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Xu S, Sun X, Zhu Z, Xin Y, Chen C, Luo J. The extract of buds of Chrysanthemum morifolium ramat alleviated UVB-induced skin photoaging by regulating MAPK and Nrf2/ARE pathways. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 332:118352. [PMID: 38762208 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. is a commonly used Chinese herb and food homologous plant with traditional effects such as anti-inflammatory, antifebrile, antibacterial and antiviral. AIM OF STUDY Photoaging is one of the main causes of accelerated skin aging. Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. has reported to alleviate photodamage. In this study, we investigated the protective effect of the extract of buds of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. (CE) on UVB-induced photoaging and further mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS The extract of buds of chrysanthemum was analyzed by HPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS. Antioxidant activity was assessed by DPPH and ABTS assay. Cell viability examined by cell counting kit-8 assay. The ROS level was detected by fluorescent probe DCFH-DA. Protein expression evaluated by Western blotting. The skin tissue investigated by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS CE significantly reversed the decrease of cell viability that induced by UVB in HaCaT and HFF-1 cells. Further analysis showed that CE alleviated photoaging by inhibiting the expression of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and activating the NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/antioxidant response element (ARE) pathway to promote the expression of antioxidant enzymes. Moreover, CE effectively improved the reduced skin hydration, disordered collagen and thickening epidermis caused by UVB in mice. CONCLUSIONS All results demonstrated that CE had therapeutic effect on UVB-induced photoaging and provided theoretical basis for its further developing as a natural functional product with anti-photoaging effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shishu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xuelei Sun
- Shanghai Cheermore Cosmetics Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 201401, China
| | - Zhiting Zhu
- Shanghai Cheermore Cosmetics Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 201401, China
| | - Yingxiang Xin
- Shanghai Cheermore Cosmetics Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 201401, China
| | - Chen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Jianguang Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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2
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Rocha F, Nunes Calumby RJ, Svetaz L, Sortino M, Teixeira Ribeiro Vidigal MC, Campos-Bermudez VA, Rius SP. Effects of Larrea nitida nanodispersions on the growth inhibition of phytopathogens. AMB Express 2023; 13:98. [PMID: 37735315 PMCID: PMC10514021 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-023-01605-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Larrea nitida Cav. (Zygophyllaceae) is a plant endemic to Argentina and Chile, and its extract has been studied over the last years due to the presence of antimicrobial agents that can be used to control the growth of some pathogens in agriculture. However, the extract is highly hydrophobic, which strongly affects its fungicidal activity in aqueous media. In this sense, the solid dispersion technique was used to produce L. nitida extract nanodispersions with polyethylene glycol (PLE) and with polyethylene glycol and zinc acetate (PZLE). In order to further evaluate the activity of the extract in PLE and PZLE, blank nanodispersions containing only polyethylene glycol (PEG) and zinc acetate (PZ) without the addition of the extract were also produced. The fungicidal activity of the water-soluble nanoparticles was evaluated at different concentrations (0.037-0.110 g.mL-1). In general, the nanoparticles were successfully produced on a nanometric size and presented a significant inhibitory activity on the growth of the pathogens Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium verticillioides in aqueous media. Compared to PLE, PZLE presented increased fungistatic activity, possibly due to their increased solubility in water. Even though their application in agriculture should be further investigated, the nanodispersions present great potential to be applied as a green biotechnological tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Rocha
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Rodrigo José Nunes Calumby
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Laura Svetaz
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Farmacognosia, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, CP 2000, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Maximiliano Sortino
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Farmacognosia, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, CP 2000, Rosario, Argentina
| | | | - Valeria Alina Campos-Bermudez
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK, Rosario, Argentina.
| | - Sebastián Pablo Rius
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK, Rosario, Argentina.
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3
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Guzmán-López EG, Reina M, Hernández-Ayala LF, Galano A. Rational Design of Multifunctional Ferulic Acid Derivatives Aimed for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1256. [PMID: 37371986 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12061256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferulic acid has numerous beneficial effects on human health, which are frequently attributed to its antioxidant behavior. In this report, many of them are reviewed, and 185 new ferulic acid derivatives are computationally designed using the CADMA-Chem protocol. Consequently, their chemical space was sampled and evaluated. To that purpose, selection and elimination scores were used, which are built from a set of descriptors accounting for ADME properties, toxicity, and synthetic accessibility. After the first screening, 12 derivatives were selected and further investigated. Their potential role as antioxidants was predicted from reactivity indexes directly related to the formal hydrogen atom transfer and the single electron transfer mechanisms. The best performing molecules were identified by comparisons with the parent molecule and two references: Trolox and α-tocopherol. Their potential as polygenic neuroprotectors was investigated through the interactions with enzymes directly related to the etiologies of Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. These enzymes are acetylcholinesterase, catechol-O-methyltransferase, and monoamine oxidase B. Based on the obtained results, the most promising candidates (FA-26, FA-118, and FA-138) are proposed as multifunctional antioxidants with potential neuroprotective effects. The findings derived from this investigation are encouraging and might promote further investigations on these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Gabriel Guzmán-López
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. Ferrocarril San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Leyes de Reforma 1A Sección, Alcaldía Iztapalapa, Mexico City 09310, Mexico
| | - Miguel Reina
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Nuclear, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Luis Felipe Hernández-Ayala
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. Ferrocarril San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Leyes de Reforma 1A Sección, Alcaldía Iztapalapa, Mexico City 09310, Mexico
| | - Annia Galano
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. Ferrocarril San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Leyes de Reforma 1A Sección, Alcaldía Iztapalapa, Mexico City 09310, Mexico
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4
