physical effects related to carrier transport in, and the optical properties of, halide perovskites. Our theory is based on the description of the nuclear dynamics to all orders and goes beyond the common assumption of linear electron-phonon coupling in describing the carrier dynamics and band gap characteristics. When combined with first-principles calculations and applied to the prototypical MAPbI3 system, our theory explains seemingly disparate experimental findings associated with both the charge-carrier mobility and optical absorption properties, including their temperature dependencies. Our findings demonstrate that orbital-overlap fluctuations in the lead-halide structure plays a significant role in determining the optoelectronic features of halide perovskites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Z Mayers
- Department of Chemistry , Columbia University , New York , New York 10027 , United States
| | - Liang Z Tan
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104-6323 , United States
| | - David A Egger
- Institute of Theoretical Physics , University of Regensburg , 93040 Regensburg , Germany
| | - Andrew M Rappe
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104-6323 , United States
| | - David R Reichman
- Department of Chemistry , Columbia University , New York , New York 10027 , United States
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17
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Frick JJ, Topp A, Klemenz S, Krivenkov M, Varykhalov A, Ast CR, Bocarsly AB, Schoop LM. Single-Crystal Growth and Characterization of the Chalcopyrite Semiconductor CuInTe 2 for Photoelectrochemical Solar Fuel Production. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:6833-6840. [PMID: 30433790 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b03100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Transition-metal chalcogenides are a promising family of materials for applications as photocathodes in photoelectrochemical (PEC) H2 generation. A long-standing challenge for chalcopyrite semiconductors is characterizing their electronic structure, both experimentally and theoretically, because of their relatively high-energy band gaps and spin-orbit coupling (SOC), respectively. In this work, we present single crystals of CuInTe2, whose relatively small optically measured band gap of 0.9 ± 0.03 eV enables electronic structure characterization by angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (ARPES) in conjunction with first-principles calculations incorporating SOC. ARPES measurements reveal bands that are steeply dispersed in energy with a band velocity of 2.5-5.4 × 105 m/s, almost 50% of the extremely conductive material graphene. Additionally, CuInTe2 single crystals are fabricated into electrodes to experimentally determine the valence band edge energy and confirm the thermodynamic suitability of CuInTe2 for water redox chemistry. The electronic structure characterization and band edge position presented in this work provide kinetic and thermodynamic factors that support CuInTe2 as a strong candidate for water reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica J Frick
- Department of Chemistry , Princeton University , Princeton , New Jersey 08544 , United States
| | - Andreas Topp
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research , Heisenbergstraße 1 , 70569 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Sebastian Klemenz
- Department of Chemistry , Princeton University , Princeton , New Jersey 08544 , United States
| | - Maxim Krivenkov
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Berlin , Germany
| | - Andrei Varykhalov
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Berlin , Germany
| | - Christian R Ast
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research , Heisenbergstraße 1 , 70569 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Andrew B Bocarsly
- Department of Chemistry , Princeton University , Princeton , New Jersey 08544 , United States
| | - Leslie M Schoop
- Department of Chemistry , Princeton University , Princeton , New Jersey 08544 , United States
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18
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Herz LM. How Lattice Dynamics Moderate the Electronic Properties of Metal-Halide Perovskites. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:6853-6863. [PMID: 30422667 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b02811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Metal-halide perovskites have emerged as highly promising semiconductors with excellent optoelectronic properties. This Perspective outlines how the dynamic response of the ionic lattice affects key electronic properties such as exciton binding energies and charge-carrier mobilities in hybrid perovskites. Such links are shown to derive from the frequency-dependence of the dielectric function, which is governed by contributions from electronic interband transitions, polar vibrations of the metal-halide sublattice, organic cation collective reorientations, and ionic movement. The influence of each of these contributions to charge-carrier screening and carrier-lattice interactions is discussed, which allows for general trends with material composition to be revealed. Overall, this Perspective highlights the challenges and questions arising from the peculiar combination of a soft polar metal-halide sublattice interspersed with rotationally mobile dipolar molecules that is encountered in hybrid metal-halide perovskites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Herz
