1
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Michalczyk M, Kizior B, Zierkiewicz W, Scheiner S. Factors contributing to halogen bond strength and stretch or contraction of internal covalent bond. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:2907-2915. [PMID: 36636920 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05598h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The halogen bond formed by a series of Lewis acids TF3X (T = C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb; X = Cl, Br, I) with NH3 is studied by quantum chemical calculations. The interaction energy is closely mimicked by the depth of the σ-hole on the X atom as well as the full electrostatic energy. There is a first trend by which the hole is deepened if the T atom to which X is attached becomes more electron-withdrawing: C > Si > Ge > Sn > Pb. On the other hand, larger more polarizable T atoms are better able to transmit the electron-withdrawing power of the F substituents. The combination of these two opposing factors leaves PbF3X forming the strongest XBs, followed by CF3X, with SiF3X engaging in the weakest bonds. The charge transfer from the NH3 lone pair into the σ*(TX) antibonding orbital tends to elongate the covalent TX bond, and this force is largest for the heavier X and T atoms. On the other hand, the contraction of this bond deepens the σ-hole at the X atom, which would enhance both the electrostatic component and the full interaction energy. This bond-shortening effect is greatest for the lighter X atoms. The combination of these two opposing forces leaves the T-X bond contracting for X = Cl and Br, but lengthening for I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Michalczyk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Beata Kizior
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Wiktor Zierkiewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Steve Scheiner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University Logan, Utah, 84322-0300, USA.
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2
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Robinson HT, Haakansson CT, Corkish TR, Watson PD, McKinley AJ, Wild DA. Hydrogen Bonding versus Halogen Bonding: Spectroscopic Investigation of Gas-Phase Complexes Involving Bromide and Chloromethanes. Chemphyschem 2022; 24:e202200733. [PMID: 36504309 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen bonding and halogen bonding are important non-covalent interactions that are known to occur in large molecular systems, such as in proteins and crystal structures. Although these interactions are important on a large scale, studying hydrogen and halogen bonding in small, gas-phase chemical species allows for the binding strengths to be determined and compared at a fundamental level. In this study, anion photoelectron spectra are presented for the gas-phase complexes involving bromide and the four chloromethanes, CH3 Cl, CH2 Cl2 , CHCl3 , and CCl4 . The stabilisation energy and electron binding energy associated with each complex are determined experimentally, and the spectra are rationalised by high-level CCSD(T) calculations to determine the non-covalent interactions binding the complexes. These calculations involve nucleophilic bromide and electrophilic bromine interactions with chloromethanes, where the binding motifs, dissociation energies and vertical detachment energies are compared in terms of hydrogen bonding and halogen bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayden T Robinson
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009
| | - Christian T Haakansson
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009
| | - Timothy R Corkish
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009
| | - Peter D Watson
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009.,Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, United Kingdom, OX1 3QZ
| | - Allan J McKinley
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009
| | - Duncan A Wild
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009.,School of Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, 6027
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3
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Enhancing Effects of the Cyano Group on the C-X∙∙∙N Hydrogen or Halogen Bond in Complexes of X-Cyanomethanes with Trimethyl Amine: CH3−n(CN)nX∙∙∙NMe3, (n = 0–3; X = H, Cl, Br, I). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911289. [PMID: 36232589 PMCID: PMC9570363 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, density functional theory and wave function theory calculations are carried out to investigate the strength and nature of the intermolecular C-X∙∙∙N bond interaction as a function of the number of cyano groups, CN, in the X-bond donor while maintaining the X-bond acceptor as fixed. Specifically, complexes of X-cyanomethanes with trimethyl amine CH3−n(CN)nX∙∙∙NMe3 (n = 0–3; X = H, Cl, Br, I) are used as model systems. Geometrical parameters and vibrational C-X-stretching frequencies as well as interaction energies are used as relevant indicators to gauge hydrogen or halogen bond strength in the complexes. Additional characteristics of interactions that link these complexes, i.e., hydrogen or halogen bonds, are calculated with the use of the following theoretical tools: the atoms in molecules (AIM) approach, the natural bond orbital (NBO) method, and energy decomposition analysis (EDA). The results show that, for the specified X-center, the strength of C-X∙∙∙N interaction increases significantly and in a non-additive fashion with the number of CN groups. Moreover, the nature (noncovalent or partly covalent) of the interactions is revealed via the AIM approach.