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Pel P, Kim YM, Kim HJ, Nhoek P, An CY, Son MG, Won H, Lee SE, Lee J, Kim HW, Choi YH, Lee CH, Chin YW. Isocoumarins and Benzoquinones with Their Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 Expression Inhibitory Activities from Dried Roots of Lysimachia vulgaris. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:47296-47305. [PMID: 36570277 PMCID: PMC9774376 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A phytochemical investigation of the n-hexane-soluble chemical constituents of Lysimachia vulgaris roots allowed for selection using a proprotein convertase subtilisin-kexin type 9 (PCSK9) mRNA expression monitoring assay in HepG2 cells. This led to the isolation of two previously undescribed isocoumarins of natural origin, 8'Z,11'Z-octadecadienyl-6,8-dihydroxyisocoumarin (1) and 3-pentadecyl-6,8-dihydroxyisocoumarin (2), along with 20 previously reported compounds (3-22). All of the structures were established using NMR spectroscopic data and MS analysis. Of the isolates, 1 and 3 were found to inhibit PCSK9, inducible degrader of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (IDOL), and SREBP2 mRNA expression. Further computational dockings of both 1 and 3 to C-ring of IDOL E3 ubiquitin ligase predicted the mechanism behind the inhibitory effect of these compounds on the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pisey Pel
- College
of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Mi Kim
- College
of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ji Kim
- College
of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University-Seoul, 32 Dongguk-lo, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Piseth Nhoek
- College
of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae-Yeong An
- College
of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Gyung Son
- College
of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongic Won
- College
of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Eun Lee
- Department
of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute
of Horticultural and Herbal Science (NIHHS) of Rural Development Administration, Eumseong 27709, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghoon Lee
- Department
of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute
of Horticultural and Herbal Science (NIHHS) of Rural Development Administration, Eumseong 27709, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Woo Kim
- College
of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University-Seoul, 32 Dongguk-lo, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hee Choi
- College
of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University-Seoul, 32 Dongguk-lo, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hoon Lee
- College
of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University-Seoul, 32 Dongguk-lo, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Won Chin
- College
of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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5
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Vasava H, Singh R, Yadav T. Characterisation of whey protein–polyphenol conjugates prepared by the noncovalent and covalent methods for their effect on the functional properties of whey proteins. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hardik Vasava
- Dairy Chemistry Division National Dairy Research Institute Karnal 132001 Haryana India
| | - Richa Singh
- Dairy Chemistry Division National Dairy Research Institute Karnal 132001 Haryana India
| | - Tanushree Yadav
- Dairy Chemistry Division National Dairy Research Institute Karnal 132001 Haryana India
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6
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González Moreno A, de Cózar A, Prieto P, Domínguez E, Heredia A. Radiationless mechanism of UV deactivation by cuticle phenolics in plants. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1786. [PMID: 35379806 PMCID: PMC8979964 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29460-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroxycinnamic acids present in plant cuticles, the interphase and the main protective barrier between the plant and the environment, exhibit singular photochemical properties that could allow them to act as a UV shield. Here, we employ transient absorption spectroscopy on isolated cuticles and leaf epidermises to study in situ the photodynamics of these molecules in the excited state. Based on quantum chemical calculations on p-coumaric acid, the main phenolic acid present in the cuticle, we propose a model in which cuticle phenolics display a photoprotective mechanism based in an ultrafast and non-radiative excited state deactivation combined with fluorescence emission. As such, the cuticle can be regarded as the first and foremost protective barrier against UV radiation. This photostable and photodynamic mechanism seems to be universal in land plants giving a special role and function to the presence of different aromatic domains in plant cuticles and epidermises. Phenolics are abundant in plant cuticles. Here, via transient absorption spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculations, the authors propose a model by which cuticle phenolics provide photoprotection due to ultrafast and non-radiative excited state deactivation combined with fluorescence emission.
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7
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Exploring the Use of Iris Species: Antioxidant Properties, Phytochemistry, Medicinal and Industrial Applications. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11030526. [PMID: 35326175 PMCID: PMC8944787 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11030526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Iris from the Iridaceae family consists of more than 262 recognized species. It is an ornamental and medicinal plant widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere. Iris species convey a long history as valuable traditional drugs with a wide variety of applications in various cultures, having been recorded since medieval times. Currently, Iris spp. still find application in numerous fields, including cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the food industry. Moreover, many of their empirical uses have been validated by in vitro and in vivo studies, showing that Iris spp. exhibit potent antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective and anti-microbial properties. Phytochemicals investigations have revealed that the plant extracts are rich in phenolic compounds, especially flavonoids and phenolic acids. As such, they constitute a promising lead for seeking new drugs with high susceptibilities towards various health issues, particularly oxidative-stress-related diseases such as cancers, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, etc. Herein, we present a literature review of the genus Iris intending to determine the plant’s chemical profile and establish a coherent overview of the biological applications of the plant extracts with reference to their traditional uses.
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8
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Wong NK, Rankine CD, Dessent CEH. Measurement of the Population of Electrosprayed Deprotomers of Coumaric Acids Using UV-Vis Laser Photodissociation Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:6703-6714. [PMID: 34342453 PMCID: PMC8389988 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c04880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The measurement of deprotonation sites in multifunctional molecules following electrospray ionization is important to better inform a wide range of spectroscopic and photophysical studies that use electrospray to prepare molecular species for study in the gas phase. We demonstrate that low-resolution UV-vis laser photodissociation spectroscopy can be applied in situ to identify the deprotomers of three coumaric acids, trans-para-coumaric acid (CMA), trans-caffeic acid (CA), and trans-ferulic acid (FA), formed via electrospray. Electronic absorption spectra of the deprotonated coumaric acids are recorded via photodepletion and photofragmentation following electrospray from solutions of ethanol and acetonitrile. By comparing the experimental spectra to wave function theory calculations, we are able to confirm the presence of phenoxide and carboxylate deprotomers upon electrospray for all three coumaric acids, when sprayed from both protic and aprotic solvents. Ratios of the phenoxide:carboxylate deprotomers are obtained by generating summed theoretical absorption spectra that reproduce the experimental spectra. We find that choice of electrospray solvent has little effect on the ratio of deprotomers obtained for deprotonated CMA and CA but has a greater impact for FA. Our results are in excellent agreement with previous work conducted on deprotonated CMA using IR spectroscopy and demonstrate that UV photodissociation spectroscopy of electrosprayed ions has potential as a diagnostic tool for identifying deprotomeric species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie
G. K. Wong
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K.
| | - Conor D. Rankine
- School
of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle
University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K.
