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Chiesa M, Livraghi S, Paganini MC, Salvadori E, Giamello E. Nitrogen-doped semiconducting oxides. Implications on photochemical, photocatalytic and electronic properties derived from EPR spectroscopy. Chem Sci 2020; 11:6623-6641. [PMID: 34094123 PMCID: PMC8159384 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc02876b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Engineering defects in semiconducting metal oxides is a challenge that remains at the forefront of materials chemistry research. Nitrogen has emerged as one of the most attractive elements able to tune the photochemical and photocatalytic properties of semiconducting oxides, boosting visible-light harvesting and charge separation events, key elements in promoting solar driven chemical reactions. Doping with nitrogen is also a strategy suggested to obtain p-type conduction properties in oxides showing n-type features in their pristine state and to impart collective magnetic properties to the same systems. Here, we review the evolution in the understanding of the role of nitrogen doping in modifying the photochemical and electronic properties of the most common semiconducting oxides used in mentioned applications including: TiO2, ZnO, SnO2 and zirconium titanates. With an emphasis on polycrystalline materials, we highlight the unique role of Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy in the direct detection of open-shell N-based defects and in the definition of their structural and electronic properties. Synthetic strategies for the insertion of nitrogen defects in the various matrices are also discussed, along with the influence of the corresponding low-lying energy states on the general electronic properties of the doped solids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Chiesa
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Torino Torino Italy
| | - Stefano Livraghi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Torino Torino Italy
| | | | - Enrico Salvadori
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Torino Torino Italy
| | - Elio Giamello
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Torino Torino Italy
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Bhat S, Wiehl L, Haseen S, Kroll P, Glazyrin K, Gollé‐Leidreiter P, Kolb U, Farla R, Tseng J, Ionescu E, Katsura T, Riedel R. A Novel High-Pressure Tin Oxynitride Sn 2 N 2 O. Chemistry 2020; 26:2187-2194. [PMID: 31671223 PMCID: PMC7065226 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We report the first oxynitride of tin, Sn2 N2 O (SNO), exhibiting a Rh2 S3 -type crystal structure with space group Pbcn. All Sn atoms are in six-fold coordination, in contrast to Si in silicon oxynitride (Si2 N2 O) and Ge in the isostructural germanium oxynitride (Ge2 N2 O), which appear in four-fold coordination. SNO was synthesized at 20 GPa and 1200-1500 °C in a large volume press. The recovered samples were characterized by synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction and single-crystal electron diffraction in the TEM using the automated diffraction tomography (ADT) technique. The isothermal bulk modulus was determined as Bo =193(5) GPa by using in-situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction in a diamond anvil cell. The structure model is supported by DFT calculations. The enthalpy of formation, the bulk modulus, and the band structure have been calculated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrikant Bhat
- Photon ScienceDESYNotkestrsse 8522607HamburgGermany
- Bayerisches Geoinstitut (BGI)University of Bayreuth95440BayreuthGermany
| | - Leonore Wiehl
- FB Material- und GeowissenschaftenTechnische Universität Darmstadt64287DarmstadtGermany
| | - Shariq Haseen
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryThe University of Texas at ArlingtonArlingtonTexas76019-0065USA
| | - Peter Kroll
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryThe University of Texas at ArlingtonArlingtonTexas76019-0065USA
| | | | | | - Ute Kolb
- FB Material- und GeowissenschaftenTechnische Universität Darmstadt64287DarmstadtGermany
- Institut für Physikalische ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz55128MainzGermany
| | - Robert Farla
- Photon ScienceDESYNotkestrsse 8522607HamburgGermany
| | - Jo‐Chi Tseng
- Photon ScienceDESYNotkestrsse 8522607HamburgGermany
| | - Emanuel Ionescu
- FB Material- und GeowissenschaftenTechnische Universität Darmstadt64287DarmstadtGermany
| | - Tomoo Katsura
- Bayerisches Geoinstitut (BGI)University of Bayreuth95440BayreuthGermany
| | - Ralf Riedel
- FB Material- und GeowissenschaftenTechnische Universität Darmstadt64287DarmstadtGermany
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Sui X, Huang X, Wu Y, Ren R, Pu H, Chang J, Zhou G, Mao S, Chen J. Organometallic Precursor-Derived SnO 2/Sn-Reduced Graphene Oxide Sandwiched Nanocomposite Anode with Superior Lithium Storage Capacity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:26170-26177. [PMID: 29995381 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b04851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Benefiting from the reversible conversion reaction upon delithiation, nanosized SnO2, with its theoretical capacity of 1494 mA h g-1, has gained special attention as a promising anode material. Here, we report a self-assembled SnO2/Sn-reduced graphene oxide (rGO) sandwich nanocomposite developed by organometallic precursor coating and in situ transformation. Ultrafine SnO2 nanoparticles with an average diameter of 5 nm are sandwiched within the rGO/carbonaceous network, which not only greatly alleviates the volume changes upon lithiation and aggregation of SnO2 nanoparticles but also facilitates the charge transfer and reaction kinetics of SnO2 upon lithiation/delithiation. As a result, the SnO2/Sn-rGO nanocomposite exhibited a superior lithium storage capacity with a reversible capacity of 1307 mA h g-1 at a current density of 80 mA g-1 in the potential window of 0.01-2.5 V versus Li+/Li and showed a reversible capacity of 767 mA h g-1 over 200 cycles at a current density of 400 mA g-1. When cycling at a higher current density of 1600 mA g-1, the SnO2/Sn-rGO nanocomposite showed a highly stable capacity of 449 mA g-1 without obvious decay after 400 cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Sui
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee , 3200 North Cramer Street , Milwaukee , Wisconsin 53211 , United States
| | - Xingkang Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee , 3200 North Cramer Street , Milwaukee , Wisconsin 53211 , United States
| | - Yingpeng Wu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee , 3200 North Cramer Street , Milwaukee , Wisconsin 53211 , United States
| | - Ren Ren
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee , 3200 North Cramer Street , Milwaukee , Wisconsin 53211 , United States
| | - Haihui Pu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee , 3200 North Cramer Street , Milwaukee , Wisconsin 53211 , United States
| | - Jingbo Chang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee , 3200 North Cramer Street , Milwaukee , Wisconsin 53211 , United States
| | - Guihua Zhou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee , 3200 North Cramer Street , Milwaukee , Wisconsin 53211 , United States
| | - Shun Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Tongji University , 1239 Siping Road , Shanghai 200092 , China
| | - Junhong Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee , 3200 North Cramer Street , Milwaukee , Wisconsin 53211 , United States
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