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Jia Y, Liu D, Chen D, Jin Y, Chen C, Tao J, Cheng H, Zhou S, Cheng B, Wang X, Meng Z, Liu T. Transparent dynamic infrared emissivity regulators. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5087. [PMID: 37607928 PMCID: PMC10444874 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40902-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Dynamic infrared emissivity regulators, which can efficiently modulate infrared radiation beyond vision, have emerged as an attractive technology in the energy and information fields. The realization of the independent modulation of visible and infrared spectra is a challenging and important task for the application of dynamic infrared emissivity regulators in the fields of smart thermal management and multispectral camouflage. Here, we demonstrate an electrically controlled infrared emissivity regulator that can achieve independent modulation of the infrared emissivity while maintaining a high visible transparency (84.7% at 400-760 nm). The regulators show high degree of emissivity regulation (0.51 at 3-5 μm, 0.41 at 7.5-13 μm), fast response ( < 600 ms), and long cycle life ( > 104 cycles). The infrared emissivity regulation is attributed to the modification of the carrier concentration in the surface depletion layer of aluminum-doped zinc oxide nanocrystals. This transparent infrared emissivity regulator provides opportunities for applications such as on-demand smart thermal management, multispectral displays, and adaptive camouflage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Jia
- Science and Technology on Advanced Ceramic Fibers and Composites Laboratory, College of Aerospace Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Dongqing Liu
- Science and Technology on Advanced Ceramic Fibers and Composites Laboratory, College of Aerospace Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, P.R. China.
| | - Desui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yizheng Jin
- Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Chen Chen
- Science and Technology on Advanced Ceramic Fibers and Composites Laboratory, College of Aerospace Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Jundong Tao
- Science and Technology on Advanced Ceramic Fibers and Composites Laboratory, College of Aerospace Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Haifeng Cheng
- Science and Technology on Advanced Ceramic Fibers and Composites Laboratory, College of Aerospace Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, P.R. China.
| | - Shen Zhou
- Science and Technology on Advanced Ceramic Fibers and Composites Laboratory, College of Aerospace Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, P.R. China
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, College of Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Baizhang Cheng
- Science and Technology on Advanced Ceramic Fibers and Composites Laboratory, College of Aerospace Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Xinfei Wang
- Science and Technology on Advanced Ceramic Fibers and Composites Laboratory, College of Aerospace Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Meng
- Science and Technology on Advanced Ceramic Fibers and Composites Laboratory, College of Aerospace Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Tianwen Liu
- Science and Technology on Advanced Ceramic Fibers and Composites Laboratory, College of Aerospace Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, P.R. China
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2
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Jia M, Khurram Tufail M, Guo X. Insight into the Key Factors in High Li + Transference Number Composite Electrolytes for Solid Lithium Batteries. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202201801. [PMID: 36401564 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Solid lithium batteries (SLBs) have received much attention due to their potential to achieve secondary batteries with high energy density and high safety. The solid electrolyte (SE) is believed to be the essential material for SLBs. Among the recent SEs, composite electrolytes have good interfacial compatibility and customizability, which have been broadly investigated as promising contenders for commercial SLBs. The high Li+ transference number (t Li + ${{_{{\rm Li}{^{+}}}}}$ ) of composite electrolytes is critically important concerning the power/energy density and cycling life of SLBs, however, which is often overlooked. This Review presents a current opinion on the key factors in high t Li + ${{_{{\rm Li}{^{+}}}}}$ composite electrolytes, including polymers, Li-salts, inorganic fillers, and additives. Various strategies concerning providing a continuous pathway for Li-ions and immobilizing anions via component interaction are discussed. This Review highlights the major obstacles hindering the development of high t Li + ${{_{{\rm Li}{^{+}}}}}$ composite electrolytes and proposes future research directions for developing composite electrolytes with high t Li + ${{_{{\rm Li}{^{+}}}}}$ .