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9
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Validated Stability-Indicating GC-MS Method for Characterization of Forced Degradation Products of Trans-Caffeic Acid and Trans-Ferulic Acid. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092475. [PMID: 33922767 PMCID: PMC8123059 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
When dealing with simple phenols such as caffeic acid (CA) and ferulic acid (FA), found in a variety of plants, it is very important to have control over the most important factors that accelerate their degradation reactions. This is the first report in which the stabilities of these two compounds have been systematically tested by exposure to various different factors. Forced degradation studies were performed on pure standards (trans-CA and trans-FA), dissolved in different solvents and exposed to different oxidative, photolytic and thermal stress conditions. Additionally, a rapid, sensitive, and selective stability-indicating gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method was developed and validated for determination of trans-CA and trans-FA in the presence of their degradation products. Cis-CA and cis-FA were confirmed as the only degradation products in all the experiments performed. All the compounds were perfectly separated by gas chromatography (GC) and identified using mass spectrometry (MS), a method that additionally elucidated their structures. In general, more protic solvents, higher temperatures, UV radiation and longer storage times led to more significant degradation (isomerization) of both trans-isomers. The most progressive isomerization of both compounds (up to 43%) was observed when the polar solutions were exposed to daylight at room temperature for 1 month. The method was validated for linearity, precision as repeatability, limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ). The method was confirmed as linear over tested concentration ranges from 1−100 mg L−1 (r2s were above 0.999). The LOD and LOQ for trans-FA were 0.15 mg L−1 and 0.50 mg L−1, respectively. The LOD and LOQ for trans-CA were 0.23 mg L−1 and 0.77 mg L−1, respectively.
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10
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Pacifico D, Lanzanova C, Pagnotta E, Bassolino L, Mastrangelo AM, Marone D, Matteo R, Lo Scalzo R, Balconi C. Sustainable Use of Bioactive Compounds from Solanum Tuberosum and Brassicaceae Wastes and by-Products for Crop Protection-A Review. Molecules 2021; 26:2174. [PMID: 33918886 PMCID: PMC8070479 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Defatted seed meals of oleaginous Brassicaceae, such as Eruca sativa, and potato peel are excellent plant matrices to recover potentially useful biomolecules from industrial processes in a circular strategy perspective aiming at crop protection. These biomolecules, mainly glycoalkaloids and phenols for potato and glucosinolates for Brassicaceae, have been proven to be effective against microbes, fungi, nematodes, insects, and even parasitic plants. Their role in plant protection is overviewed, together with the molecular basis of their synthesis in plant, and the description of their mechanisms of action. Possible genetic and biotechnological strategies are presented to increase their content in plants. Genetic mapping and identification of closely linked molecular markers are useful to identify the loci/genes responsible for their accumulation and transfer them to elite cultivars in breeding programs. Biotechnological approaches can be used to modify their allelic sequence and enhance the accumulation of the bioactive compounds. How the global challenges, such as reducing agri-food waste and increasing sustainability and food safety, could be addressed through bioprotector applications are discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Pacifico
- CREA Council for Agricultural Research and Economics—Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops, 00198 Rome, Italy; (C.L.); (E.P.); (L.B.); (A.M.M.); (D.M.); (C.B.); (R.M.)
| | - Chiara Lanzanova
- CREA Council for Agricultural Research and Economics—Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops, 00198 Rome, Italy; (C.L.); (E.P.); (L.B.); (A.M.M.); (D.M.); (C.B.); (R.M.)
| | - Eleonora Pagnotta
- CREA Council for Agricultural Research and Economics—Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops, 00198 Rome, Italy; (C.L.); (E.P.); (L.B.); (A.M.M.); (D.M.); (C.B.); (R.M.)
| | - Laura Bassolino
- CREA Council for Agricultural Research and Economics—Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops, 00198 Rome, Italy; (C.L.); (E.P.); (L.B.); (A.M.M.); (D.M.); (C.B.); (R.M.)
| | - Anna Maria Mastrangelo
- CREA Council for Agricultural Research and Economics—Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops, 00198 Rome, Italy; (C.L.); (E.P.); (L.B.); (A.M.M.); (D.M.); (C.B.); (R.M.)
| | - Daniela Marone
- CREA Council for Agricultural Research and Economics—Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops, 00198 Rome, Italy; (C.L.); (E.P.); (L.B.); (A.M.M.); (D.M.); (C.B.); (R.M.)
| | - Roberto Matteo
- CREA Council for Agricultural Research and Economics—Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops, 00198 Rome, Italy; (C.L.); (E.P.); (L.B.); (A.M.M.); (D.M.); (C.B.); (R.M.)
| | - Roberto Lo Scalzo
- CREA Council for Agricultural Research and Economics—Research Centre for Engineering and Agro-Food Processing, 00198 Rome, Italy;
| | - Carlotta Balconi
- CREA Council for Agricultural Research and Economics—Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops, 00198 Rome, Italy; (C.L.); (E.P.); (L.B.); (A.M.M.); (D.M.); (C.B.); (R.M.)