- Department of Physics , University of Oxford , Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road , Oxford OX1 3PU , U.K
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19
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Rivett JPH, Tan LZ, Price MB, Bourelle SA, Davis NJLK, Xiao J, Zou Y, Middleton R, Sun B, Rappe AM, Credgington D, Deschler F. Long-lived polarization memory in the electronic states of lead-halide perovskites from local structural dynamics. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3531. [PMID: 30166536 PMCID: PMC6117347 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06009-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Anharmonic crystal lattice dynamics have been observed in lead halide perovskites on picosecond timescales. Here, we report that the soft nature of the perovskite crystal lattice gives rise to dynamic fluctuations in the electronic properties of excited states. We use linear polarization selective transient absorption spectroscopy to study the charge carrier relaxation dynamics in lead-halide perovskite films and nanocrystals. We find that photo-excited charge carriers maintain an initial polarization anisotropy for several picoseconds, independent of crystallite size and composition, and well beyond the reported timescales of carrier scattering. First-principles calculations find intrinsic anisotropies in the transition dipole moment, which depend on the orientation of light polarization and the polar distortion of the local crystal lattice. Lattice dynamics are imprinted in the optical transitions and anisotropies arise on the time-scales of structural motion. The strong coupling between electronic states and structural dynamics requires a unique interpretation of recombination and transport mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine P. H. Rivett
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, CB3 0HE Cambridge, UK
| | - Liang Z. Tan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Michael B. Price
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, CB3 0HE Cambridge, UK
| | - Sean A. Bourelle
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, CB3 0HE Cambridge, UK
| | - Nathaniel J. L. K. Davis
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, 6140 New Zealand
| | - James Xiao
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, CB3 0HE Cambridge, UK
| | - Yatao Zou
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, 199 Ren’ai Road, 215123 Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rox Middleton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW Cambridge, UK
| | - Baoquan Sun
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, 199 Ren’ai Road, 215123 Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Andrew M. Rappe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Dan Credgington
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, CB3 0HE Cambridge, UK
| | - Felix Deschler
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, CB3 0HE Cambridge, UK
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20
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Schlipf M, Poncé S, Giustino F. Carrier Lifetimes and Polaronic Mass Enhancement in the Hybrid Halide Perovskite CH_{3}NH_{3}PbI_{3} from Multiphonon Fröhlich Coupling. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:086402. [PMID: 30192620 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.086402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We elucidate the nature of the electron-phonon interaction in the archetypal hybrid perovskite CH_{3}NH_{3}PbI_{3} using ab initio many-body calculations and an exactly solvable model. We demonstrate that electrons and holes near the band edges primarily interact with three distinct groups of longitudinal-optical vibrations, in order of importance: the stretching of the Pb-I bond, the bending of the Pb-I-Pb bonds, and the libration of the organic cations. These polar phonons induce ultrafast intraband carrier relaxation over timescales of 6-30 fs and yield polaron effective masses 28% heavier than the bare band masses. These findings allow us to rationalize previous experimental observations and provide a key to understanding carrier dynamics in halide perovskites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schlipf
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel Poncé
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Feliciano Giustino
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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21
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Egger DA, Bera A, Cahen D, Hodes G, Kirchartz T, Kronik L, Lovrincic R, Rappe AM, Reichman DR, Yaffe O. What Remains Unexplained about the Properties of Halide Perovskites? ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1800691. [PMID: 29569287 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201800691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The notion that halide perovskite crystals (ABX3 , where X is a halide) exhibit unique structural and optoelectronic behavior deserves serious scrutiny. After decades of steady and half a decade of intense research, the question which attributes of these materials are unusual, is discussed, with an emphasis on the identification of the most important remaining issues. The goal is to stimulate discussion rather than to merely present a community consensus.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Egger