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyang Jia
- College of Physics, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, P. R. China
| | - Muhammad Khurram Tufail
- College of Physics, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, P. R. China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, P. R. China
| | - Xiangxin Guo
- College of Physics, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, P. R. China
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3
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Xing Y, Chen X, Huang Y, Zhen X, Wei L, Zhong X, Pan W. Facile Synthesis of Two-Dimensional Natural Vermiculite Films for High-Performance Solid-State Electrolytes. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:729. [PMID: 36676465 PMCID: PMC9866180 DOI: 10.3390/ma16020729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Ceramic electrolytes hold application prospects in all-solid-state lithium batteries (ASSLB). However, the ionic conductivity of ceramic electrolytes is limited by their large thickness and intrinsic resistance. To cope with this challenge, a two-dimensional (2D) vermiculite film has been successfully prepared by self-assembling expanded vermiculite nanosheets. The raw vermiculite mineral is first exfoliated to thin sheets of several atomic layers with about 1.2 nm interlayer channels by a thermal expansion and ionic exchanging treatment. Then, through vacuum filtration, the ion-exchanged expanded vermiculite (IEVMT) sheets can be assembled into thin films with a controllable thickness. Benefiting from the thin thickness and naturally lamellar framework, the as-prepared IEVMT thin film exhibits excellent ionic conductivity of 0.310 S·cm-1 at 600 °C with low excitation energy. In addition, the IEVMT thin film demonstrates good mechanical and thermal stability with a low coefficient of friction of 0.51 and a low thermal conductivity of 3.9 × 10-3 W·m-1·K-1. This reveals that reducing the thickness and utilizing the framework is effective in increasing the ionic conductivity and provides a promising stable and low-cost candidate for high-performance solid electrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xing
- New Energy Technology Engineering Lab of Jiangsu Province, School of Science, Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications (NUPT), Nanjing 210023, China
- State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaopeng Chen
- New Energy Technology Engineering Lab of Jiangsu Province, School of Science, Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications (NUPT), Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yujia Huang
- State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- School of Materials Science and Hydrogen Energy, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Xiali Zhen
- Key Laboratory of Aerospace Advanced Materials and Performance of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Lujun Wei
- New Energy Technology Engineering Lab of Jiangsu Province, School of Science, Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications (NUPT), Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiqiang Zhong
- State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wei Pan
- State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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4
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Stockham MP, Dong B, Slater PR. High entropy lithium garnets – Testing the compositional flexibility of the lithium garnet system. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2022.122944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Yamada H, Ito T, Kammampata SP, Thangadurai V. Toward Understanding the Reactivity of Garnet-Type Solid Electrolytes with H 2O/CO 2 in a Glovebox Using X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Electrochemical Methods. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:36119-36127. [PMID: 32662623 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c09135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Chemical stability of garnet-type lithium ion conductors is one of the critical issues in their application in all-solid-state batteries. Here, we conducted quantitative analysis of impurity layers on the garnet-type solid electrolytes, Li6.5La3-xAExZr1.5-xTa0.5+xO12 (x = 0 and 0.1; AE = Ca, Sr, and Ba), by means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and electrochemical methods. Two complimentary XPS techniques were employed: (i) background analyses by Tougaard's method and (ii) relative intensity analyses of La 3d/La 4d spectra to determine the surface chemical composition. XPS revealed that even after cleaning by annealing and polishing, the surface is covered by LiOH- and Li2CO3-based compounds with a thickness of 4-6 nm within 30 min as a result of the reaction with traces of H2O (<0.5 ppm) and CO2 (<5 ppm) in an Ar-filled glovebox. The sensitivity to H2O and CO2 depends on the basicity of dopants. Ba-doped solid electrolytes exhibited the thickest impurity layers compared to Sr- and Ca-doped compounds. A surface cleaning process, consisting of annealing and polishing, effectively reduces the charge-transfer resistance to 10-15 Ω cm2 because of negligible impurity layers. Highest short-circuit tolerance is obtained for a 700 °C annealed specimen (critical current density: 0.5 mA cm-2), which is possibly due to the strengthened grain boundaries by Li2CO3 among grains around its melting point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotoshi Yamada
