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Zossimova E, Fiedler J, Vollmer F, Walter M. Hybrid quantum-classical polarizability model for single molecule biosensing. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:5820-5828. [PMID: 38436120 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr05396b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Optical whispering gallery mode biosensors are able to detect single molecules through effects of their polarizability. We address the factors that affect the polarizability of amino acids, which are the building blocks of life, via electronic structure theory. Amino acids are detected in aqueous environments, where their polarizability is different compared to the gasphase due to solvent effects. Solvent effects include structural changes, protonation and the local field enhancement through the solvent (water). We analyse the impact of these effects and find that all contribute to an increased effective polarizability in the solvent. We also address the excess polarizability relative to the displaced water cavity and develop a hybrid quantum-classical model that is in good agreement with self-consistent calculations. We apply our model to calculate the excess polarizability of 20 proteinogenic amino acids and determine the minimum resolution required to distinguish the different molecules and their ionised conformers based on their polarizability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Zossimova
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, EX4 4QD, Exeter, UK.
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), University of Freiburg, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Fiedler
- Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Allégaten 55, 5007 Bergen, Norway
| | - Frank Vollmer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, EX4 4QD, Exeter, UK.
| | - Michael Walter
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), University of Freiburg, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT, Freiburg, Germany
- Fraunhofer IWM, MikroTribologie Centrum μTC, Freiburg, Germany
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Tejendra B, Rajput SS, Alam MM. A Curious Case of Two-Photon Absorption in n-Helicene and n-Phenylene, n=6-10: Why n=7 is Different? Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202300710. [PMID: 37936568 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
n-Helicenes and n-Phenylenes are interesting examples of twisted molecules, where although the atoms are connected through conjugated π ${\pi }$ -bonds, the π ${\pi }$ -conjugation is largely hindered by the twisted nature of the bonds. Such structures provide a unique opportunity to study the effect of twisted π ${\pi }$ -system on non-linear optical properties. In this work, we studied the two-photon absorption in donor-acceptor substituted n-helicenes and n-phenylenes employing the state-of-the-art RI-CC2 method and reported a unique feature we observed in n=7 systems. We found that both 7-helicene and 7-phenylene systems exhibit largest two-photon absorption than other members in their respective classes. Furthermore, using generalized few-state model, we provided a detailed microscopic mechanism of this unique observation involving participation of different transition dipole moment vectors and their relative orientations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banana Tejendra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bhilai, Kutelabhata, Durg, Chhattisgarh 491001, India
| | - Swati Singh Rajput
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bhilai, Kutelabhata, Durg, Chhattisgarh 491001, India
| | - M Mehboob Alam
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bhilai, Kutelabhata, Durg, Chhattisgarh 491001, India
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Rajput S, Zaleśny R, Alam MM. Chromophore Planarity, -BH Bridge Effect, and Two-Photon Activity: Bi- and Ter-Phenyl Derivatives as a Case Study. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:7928-7936. [PMID: 37721870 PMCID: PMC10544031 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c04288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we have employed electronic structure theories to explore the effect of the planarity of the chromophore on the two-photon absorption properties of bi- and ter-phenyl systems. To that end, we have considered 11 bi- and 7 ter-phenyl-based chromophores presenting a donor-π-acceptor architecture. In some cases, the planarity has been enforced by bridging the rings at ortho-positions by -CH2 and/or -BH, -O, -S, and -NH moieties. The results presented herein demonstrate that in bi- and ter-phenyl systems, the planarity achieved via a -CH2 bridge increases the 2PA activity. However, the introduction of a bridge with the -BH moiety perturbs the electronic structure to a large extent, thus diminishing the two-photon transition strength to the lowest electronic excited state. As far as two-photon absorption activity is concerned, this work hints toward avoiding -BH bridge(s) to enforce planarity in bi- and ter-phenyl systems; however, one may use -CH2 bridge(s) to achieve the enhancement of the property in question. All of these conclusions have been supported by in-depth analyses based on generalized few-state models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati
Singh Rajput
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology
Bhilai, GEC Campus, Sejbahar, Raipur, Chhattisgarh 492015, India
| | - Robert Zaleśny
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Wrocław University of
Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, PL-50370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Md Mehboob Alam
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology
Bhilai, GEC Campus, Sejbahar, Raipur, Chhattisgarh 492015, India