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11
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Kinoshita SN, Harabuchi Y, Inokuchi Y, Maeda S, Ehara M, Yamazaki K, Ebata T. Substitution effect on the nonradiative decay and trans → cis photoisomerization route: a guideline to develop efficient cinnamate-based sunscreens. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:834-845. [PMID: 33284297 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp04402d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Cinnamate derivatives are very useful as UV protectors in nature and as sunscreen reagents in daily life. They convert harmful UV energy to thermal energy through effective nonradiative decay (NRD) including trans → cis photoisomerization. However, the mechanism is not simple because different photoisomeirzation routes have been observed for different substituted cinnamates. Here, we theoretically examined the substitution effects at the phenyl ring of methylcinnamate (MC), a non-substituted cinnamate, on the electronic structure and the NRD route involving trans → cis isomerization based on time-dependent density functional theory. A systematic reaction pathway search using the single-component artificial force-induced reaction method shows that the very efficient photoisomerization route of MC can be essentially described as "1ππ* (trans) → 1nπ* → T1 (3ππ*) → S0 (trans or cis)". We found that for efficient 1ππ* (trans) → 1nπ* internal conversion (IC), MC should have the substituent at the appropriate position of the phenyl ring to stabilize the highest occupied π orbital. Substitution at the para position of MC slightly lowers the 1ππ* state energy and photoisomerization occurs via a slightly less efficient "1ππ* (trans) → 3nπ* → T1 (3ππ*) → S0 (trans or cis)" pathway. Substitution at the meta or ortho positions of MC significantly lowers the 1ππ* state energy so that the energy barrier of IC (1ππ* → 1nπ*) becomes very high. This substitution leads to a much longer 1ππ* state lifetime than that of MC and para-substituted MC, and a change in the dominant photoisomerization route to "1ππ* (trans) → C[double bond, length as m-dash]C bond twisting on 1ππ* → S0 (trans or cis)". As a whole, the "1ππ* → 1nπ*" IC observed in MC is the most important initial step for the rapid change of UV energy to thermal energy. We also found that the stabilization of the π orbital (i) minimizes the energy gap between 1ππ* and 1nπ* at the 1ππ* minimum and (ii) makes the 0-0 level of 1ππ* higher than 1nπ* as observed in MC. These MC-like relationships between the 1ππ* and 1nπ* energies should be ideal to maximize the "1ππ* → 1nπ*" IC rate constant according to Marcus theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Nosuke Kinoshita
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan.
| | - Yu Harabuchi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan and Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Inokuchi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Maeda
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan and Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ehara
- SOKENDAI, the Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan and Institute for Molecular Science and Research Center for Computational Science, 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Kaoru Yamazaki
- Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Katahira 2-1-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan.
| | - Takayuki Ebata
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan.
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12
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Cao CN, Liu CF, Zhao L, Rao GW. New insight into the photoinduced wavelength dependent decay mechanisms of the ferulic acid system on the excited states. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 240:118565. [PMID: 32554260 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The ferulic acid (FA) is a kind of phenolic acid widely exists in nature plants. Apart from its medicinal values, the FA is also widely applied in cosmetic industry. Recently, it was found to have potential applications in commercial sunscreens for its strong photostability and photoprotection property from harmful UV rays. Such excellent property lies in the ultrafast decay process of the FA system when exposure to the UV light, but the underlying detailed relaxation pathway is still less clear-cut. In the current work, high-level ab initio electronic structure calculations and on-the-fly surface hopping dynamics simulations were employed to explore the photoinduced decay mechanism of the FA system both on the S1 and S3 states in the gas phase. The results provide a reasonable explanation for the wavelength dependent decay patterns of FA system. The S1 state decay pathway is driven by a re-emission process to dissipate excess energy. While for the S3 state deactivation process, the pathway is dominated by a non-adiabatic process driven by the internal conversion process through the conical intersection regions. A S3-S1-S0 two step decay pattern is proposed, and the pathways are mainly driven by a puckering distortion motion of the aromatic ring and a twisting motion around the bridging double bond. The calculation results contribute to a better understanding of detailed dynamics behavior of the FA deactivation process, and provide theoretical guidance for further design of efficient and environmentally friendly sunscreens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong-Neng Cao
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China; Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Cheng-Fu Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, PR China
| | - Li Zhao
- School of Science, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, Shandong, PR China
| | - Guo-Wu Rao
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China; Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China.
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13
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Baker LA, Staniforth M, Flourat AL, Allais F, Stavros VG. Conservation of ultrafast photoprotective mechanisms with increasing molecular complexity in sinapoyl malate derivatives. Chemphyschem 2020; 21:2006-2011. [PMID: 32638475 PMCID: PMC7586465 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202000429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Sinapoyl malate is a natural plant sunscreen molecule which protects leaves from harmful ultraviolet radiation. Here, the ultrafast dynamics of three sinapoyl malate derivatives, sinapoyl L-dimethyl malate, sinapoyl L-diethyl malate and sinapoyl L-di-t-butyl malate, have been studied using transient electronic absorption spectroscopy, in a dioxane and methanol solvent environment to investigate how well preserved these dynamics remain with increasing molecular complexity. In all cases it was found that, upon photoexcitation, deactivation occurs via a trans-cis isomerisation pathway within ∼20-30 ps. This cis-photoproduct, formed during photodeactivation, is stable and longed-lived for all molecules in both solvents. The incredible levels of conservation of the isomerisation pathway with increased molecular complexity demonstrate the efficacy of these molecules as ultraviolet photoprotectors, even in strongly perturbing solvents. As such, we suggest these molecules might be well-suited for augmentations to further improve their photoprotective efficacy or chemical compatibility with other components of sunscreen mixtures, whilst conserving their underlying photodynamic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis A. Baker
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of WarwickGibbet Hill RoadCoventryCV4 7ALUnited Kingdom
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical SciencesUniversity of Surrey388 Stag HillGuildfordGU2 7XHUnited Kingdom
| | - Michael Staniforth