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagasaki University, 1-14, Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Tomoko Ito
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagasaki University, 1-14, Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | | | - Venkataraman Thangadurai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
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Wang C, Fu K, Kammampata SP, McOwen DW, Samson AJ, Zhang L, Hitz GT, Nolan AM, Wachsman ED, Mo Y, Thangadurai V, Hu L. Garnet-Type Solid-State Electrolytes: Materials, Interfaces, and Batteries. Chem Rev 2020; 120:4257-4300. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chengwei Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Kun Fu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | | | - Dennis W. McOwen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Maryland Energy Innovation Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Alfred Junio Samson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive Northwest, Calgary T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Maryland Energy Innovation Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Gregory T. Hitz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Maryland Energy Innovation Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Adelaide M. Nolan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Eric D. Wachsman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Maryland Energy Innovation Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Yifei Mo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Venkataraman Thangadurai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive Northwest, Calgary T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Liangbing Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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7
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Rayssi C, El.Kossi S, Dhahri J, Khirouni K. Frequency and temperature-dependence of dielectric permittivity and electric modulus studies of the solid solution Ca0.85Er0.1Ti1−xCo4x/3O3 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.1). RSC Adv 2018; 8:17139-17150. [PMID: 35539242 PMCID: PMC9080454 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra00794b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The dielectric properties of Ca0.85Er0.1Ti1−xCo4x/3O3 (CETCox) (x = 0.00, 0.05 and 0.10), prepared by a sol–gel method, were systematically characterized. The temperature and frequency dependence of the dielectric properties showed a major effect of the grain and grain boundary. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss of CETCox decreased sharply with increasing frequency. This is referred to as the Maxwell–Wagner type of polarization in accordance with Koop's theory. As a function of temperature, the dielectric loss and the real part of permittivity decreased with increasing frequency as well as Co rate. Indeed, a classical ferroelectric behavior was observed for x = 0.00. The non-ferroelectric state of the grain boundary and its correlation with structure, however, proved the existence of a relaxor behavior for x = 0.05 and 0.10. The complex electric modulus analysis M*(ω) confirmed that the relaxation process is thermally activated. The normalized imaginary part of the modulus indicated that the relaxation process is dominated by the short range movement of charge carriers. Frequency dependence of real (ε′) part of permittivity of CETCox for x = 0.00, 0.05 and 0.10 for T = 600 K.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ch. Rayssi
- Laboratoire de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences
- Département de Physique
- Faculté des Sciences Université de Monastir
- Tunisia
| | - S. El.Kossi
- Laboratoire de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences
- Département de Physique
- Faculté des Sciences Université de Monastir
- Tunisia
| | - J. Dhahri
- Laboratoire de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences
- Département de Physique
- Faculté des Sciences Université de Monastir
- Tunisia
| | - K. Khirouni
- Laboratoire de Physique des Matériaux et des Nanomatériaux Appliquée à L'environnement
- Faculté des Sciences de Gabes Cité Erriadh
- 6079 Gabes
- Tunisia
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8
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Abdel-Basset DM, Mulmi S, El-Bana MS, Fouad SS, Thangadurai V. Structure, Ionic Conductivity, and Dielectric Properties of Li-Rich Garnet-type Li5+2xLa3Ta2–xSmxO12 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.55) and Their Chemical Stability. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:8865-8877. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b00816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dalia M. Abdel-Basset
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive Northwest, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
- Nano-Science & Semiconductor Laboratories, Department of Physics, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Suresh Mulmi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive Northwest, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Mohammed S. El-Bana
- Nano-Science & Semiconductor Laboratories, Department of Physics, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Suzan S. Fouad
- Nano-Science & Semiconductor Laboratories, Department of Physics, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Venkataraman Thangadurai