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Ye JT, Chen XY, Qiu YQ. First Hyperpolarizabilities of Intramolecular Charge-Transfer Architectures Based on Acenaphthene Derivatives in Gas, Solution, and Solid States. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:7432-7441. [PMID: 36218337 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c04380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Constructing charge transfer (CT) systems and packing arrangement are common and effective methods to control the efficiency of nonlinear optical (NLO) materials. Apart from the traditional through-bond CT (TBCT) systems, through-space CT (TSCT) also leads to distinctive optical and electronic properties. Meanwhile, corresponding theoretical investigations of the aggregation effect are highly desired. In this work, some TSCT and model compounds incorporating acenaphthene as a scaffold and triphenylamine (TPA) as the donor are theoretically performed to systematically reveal the effect of both solvent and solid environments on their static first hyperpolarizabilities (βtot) by using the polarizable continuum model (PCM) and the combined quantum mechanics and molecular mechanics (QM/MM) method. Results indicate that the dichloromethane solvent effect within the PCM approach causes an almost 2 times increase of the βtot values. Besides, the different packing modes and intermolecular interactions have remarkable influence on the second-order NLO properties. For the case of TPA-ace-CN in the crystal state, the parallel arrangement will lead to large NLO responses (4.9 × 10-30 esu) compared to the correspondingly isolated molecule (3.4 × 10-30 esu). However, for the TPA-ace-TRZ compound with the TSCT architecture, selection of the molecular arrangement may make the aggregate ineffective due to the offset of the through-space dipole and charge transfer between D-A groups, which lead to the βtot values decreasing from 15.2 × 10-30 to 7.7 × 10-30 esu. We believe that our calculation will serve as a guide for the exploration of more efficient NLO materials wherein the molecules are oriented in their most favorable arrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ting Ye
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao028000, China
| | - Xing-Yi Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao028000, China
| | - Yong-Qing Qiu
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun130024, China
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Nanda KD, Krylov AI. The orbital picture of the first dipole hyperpolarizability from many-body response theory. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:184109. [PMID: 34241029 DOI: 10.1063/5.0049184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We present an approach for obtaining a molecular orbital picture of the first dipole hyperpolarizability (β) from correlated many-body electronic structure methods. Ab initio calculations of β rely on quadratic response theory, which recasts the sum-over-all-states expression of β into a closed-form expression by calculating a handful of first- and second-order response states; for resonantly enhanced β, damped response theory is used. These response states are then used to construct second-order response reduced one-particle density matrices (1PDMs), which, upon visualization in terms of natural orbitals (NOs), facilitate a rigorous and black-box mapping of the underlying electronic structure with β. We explain the interpretation of different components of the response 1PDMs and the corresponding NOs within both the undamped and damped response theory framework. We illustrate the utility of this new tool by deconstructing β for cis-difluoroethene, para-nitroaniline, and hemibonded OH· + H2O complex, computed within the framework of coupled-cluster singles and doubles response theory, in terms of the underlying response 1PDMs and NOs for a range of frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushik D Nanda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0482, USA
| | - Anna I Krylov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0482, USA
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Beizaei N, Sauer SPA. Benchmarking Correlated Methods for Static and Dynamic Polarizabilities: The T145 Data Set Evaluated with RPA, RPA(D), HRPA, HRPA(D), SOPPA, SOPPA(CC2), SOPPA(CCSD), CC2, and CCSD. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:3785-3792. [PMID: 33899480 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c01931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Due to the importance of predicting static and dynamic polarizabilities, the performance of various correlated linear response methods including random phase approximation (RPA), RPA(D), higher-order random phase approximation (HRPA), HRPA(D), second-order polarization propagator approximation (SOPPA), SOPPA(CC2), SOPPA(CCSD), CC2, and CCSD has been evaluated against CCSD(T) (static case) and CCSD (dynamic cases) for the T145 set of 145 organic molecules. The benchmark reveals that the HRPA(D) method has the best performance for both static and dynamic polarizabilities apart from CCSD. RPA(D) ranks second for the dynamic cases and third for the static case. Using coupled-cluster amplitudes in SOPPA(CCSD) and SOPPA(CC2), the SOPPA results are significantly improved. The HRPA method has the largest deviations from the reference values for both cases. In general, according to the performance and computational cost of the methods, the HRPA(D) and RPA(D) methods are proposed for calculations of static and dynamic polarizabilities of this and similar sets of molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Beizaei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Stephan P A Sauer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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Alam MM, Beerepoot MTP, Ruud K. A generalized few-state model for the first hyperpolarizability. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:244106. [PMID: 32610988 DOI: 10.1063/5.0010231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The properties of molecules depend on their chemical structure, and thus, structure-property relations help design molecules with desired properties. Few-state models are often used to interpret experimental observations of non-linear optical properties. Not only the magnitude but also the relative orientation of the transition dipole moment vectors is needed for few-state models of the non-linear optical properties. The effect of the relative orientation of the transition dipole moment vectors is called dipole alignment, and this effect has previously been studied for multiphoton absorption properties. However, so far, no such studies are reported for the first hyperpolarizability. Here, we present a generalized few-state model for the static and dynamic first hyperpolarizability β, accounting for the effect of dipole alignment. The formulas derived in this work are general in the sense that they can be used for any few-state model, i.e., a two-state model, a three-state model, or, in general, an n-state model. Based on the formulas, we formulate minimization and maximization criteria for the alignment of transition dipole moment vectors. We demonstrate the importance of dipole alignment by applying the formulas to the static first hyperpolarizability of ortho-, meta-, and para-nitroaniline. The formulas and the analysis provide new ways to understand the structure-property relationship for β and can hence be used to fine-tune the magnitude of β in a molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mehboob Alam
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bhilai. GEC Campus, Sejbahar, Raipur, Chhattisgarh 492015, India
| | - Maarten T P Beerepoot
- The Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Tromsø-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kenneth Ruud
- The Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Tromsø-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Miki K, Ohe K. π‐Conjugated Macrocycles Bearing Angle‐Strained Alkynes. Chemistry 2019; 26:2529-2575. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koji Miki
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon ChemistryGraduate School of EngineeringKyoto University Katsura Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615–8510 Japan
| | - Kouichi Ohe
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon ChemistryGraduate School of EngineeringKyoto University Katsura Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615–8510 Japan
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Samanta PK, Alam MM, Misra R, Pati SK. Tuning of hyperpolarizability, and one- and two-photon absorption of donor-acceptor and donor-acceptor-acceptor-type intramolecular charge transfer-based sensors. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:17343-17355. [PMID: 31355378 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp03772a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The present work aims to study the effect of solvent as well as arrangement of donor-acceptor groups on linear and non-linear optical (NLO) response properties of two experimentally studied intramolecular charge-transfer (ICT)-based fluorescent sensors. One of them (molecule 1) is a donor-acceptor (D-A) system with hemicyanine and dimethylanilino as electron withdrawing and donating groups, respectively, while the other one (molecule 3) is molecule 1 fused with a boron-dipyrromethene (BODIPY) moiety. BODIPY acts as the electron acceptor group of molecule 2 that as well consists of dimethylanilino as the electron donor. Density functional theory (DFT) as well as time-dependent DFT has been employed to optimize the geometry of the molecules, followed by computation of dipole moment (μ), static first hyperpolarizability (βtotal), and one- and two-photon absorption (TPA) strengths. The results reveal that dipole moment as well as total static first hyperpolarizability (βtotal) of the studied molecules is dominated by the respective components in the direction of charge transfer. The ratio of vector component of first hyperpolarizability (βvec) to βtotal also supports the unidirectional charge transfer in the studied systems. In molecule 3, which is a donor-acceptor-acceptor (D-A-A)-type system, the BODIPY moiety is found to play a major role in controlling the NLO response over the other acceptor group. Solvents are also found to play an important role in controlling the linear as well as NLO response of the studied systems. A significant increase in the first hyperpolarizability as well as TPA cross-section of the studied molecules is predicted due to an increase in the dielectric constant of the medium. The results presented are expected to provide a clue in tuning the NLO response of many ICT-based chromophores, especially those with D-A-A arrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pralok K Samanta
- Theoretical Sciences Unit, School of Advanced Materials (SAMat), Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur P. O., Bengaluru 560064, India.
| | - Md Mehboob Alam
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bhilai, Chattisgarh 492015, India
| | - Ramprasad Misra
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
| | - Swapan K Pati
- Theoretical Sciences Unit, School of Advanced Materials (SAMat), Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur P. O., Bengaluru 560064, India. and New Chemistry Unit, School of Advanced Materials (SAMat), Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur P. O., Bengaluru 560064, India
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