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of WarwickGibbet Hill RoadCoventryCV4 7ALUnited Kingdom
| | - Amandine L. Flourat
- URD Agro-Biotechnologies Industrielles (ABI), CEBB, AgroParisTech51110PomacleFrance
| | - Florent Allais
- URD Agro-Biotechnologies Industrielles (ABI), CEBB, AgroParisTech51110PomacleFrance
| | - Vasilios G. Stavros
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of WarwickGibbet Hill RoadCoventryCV4 7ALUnited Kingdom
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14
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Horbury MD, Turner MAP, Peters JS, Mention M, Flourat AL, Hine NDM, Allais F, Stavros VG. Exploring the Photochemistry of an Ethyl Sinapate Dimer: An Attempt Toward a Better Ultraviolet Filter. Front Chem 2020; 8:633. [PMID: 32850651 PMCID: PMC7399488 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The photochemistry and photostability of a potential ultraviolet (UV) radiation filter, dehydrodiethylsinapate, with a broad absorption in the UVA region, is explored utilizing a combination of femtosecond time-resolved spectroscopy and steady-state irradiation studies. The time-resolved measurements show that this UV filter candidate undergoes excited state relaxation after UV absorption on a timescale of ~10 picoseconds, suggesting efficient relaxation. However, steady-state irradiation measurements show degradation under prolonged UV exposure. From a photochemical standpoint, this highlights the importance of considering both the ultrafast and “ultraslow” timescales when designing new potential UV filters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Horbury
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew A P Turner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Jack S Peters
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Nicholas D M Hine
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | | | - Vasilios G Stavros
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
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15
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Muramatsu S, Nakayama S, Kinoshita SN, Onitsuka Y, Kohguchi H, Inokuchi Y, Zhu C, Ebata T. Electronic State and Photophysics of 2-Ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate as UV-B Sunscreen under Jet-Cooled Condition. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:1272-1278. [PMID: 31992045 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b11893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The title compound, 2-ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate (2EH4MC), is known as a typical ingredient of sunscreen cosmetics that effectively converts the absorbed UV-B light to thermal energy. This energy conversion process includes the nonradiative decay (NRD): trans-cis isomerization and finally going back to the original structure with a release of thermal energy. In this study, we performed UV spectroscopy for jet-cooled 2EH4MC to investigate the electronic/geometrical structures as well as the NRD mechanism. Laser-induced-fluorescence (LIF) spectroscopy gave the well-resolved vibronic structure of the S1-S0 transition; UV-UV hole-burning (HB) spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed the presence of syn and anti isomers, where the methoxy (-OCH3) groups orient in opposite directions to each other. Picosecond UV-UV pump-probe spectroscopy revealed the NRD process from the excited singlet (S1 (1ππ*)) state occurs at a rate constant of ∼1010-1011 s-1, attributed to internal conversion (IC) to the 1nπ* state. Nanosecond UV-deep UV (DUV) pump-probe spectroscopy identified a transient triplet (T1 (3ππ*)) state, whose energy (from S0) and lifetime are 18 400 cm-1 and 20 ns, respectively. These results demonstrate that the photoisomerization of 2EH4MC includes multistep internal conversions and intersystem crossings, described as "S1 (trans, 1ππ*) → 1nπ* → T1 (3ππ*) → S0 (cis)".
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Muramatsu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science , Hiroshima University , 1-3-1 Kagamiyama , Higashi-Hiroshima-shi , Hiroshima 739-8526 , Japan
| | - Shingo Nakayama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science , Hiroshima University , 1-3-1 Kagamiyama , Higashi-Hiroshima-shi , Hiroshima 739-8526 , Japan
| | - Shin-Nosuke Kinoshita
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science , Hiroshima University , 1-3-1 Kagamiyama , Higashi-Hiroshima-shi , Hiroshima 739-8526 , Japan
| | - Yuuki Onitsuka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science , Hiroshima University , 1-3-1 Kagamiyama , Higashi-Hiroshima-shi , Hiroshima 739-8526 , Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kohguchi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science , Hiroshima University , 1-3-1 Kagamiyama , Higashi-Hiroshima-shi , Hiroshima 739-8526 , Japan
| | - Yoshiya Inokuchi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science , Hiroshima University , 1-3-1 Kagamiyama , Higashi-Hiroshima-shi , Hiroshima 739-8526 , Japan
| | - Chaoyuan Zhu
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute for Molecular Science , National Chiao Tung University , Hsinchu 30010 , Taiwan.,Center for Emergent Functional Matter Science , National Chiao Tung University , Hsinchu 30010 , Taiwan
| | - Takayuki Ebata
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science , Hiroshima University , 1-3-1 Kagamiyama , Higashi-Hiroshima-shi , Hiroshima 739-8526 , Japan.,Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute for Molecular Science , National Chiao Tung University , Hsinchu 30010 , Taiwan
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16
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Satheesh D, Rajendran A, Chithra K, Saravanan R. Synthesis of some new protic N1-Benzyl/Butyl-2-methyl-4-nitro-1H-imidazol-3-ium salts with 3,5-Diaminobenzoate, 3,5-Dinitrobenzoate, (E)-3-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)acrylate and 2-Carboxy-5-nitrobenzoate as organic anions. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2020.100033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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17
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Phenolic Compounds and the Anti-Atherogenic Effect of Bee Bread in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Rats. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 9:antiox9010033. [PMID: 31905919 PMCID: PMC7023473 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was undertaken to determine the phenolic compounds and the anti-atherogenic effect of bee bread in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese rats. The presence of phenolic compounds in bee bread was determined by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Thirty-two male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into four groups, (n = 8/group); i.e., Normal (N), HFD (high-fat diet), HFD + BB (high-fat diet and 0.5 g/kg/day bee bread), and HFD + O (high-fat diet and 10 mg/kg/day orlistat) groups. After 6 weeks of the experiment, rats were sacrificed. Five phenolic compounds were identified in bee bread; namely, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, kaempferol, apigenin, and isorhamnetin. Bee bread significantly reduced Lee obesity index and levels of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), fatty acid synthase (FAS) activity, atherogenic index, oxidised-LDL (oxLDL), and malondialdehyde (MDA), and significantly increased aortic antioxidant activities, such as those of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Adipocyte sizes were found to be smaller in the HFD + BB group compared to the N group, and en face aortas showed an absence of atherosclerotic plaque in rats supplemented with bee bread. These changes might suggest an anti-atherogenic effect of bee bread in HFD-induced obese rats via its antioxidant and hypocholesterolaemic properties.