- Institute of Theoretical Physics, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Achintya Bera
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovoth, 76100, Israel
| | - David Cahen
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovoth, 76100, Israel
| | - Gary Hodes
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovoth, 76100, Israel
| | - Thomas Kirchartz
- IEK5-Photovoltaics, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Faculty of Engineering and CENIDE, University of Duisburg-Essen, 47057, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Leeor Kronik
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovoth, 76100, Israel
| | - Robert Lovrincic
- InnovationLab, 69115, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute for High Frequency Technology, TU Braunschweig, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Andrew M Rappe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, PA, 19104-6323, USA
| | - David R Reichman
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Omer Yaffe
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovoth, 76100, Israel
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22
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Ghosh T, Aharon S, Etgar L, Ruhman S. Free Carrier Emergence and Onset of Electron–Phonon Coupling in Methylammonium Lead Halide Perovskite Films. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:18262-18270. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b09508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tufan Ghosh
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel 91904
| | - Sigalit Aharon
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel 91904
| | - Lioz Etgar
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel 91904
| | - Sanford Ruhman
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel 91904
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23
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Miyata K, Atallah TL, Zhu XY. Lead halide perovskites: Crystal-liquid duality, phonon glass electron crystals, and large polaron formation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1701469. [PMID: 29043296 PMCID: PMC5640380 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1701469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Lead halide perovskites have been demonstrated as high performance materials in solar cells and light-emitting devices. These materials are characterized by coherent band transport expected from crystalline semiconductors, but dielectric responses and phonon dynamics typical of liquids. This "crystal-liquid" duality implies that lead halide perovskites belong to phonon glass electron crystals, a class of materials believed to make the most efficient thermoelectrics. We show that the crystal-liquid duality and the resulting dielectric response are responsible for large polaron formation and screening of charge carriers, leading to defect tolerance, moderate charge carrier mobility, and radiative recombination properties. Large polaron formation, along with the phonon glass character, may also explain the marked reduction in hot carrier cooling rates in these materials.
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24
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Caddeo C, Saba MI, Meloni S, Filippetti A, Mattoni A. Collective Molecular Mechanisms in the CH 3NH 3PbI 3 Dissolution by Liquid Water. ACS NANO 2017; 11:9183-9190. [PMID: 28783296 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b04116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The origin of the dissolution of methylammonium lead trihalide (MAPI) crystals in liquid water is clarified by finite-temperature molecular dynamics by developing a MYP-based force field (MYP1) for water-MAPI systems. A thermally activated process is found with an energy barrier of 0.36 eV consisting of a layer-by-layer degradation with generation of inorganic PbI2 films and solvation of MA and I ions. We rationalize the effect of water on MAPI by identifying a transition from a reversible absorption and diffusion in the presence of vapor to the irreversible destruction of the crystal lattice in liquid due to a cooperative action of water molecules. A strong water-MAPI interaction is found with a binding energy of 0.41 eV/H2O and wetting energy of 0.23 N/m. The water vapor absorption is energetically favored (0.29 eV/H2O), and the infiltrated molecules can migrate within the crystal with a diffusion coefficient D = 1.7 × 10-8 cm2/s and activation energy of 0.28 eV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Caddeo
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali (CNR - IOM) Cagliari , Cittadella Universitaria, I-09042 Monserrato (Ca), Italy
| | - Maria Ilenia Saba
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali (CNR - IOM) Cagliari , Cittadella Universitaria, I-09042 Monserrato (Ca), Italy
| | - Simone Meloni
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Università La Sapienza , Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Roma, Italy
| | - Alessio Filippetti
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali (CNR - IOM) Cagliari , Cittadella Universitaria, I-09042 Monserrato (Ca), Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Cagliari , Cittadella Universitaria, I-09042 Monserrato (Ca), Italy