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive Northwest, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
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Liu B, Gong Y, Fu K, Han X, Yao Y, Pastel G, Yang C, Xie H, Wachsman ED, Hu L. Garnet Solid Electrolyte Protected Li-Metal Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:18809-18815. [PMID: 28497951 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b03887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Garnet-type solid state electrolyte (SSE) is a promising candidate for high performance lithium (Li)-metal batteries due to its good stability and high ionic conductivity. One of the main challenges for garnet solid state batteries is the poor solid-solid contact between the garnet and electrodes, which results in high interfacial resistance, large polarizations, and low efficiencies in batteries. To address this challenge, in this work gel electrolyte is used as an interlayer between solid electrolyte and solid electrodes to improve their contact and reduce their interfacial resistance. The gel electrolyte has a soft structure, high ionic conductivity, and good wettability. Through construction of the garnet/gel interlayer/electrode structure, the interfacial resistance of the garnet significantly decreased from 6.5 × 104 to 248 Ω cm2 for the cathode and from 1.4 × 103 to 214 Ω cm2 for the Li-metal anode, successfully demonstrating a full cell with high capacity (140 mAh/g for LiFePO4 cathode) over 70 stable cycles in room temperature. This work provides a binary electrolyte consisting of gel electrolyte and solid electrolyte to address the interfacial challenge of solid electrolyte and electrodes and the demonstrated hybrid battery presents a promising future for battery development with high energy and good safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyang Liu
- University of Maryland Energy Research Center, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Yunhui Gong
- University of Maryland Energy Research Center, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Kun Fu
- University of Maryland Energy Research Center, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Xiaogang Han
- University of Maryland Energy Research Center, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Yonggang Yao
- University of Maryland Energy Research Center, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Glenn Pastel
- University of Maryland Energy Research Center, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Chunpeng Yang
- University of Maryland Energy Research Center, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Hua Xie
- University of Maryland Energy Research Center, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Eric D Wachsman
- University of Maryland Energy Research Center, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Liangbing Hu
- University of Maryland Energy Research Center, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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10
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Zhou Y, Wang X, Zhu H, Armand M, Forsyth M, Greene GW, Pringle JM, Howlett PC. N-ethyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide-electrospun polyvinylidene fluoride composite electrolytes: characterization and lithium cell studies. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:2225-2234. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp07415d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
LiFSI doped [C2mpyr][FSI]–PVdF composites were developed as solid-state, self-standing electrolyte membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yundong Zhou
- Institute for Frontier Materials
- Deakin University
- Burwood
- Australia
| | - Xiaoen Wang
- Institute for Frontier Materials
- Deakin University
- Burwood
- Australia
| | - Haijin Zhu
- Institute for Frontier Materials
- Deakin University
- Burwood
- Australia
| | | | - Maria Forsyth
- Institute for Frontier Materials
- Deakin University
- Burwood
- Australia
| | - George W. Greene
- Institute for Frontier Materials
- Deakin University
- Burwood
- Australia
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Abdel Basset DM, Mulmi S, El-Bana MS, Fouad SS, Thangadurai V. Synthesis and characterization of novel Li-stuffed garnet-like Li5+2xLa3Ta2−xGdxO12 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.55): structure–property relationships. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:933-946. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt04021g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we report the preparation and characterization of novel Li-stuffed garnets Li5+2xLa3Ta2−xGdxO12 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.55) for all-solid-state Li ion batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia M. Abdel Basset
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Calgary
- Calgary
- Canada T2N 1N4
- Nano-Science & Semiconductor Laboratories
| | - Suresh Mulmi
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Calgary
- Calgary
- Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Mohammed S. El-Bana
- Nano-Science & Semiconductor Laboratories
- Department of Physics
- Faculty of Education
- Ain Shams University
- Cairo
| | - Suzan S. Fouad
- Nano-Science & Semiconductor Laboratories
- Department of Physics
- Faculty of Education
- Ain Shams University
- Cairo
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