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18
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Horbury MD, Holt EL, Mouterde LMM, Balaguer P, Cebrián J, Blasco L, Allais F, Stavros VG. Towards symmetry driven and nature inspired UV filter design. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4748. [PMID: 31628301 PMCID: PMC6802189 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12719-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants, sinapate esters offer crucial protection from the deleterious effects of ultraviolet radiation exposure. These esters are a promising foundation for designing UV filters, particularly for the UVA region (400 – 315 nm), where adequate photoprotection is currently lacking. Whilst sinapate esters are highly photostable due to a cis-trans (and vice versa) photoisomerization, the cis-isomer can display increased genotoxicity; an alarming concern for current cinnamate ester-based human sunscreens. To eliminate this potentiality, here we synthesize a sinapate ester with equivalent cis- and trans-isomers. We investigate its photostability through innovative ultrafast spectroscopy on a skin mimic, thus modelling the as close to true environment of sunscreen formulas. These studies are complemented by assessing endocrine disruption activity and antioxidant potential. We contest, from our results, that symmetrically functionalized sinapate esters may show exceptional promise as nature-inspired UV filters in next generation sunscreen formulations. Sinapate esters are promising nature-inspired sunscreen and antioxidant agents but their photoisomerization may lead to ineffective or harmful species. Here the authors propose a symmetric ester with indistinguishable trans and cis isomers and prove its effectiveness by optical spectroscopies on a skin mimic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Horbury
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK. .,School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Emily L Holt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.,Molecular Analytical Science Centre for Doctoral Training, Senate House, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Louis M M Mouterde
- URD Agro-Biotechnologies Industrielles (ABI), CEBB, AgroParisTech, 51110, Pomacle, France
| | | | - Juan Cebrián
- Lubrizol Advanced Materials, C/Isaac Peral 17-Pol. Industrial Cami Ral, 08850, Gava, Spain
| | - Laurent Blasco
- Lubrizol Advanced Materials, C/Isaac Peral 17-Pol. Industrial Cami Ral, 08850, Gava, Spain
| | - Florent Allais
- URD Agro-Biotechnologies Industrielles (ABI), CEBB, AgroParisTech, 51110, Pomacle, France
| | - Vasilios G Stavros
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
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19
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Kinoshita SN, Inokuchi Y, Onitsuka Y, Kohguchi H, Akai N, Shiraogawa T, Ehara M, Yamazaki K, Harabuchi Y, Maeda S, Ebata T. The direct observation of the doorway 1nπ* state of methylcinnamate and hydrogen-bonding effects on the photochemistry of cinnamate-based sunscreens. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:19755-19763. [PMID: 31259349 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp02914a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The electronic states and photochemistry including nonradiative decay (NRD) and trans(E) → cis(Z) isomerization of methylcinnamate (MC) and its hydrogen-bonded complex with methanol have been investigated under jet-cooled conditions. S1(1nπ*) and S2(1ππ*) are directly observed in MC. This is the first direct observation of S1(1nπ*) in cinnamate derivatives. Surprisingly, the order of the energies between the nπ* and ππ* states is opposite to substituted cinnamates. TD-DFT and SAC-CI calculations support the observed result and show that the substitution to the benzene ring largely lowers the 1ππ* energy while the effect on 1nπ* is rather small. The S2(ππ*) state lifetime of MC is determined to be equal to or shorter than 10 ps, and the production of the transient T1 state is observed. The T1(ππ*) state is calculated to have a structure in which propenyl C[double bond, length as m-dash]C is twisted by 90°, suggesting the trans → cis isomerization proceeds via T1. The production of the cis isomer is confirmed by low-temperature matrix-isolated FTIR spectroscopy. The effect of H-bonding is examined for the MC-methanol complex. The S2 lifetime of MC-methanol is determined to be 180 ps, indicating that the H-bonding to the C[double bond, length as m-dash]O group largely prohibits the 1ππ* → 1nπ* internal conversion. This lifetime elongation in the methanol complex also describes well a higher fluorescence quantum yield of MC in methanol solution than in cyclohexane, while such a solvent dependence is not observed in para-substituted MC. Determination of the photochemical reaction pathways of MC and MC-methanol will help us to design photofunctional cinnamate derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Nosuke Kinoshita
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan.
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20
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Zhao X, Luo J, Liu Y, Pandey P, Yang S, Wei D, Han K. Substitution Dependent Ultrafast Ultraviolet Energy Dissipation Mechanisms of Plant Sunscreens. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:5244-5249. [PMID: 31436992 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b02175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
An ultraviolet energy dissipation mechanism plays a critical role in the photoprotection effect of sunscreens. In this work, we discovered substitution dependent UV energy dissipation mechanisms of model plant sunscreen methyl sinapate (MS). We found that the initially populated V(ππ*) states of MS and p-OMeMS relax to the ground state nonradiatively along an ultrafast trans-cis photoisomerization in tens of picoseconds. However, for p-HMS, an internal conversion from V(ππ*) to a relative dark V'(ππ*) state occurs in less than 1 ps, leading to a branching of the excited-state relaxations. The V (ππ*) state still relaxes nonradiatively as in the case of MS and p-OMeMS. In contrast, the V'(ππ*) state decays to the ground state mainly by emitting photons, exhibiting a lifetime as long as 5 ns. It is the first time to definitely distinguish the dynamics between V(ππ*) and V'(ππ*) states in the study of sinapates and cinnamates. These results indicate the anticipation of the V'(ππ*) state should be avoided when designing sunscreens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics (DICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, China
| | - Jian Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics (DICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
| | - Yan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics (DICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
| | - Pramod Pandey
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics (DICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
| | - Songqiu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics (DICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
| | - Donghui Wei
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Keli Han
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics (DICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
- Institute of Molecular Sciences and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
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21
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Zhao X, Luo J, Yang S, Han K. New Insight into the Photoprotection Mechanism of Plant Sunscreens: Adiabatic Relaxation Competing with Nonadiabatic Relaxation in the cis → trans Photoisomerization of Methyl Sinapate. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:4197-4202. [PMID: 31287701 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b01651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A great deal of thermally instable cis form photoisomerization products will be formed from the thermally stable trans form of the plant sunscreens sinapate esters upon ultraviolet radiation. To reveal the photoisomerization mechanism of the cis-isomer, we explore the photodynamics of a model plant sunscreen methyl sinapate (MS) in the cis form in organic solution. The high photoisomerization quantum yield of the cis-isomer results in the relatively higher photostability of trans-MS. By utilizing femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculation, we propose that an adiabatic relaxation competes with nonadiabatic relaxation for the excited-state cis form of methyl sinapate. These results suggest that the photoprotection mechanism of the cis form of sinapate esters is significantly different from that of the trans form of sinapate esters and plays an important role in the overall photoprotection effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics , Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics (DICP) , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road , Dalian , Liaoning 116023 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 10049 , China