| | - Alessandro Mattoni
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali (CNR - IOM) Cagliari , Cittadella Universitaria, I-09042 Monserrato (Ca), Italy
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25
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Polar rotor scattering as atomic-level origin of low mobility and thermal conductivity of perovskite CH 3NH 3PbI 3. Nat Commun 2017; 8:16086. [PMID: 28665407 PMCID: PMC5497077 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms16086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Perovskite CH3NH3PbI3 exhibits outstanding photovoltaic performances, but the understanding of the atomic motions remains inadequate even though they take a fundamental role in transport properties. Here, we present a complete atomic dynamic picture consisting of molecular jumping rotational modes and phonons, which is established by carrying out high-resolution time-of-flight quasi-elastic and inelastic neutron scattering measurements in a wide energy window ranging from 0.0036 to 54 meV on a large single crystal sample, respectively. The ultrafast orientational disorder of molecular dipoles, activated at ∼165 K, acts as an additional scattering source for optical phonons as well as for charge carriers. It is revealed that acoustic phonons dominate the thermal transport, rather than optical phonons due to sub-picosecond lifetimes. These microscopic insights provide a solid standing point, on which perovskite solar cells can be understood more accurately and their performances are perhaps further optimized. Clarifying the atomistic behaviour of materials will lead to a deeper fundamental understanding and the rational design of future materials. Using time-of-flight quasi-elastic and inelastic neutron scattering measurements Li et al. study the atomic motions of metal-halide perovskite CH3NH3PbI3.
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26
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Whalley LD, Frost JM, Jung YK, Walsh A. Perspective: Theory and simulation of hybrid halide perovskites. J Chem Phys 2017; 146:220901. [PMID: 29166078 PMCID: PMC5464957 DOI: 10.1063/1.4984964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic-inorganic halide perovskites present a number of challenges for first-principles atomistic materials modeling. Such "plastic crystals" feature dynamic processes across multiple length and time scales. These include the following: (i) transport of slow ions and fast electrons; (ii) highly anharmonic lattice dynamics with short phonon lifetimes; (iii) local symmetry breaking of the average crystallographic space group; (iv) strong relativistic (spin-orbit coupling) effects on the electronic band structure; and (v) thermodynamic metastability and rapid chemical breakdown. These issues, which affect the operation of solar cells, are outlined in this perspective. We also discuss general guidelines for performing quantitative and predictive simulations of these materials, which are relevant to metal-organic frameworks and other hybrid semiconducting, dielectric and ferroelectric compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy D Whalley
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Jarvist M Frost
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Young-Kwang Jung
- Global EInstitute and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Aron Walsh
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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27
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Lu YB, Kong X, Chen X, Cooke DG, Guo H. Piezoelectric scattering limited mobility of hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites CH 3NH 3PbI 3. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41860. [PMID: 28150743 PMCID: PMC5288793 DOI: 10.1038/srep41860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Carrier mobility is one of the most important parameters for semiconducting materials and their use in optoelectronic devices. Here we report a systematic first principles analysis of the acoustic phonon scattering mechanism that limits the mobility of CH3NH3PbI3 (MAPbI3) perovskites. Due to the unique hybrid organic-inorganic structure, the mechanical, electronic and transport properties are dominated by the same factor, i.e. the weak interatomic bond and the easy rotation of methylammonium (MA) molecules under strain. Both factors make MAPbI3 soft. Rotation of MA molecule induces a transverse shift between Pb and I atoms, resulting in a very low deformation potential and a strong piezoelectricity in MAPbI3. Hence the carrier mobility of pristine MAPbI3 is limited by the piezoelectric scattering, which is consistent to the form of its temperature dependence. Our calculations suggest that in the pristine limit, a high mobility of about several thousand cm2 V−1 S−1 is expected for MAPbI3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Bo Lu
- School of Space Science and Physics, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China.,Department of Physics, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2T8, Canada
| | - Xianghua Kong
- Department of Physics, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2T8, Canada
| | - Xiaobin Chen
- Department of Physics, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2T8, Canada
| | - David G Cooke
- Department of Physics, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2T8, Canada