| | - Jian Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics , Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics (DICP) , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road , Dalian , Liaoning 116023 , China
| | - Songqiu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics , Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics (DICP) , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road , Dalian , Liaoning 116023 , China
| | - Keli Han
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics , Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics (DICP) , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road , Dalian , Liaoning 116023 , China
- Institute of Molecular Sciences and Engineering , Shandong University , Qingdao 266237 , P.R. China
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22
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Rosado C, Tokunaga VK, Sauce R, de Oliveira CA, Sarruf FD, Parise-Filho R, Maurício E, de Almeida TS, Velasco MVR, Baby AR. Another Reason for Using Caffeine in Dermocosmetics: Sunscreen Adjuvant. Front Physiol 2019; 10:519. [PMID: 31130869 PMCID: PMC6509748 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The excessive exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation is the main cause of skin cancer, the most commonly diagnosed cancer in the world. In this context, the development of innovative and more effective sunscreens, with bioactive compounds like caffeine, displaying antioxidant and anticancer potential, is required. This research work assessed in vitro and in vivo the efficacy and safety of topical sunscreen formulations containing caffeine as an adjuvant of the UV filters. Sunscreens were prepared with 2.5% w/w caffeine or in the absence of this compound. In order to evaluate the safety of these formulations, stratum corneum hydration, skin barrier and colorimetry were assessed in vivo in healthy subjects before and after skin treatment with the samples. The efficacy of the sunscreens was assessed in vitro, using PMMA plates and a spectrophotometer equipped with an integrating sphere; and in vivo by the determination of the sun protection factor (SPF). None of the formulations caused erythema or impaired the skin barrier function. The in vitro functional characterization showed higher SPF values for the caffeine formulation. The in vivo studies also confirmed the higher SPF value of the formulation combining caffeine with the filters, compared to the caffeine-free sample. This improvement contributed to an increase of, approximately, 25% in the in vivo anti-UVB protection. In conclusion, caffeine was well tolerated by the skin and increased the photoprotective activity, being a new alternative adjuvant in sunscreens formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Rosado
- CBIOS – Research Center for Biosciences and Health Technologies, Universidade Lusófona, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Viviane Kaori Tokunaga
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Sauce
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila Areias de Oliveira
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Roberto Parise-Filho
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elisabete Maurício
- CBIOS – Research Center for Biosciences and Health Technologies, Universidade Lusófona, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Tânia Santos de Almeida
- CBIOS – Research Center for Biosciences and Health Technologies, Universidade Lusófona, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - André Rolim Baby
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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23
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Influence of ionic liquid on Novozym 435-catalyzed the transesterification of castor oil and ethyl caffeate. 3 Biotech 2019; 9:34. [PMID: 30622872 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1564-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Caffeic acid (CA), one kind of phenolic acids widely occurring in the plant kingdom, can be used as potential UV protective ingredient and antioxidant. However, the application of CA was limited because of its unsatisfactory solubility in hydrophilic and lipophilic media. In this work, BMIMPF6, one kind of ionic liquids (ILs), was developed as an environmental friendly reaction media for the enzymatic preparation of CA derivatives by the transesterification of castor oil (CO) and ethyl caffeate (EC). Different series of ILs with BF 4 - , TF 2 - , and PF 6 - were screened and compared, and the effects of transesterification variables [temperature (60-100 °C) enzyme concentration (10-90 mg/mL), substrate molar ratio (CO/EC, 1:1-5:1), water load (0-8%), and reaction pressure] were also investigated. Results showed that, in the IL system, hydrophilic and lipophilic products were formed by two competitive reactions [(i) hydrolysis + transesterification and (ii) transesterification]. The maximum hydrophilic caffeoyl lipids yield (26.10 ± 0.28%) and reaction selectivity for hydrophilic caffeoyl lipids (0.4) was achieved in BMIMPF6 system. The increases of substrate ratio (molar ratio of CO to EC, from 1:1 to 5:1), water load (from 0 to 8%), and enzyme concentration (from 10 to 90 mg/mL) were in favor of hydrophilic caffeoyl lipid formation. However, the vacuum system and high temperature (from 70 to 100 °C) are favorable for lipophilic caffeoyl lipids formation. Under the optimal reaction conditions (90 °C, 75 mg/mL enzyme concentration, substrate ratio 3:1, 60 h, and 10 mmHg vacuum pressures), the maximum EC conversion was 72.48 ± 2.67%. The activation energies of the transesterification, and the selective formations of lipophilic and hydrophilic products were calculated as 44.55, 47.65, and 54.96 kJ/mol, respectively.
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Woolley JM, Peters JS, Turner MAP, Clarkson GJ, Horbury MD, Stavros VG. The role of symmetric functionalisation on photoisomerisation of a UV commercial chemical filter. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:14350-14356. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp06536e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Photoisomerisation has been shown to be an efficient excited-state relaxation mechanism for a variety of nature-based and artificial-based molecular systems.
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Rajnochová Svobodová A, Gabrielová E, Michaelides L, Kosina P, Ryšavá A, Ulrichová J, Zálešák B, Vostálová J. UVA-photoprotective potential of silymarin and silybin. Arch Dermatol Res 2018; 310:413-424. [DOI: 10.1007/s00403-018-1828-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Abstract
Despite the pivotal role of ultraviolet (UV) radiation in sustaining life on Earth, overexposure to this type of radiation can have catastrophic effects, such as skin cancer. Sunscreens, the most common form of artificial protection against such harmful effects, absorb UV radiation before it reaches vulnerable skin cells. Absorption of UV radiation prompts ultrafast molecular events in sunscreen molecules which, ideally, would allow for fast and safe dissipation of the excess energy. However, our knowledge of these mechanisms remains limited. In this article, we will review recent advances in the field of ultrafast photodynamics (light induced molecular processes occurring within femtoseconds, fs, 10-15 s to picoseconds, ps, 10-12 s) of sunscreens. We follow a bottom-up approach to common sunscreen active ingredients, analysing any emerging trends from the current literature on the subject. Moreover, we will identify the main questions that remain unanswered, pinpoint some of the main challenges and finally comment on the outlook of this exciting field of research.
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Horbury MD, Quan WD, Flourat AL, Allais F, Stavros VG. Elucidating nuclear motions in a plant sunscreen during photoisomerization through solvent viscosity effects. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:21127-21131. [PMID: 28749499 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp04070a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We explore the effects of solvent viscosity on the trans-cis photoisomerization of sinapoyl malate, which is utilized as a sunscreen molecule in plants. Our results demonstrate that viscosity has a significant effect on the timescale for isomerization, providing insight into the nuclear motions involved. The ramifications of these findings are discussed with reference to sinapoyl malate's in vivo photoprotection properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Horbury
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - W-D Quan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - A L Flourat
- Chaire ABI-AgroParisTech, CEBB, 3 rue des Rouges Terres, 51110 Pomacle, France and UMR Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - F Allais
- Chaire ABI-AgroParisTech, CEBB, 3 rue des Rouges Terres, 51110 Pomacle, France and UMR GMPA, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue Lucien Brétignières, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - V G Stavros
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
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28
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Fang YG, Li CX, Chang XP, Cui G. Photophysics of a UV-B Filter 4-Methylbenzylidene Camphor: Intersystem Crossing Plays an Important Role. Chemphyschem 2018; 19:744-752. [PMID: 29288547 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201701230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
4-Methylbenzylidene camphor (4MBC) is a frequently used ultraviolet (UV) filter in commercial sunscreens, which is experimentally found to undergo efficient intersystem crossing to triplet manifolds followed by predominant radiationless decay to the ground state. However, its photophysical mechanism is unclear. Herein, we have employed combined CASPT2 and CASSCF methods to study the spectroscopic properties, geometric and electronic structures, conical intersections and crossing points, and excited-state deactivation channels of 4MBC. We have found that the V(1 ππ*) state is populated with large probability in the Franck-Condon region. Starting from this state, there are two efficient nonradiative relaxation processes to populate the 3 ππ* state. In the first one, the V(1 ππ*) state decays to the V'(1 ππ*) state. The resultant V'(1 ππ*) state further jumps to the 1 nπ* state by internal conversion at the 1 ππ*/1 nπ* conical intersection. Then, the 1 nπ* state hops to the 3 ππ* state through an efficient 1 nπ*→3 ππ* intersystem crossing process. In the second one, the V(1 ππ*) state can diabatically relax along the photoisomerization reaction coordinate. In this process, a 1 ππ*/3 nπ* crossing point helps the 1 ππ* system decay to the 3 nπ* state, which further decays to the 3 ππ* state through internal conversion at the 3 nπ*/3 ππ* conical intersection. Once the 3 ππ* state is formed, a nearly barrierless relaxation path drives the 3 ππ* system to hop to the S0 state via the 3 ππ*/S0 crossing point. Our current work not only rationalizes recent experimental observations but also enriches our photophysical knowledge of UV filters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Guang Fang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Chun-Xiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Xue-Ping Chang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, China
| | - Ganglong Cui
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
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29
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Wang S, Schatz S, Stuhldreier MC, Böhnke H, Wiese J, Schröder C, Raeker T, Hartke B, Keppler JK, Schwarz K, Renth F, Temps F. Ultrafast dynamics of UV-excited trans- and cis-ferulic acid in aqueous solutions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:30683-30694. [PMID: 29119980 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp05301k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The ultrafast UV-induced processes of the neutral, anionic and dianionic forms of trans- and cis-ferulic acid (FA) in aqueous solution were studied by static and femtosecond time-resolved emission and absorption spectroscopy combined with quantum chemical calculations. In all cases, initial excitation populates the first 1ππ* state. For the dianionic cis-isomer cFA2-, electronic deactivation takes place with a time constant of only 1.4 ps, whereas in all other cases, excited-state deactivation happens more than ten times slower, on a time scale of ≈20 ps. The data suggest sequential de-excitation pathways, where initial sub-picosecond solvent rearrangement and structural changes are followed by internal conversion to an intermediate excited electronic state from which deactivation to the ground state proceeds. Considering the time scales, barrierless excited-state pathways are suggested only in the case of cFA2-, where the observed formation of the isomerisation photoproduct tFA2- provides clear evidence for a cis ⇄ trans isomerisation coordinate. In the other cases, pathways with an excited-state energy barrier, presumably along the same coordinate, are likely, given the longer excited-state lifetimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangqing Wang
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Olshausenstr. 40, 24098 Kiel, Germany.
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30
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Sun S, Wang P, Zhu S. Enzymatic incorporation of caffeoyl into castor oil to prepare the novel castor oil-based caffeoyl structured lipids. J Biotechnol 2017; 249:66-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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31
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Horbury MD, Baker LA, Rodrigues ND, Quan WD, Stavros VG. Photoisomerization of ethyl ferulate: A solution phase transient absorption study. Chem Phys Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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32
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Baker LA, Greenough SE, Stavros VG. A Perspective on the Ultrafast Photochemistry of Solution-Phase Sunscreen Molecules. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:4655-4665. [PMID: 27791379 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b02104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Sunscreens are one of the most common ways of providing on-demand additional photoprotection to the skin. Ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy has recently proven to be an invaluable tool in understanding how the components of commercial sunscreen products display efficient photoprotection. Important examples of how this technique has unravelled the photodynamics of common components are given in this Perspective, and some of the remaining unanswered questions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis A Baker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Simon E Greenough
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield , Sheffield S3 7HF, United Kingdom
| | - Vasilios G Stavros
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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33
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Peperstraete Y, Staniforth M, Baker LA, Rodrigues NDN, Cole-Filipiak NC, Quan WD, Stavros VG. Bottom-up excited state dynamics of two cinnamate-based sunscreen filter molecules. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:28140-28149. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp05205c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We have used time-resolved pump–probe spectroscopy to explore E-MMC's and E-EHMC's excited state dynamics upon UV-B photoexcitation.
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