| | - Hong Guo
- Department of Physics, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2T8, Canada.,School of Physics and Energy, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
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Mattoni A, Filippetti A, Caddeo C. Modeling hybrid perovskites by molecular dynamics. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2017; 29:043001. [PMID: 27875326 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/29/4/043001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The topical review describes the recent progress in the modeling of hybrid perovskites by molecular dynamics simulations. Hybrid perovskites and in particular methylammonium lead halide (MAPI) have a tremendous technological relevance representing the fastest-advancing solar material to date. They also represent the paradigm of an organic-inorganic crystalline material with some conceptual peculiarities: an inorganic semiconductor for what concerns the electronic and absorption properties with a hybrid and solution processable organic-inorganic body. After briefly explaining the basic concepts of ab initio and classical molecular dynamics, the model potential recently developed for hybrid perovskites is described together with its physical motivation as a simple ionic model able to reproduce the main dynamical properties of the material. Advantages and limits of the two strategies (either ab initio or classical) are discussed in comparison with the time and length scales (from pico to microsecond scale) necessary to comprehensively study the relevant properties of hybrid perovskites from molecular reorientations to electrocaloric effects. The state-of-the-art of the molecular dynamics modeling of hybrid perovskites is reviewed by focusing on a selection of showcase applications of methylammonium lead halide: molecular cations disorder; temperature evolution of vibrations; thermally activated defects diffusion; thermal transport. We finally discuss the perspectives in the modeling of hybrid perovskites by molecular dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Mattoni
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali, CNR-IOM SLACS Cagliari, c/o Dipartimento di Fisica, Monserrato (CA), 09042, Italy
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Fabini DH, Laurita G, Bechtel JS, Stoumpos CC, Evans HA, Kontos AG, Raptis YS, Falaras P, Van der Ven A, Kanatzidis MG, Seshadri R. Dynamic Stereochemical Activity of the Sn2+ Lone Pair in Perovskite CsSnBr3. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:11820-32. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b06287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas H. Fabini
- Materials
Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials
Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Geneva Laurita
- Materials
Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Jonathon S. Bechtel
- Materials
Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials
Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Constantinos C. Stoumpos
- Department
of Chemistry and Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER)
Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Hayden A. Evans
- Materials
Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | | | - Yannis S. Raptis
- Physics
Department, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Zografou, Athens, Greece
| | - Polycarpos Falaras
- Institute
of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, NCSR Demokritos, 15310 Athens, Greece
| | - Anton Van der Ven
- Materials
Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials
Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Mercouri G. Kanatzidis
- Department
of Chemistry and Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER)
Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Ram Seshadri
- Materials
Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials
Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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Abstract
The outstanding photovoltaic performance in hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites (HOIPs) relies on their desirable carrier transport properties. In the HOIPs, strong spin-orbit coupling (SOC) and structural inversion asymmetry give rise to a giant spin splitting in the conduction and valence bands, that is, the Rashba effect (RE), a subject intensively studied in spintronics. Here we show that this giant RE can manifest itself in charge transport and is the key to understanding carrier mobility and its temperature dependence in the HOIPs. The RE greatly enhances acoustic-phonon scattering (APS) and alters the temperature dependence of carrier mobility from T(-3/2) to T(-1). Meanwhile, it reduces polar-optical phonon scattering (POPS). In CH3NH3PbI3, the carrier mobility is limited by the APS for temperatures up to 100 K, above which the POPS becomes dominant. The effective polar coupling is moderate, α = 1.1, indicating that band conduction is still a valid description of charge transport. Our results account for the observed carrier transport behaviors over the entire temperature range and highlight the importance of SOC in charge transport in the HOIPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Gang Yu
- ISP/Applied Sciences Laboratory, Washington State University , Spokane, Washington 99210, United States
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