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4
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Rana A, Galmés B, Frontera A, Biswal HS, Chopra D. Unravelling the electronic nature of C-FO-C non-covalent interaction in proteins and small molecules in the solid state. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:25704-25711. [PMID: 33146185 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp05280a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The participation of organic fluorine as a halogen bond donor is rare and is sensitive to the electronic environment in the vicinity of the fluorine atom. The enhancement in the electropositive character (the σ-hole formalism) in fluorine is established by the presence of electron withdrawing groups and this has been examined in the solid-state structures in small molecules and proteins. Short, directional FO contacts have been observed and physical insights obtained, from quantum mechanical calculations, via the molecular electrostatic potential, an analysis of their topological features from atoms-in-molecules, and donor-acceptor characteristics from natural bond orbital analyses. It was observed that such contacts, cooperatively act in the presence of other interactions, and the formed aggregates are stabilizing in nature. In addition, the FO has a bonding character and is attractive in nature. The halogen bonding character of fluorine is relevant in supramolecular chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Rana
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), PO-Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via-Jatni, District-Khurda, 752050, Bhubaneswar, India.
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5
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Sánchez-Férez F, Solans-Monfort X, Calvet T, Font-Bardia M, Pons J. Influence of Aromatic Cations on the Structural Arrangement of Hg(II) Halides. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:29357-29372. [PMID: 33225167 PMCID: PMC7676345 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the structure and arrangement of hybrid metal halides and their contribution to the optoelectronic properties is, thus far, a challenging topic. In particular, new materials composed of d10 metal halides and pyridinium cations are still largely unexplored. Therefore, we report the synthesis and characterization of six Hg(II) salts built up from (Hg2Cl6)2- or (HgX4)2- anions (X = Cl, Br, I) and 2,2'-bipyridium (2,2'-Hbipy)+, 2,2'-bipyridine-1,1'-diium (2,2'-H2bipy)2+, or 1,10-phenantrolinium (1,10-Hphen)+ cations, using the same experimental conditions. All of them have been characterized by PXRD, EA, FTIR-ATR, and 1H NMR spectroscopies; single-crystal X-ray diffraction; and TG/DTA determinations. The study of their packing via Hirshfeld surface analysis and 3D deformation density mapping revealed the contributions of the intermolecular interactions to the structural arrangement, notably, the effect of the cation planarity on them. Successively, periodic DFT calculations showed that (i) the valence and conducting bands are mainly composed of the p orbitals of the halide and the organic cation, respectively, and (ii) the corresponding band gap depends mainly on the halide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Sánchez-Férez
- Departament
de Química, Universitat Autònoma
de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Xavier Solans-Monfort
- Departament
de Química, Universitat Autònoma
de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Teresa Calvet
- Departament
de Mineralogia, Petrologia i Geologia Aplicada, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès s/n, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Mercè Font-Bardia
- Unitat
de Difracció de Raig-X, Centres Científics i Tecnològics
de la Universitat de Barcelona (CCiTUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Solé i Sabarís, 1-3, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Josefina Pons
- Departament
de Química, Universitat Autònoma
de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
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6
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Sutradhar D, Chandra AK. Cl⋅⋅⋅Cl Halogen Bonding: Nature and Effect of Substituent at Electron Donor Cl atom. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201903546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dipankar Sutradhar
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Advanced Studies North-Eastern Hill University Shillong 793022 India
| | - Asit K. Chandra
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Advanced Studies North-Eastern Hill University Shillong 793022 India
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7
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Puttreddy R, Rautiainen JM, Mäkelä T, Rissanen K. Strong N−X⋅⋅⋅O−N Halogen Bonds: A Comprehensive Study on N‐Halosaccharin Pyridine
N
‐Oxide Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201909759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Puttreddy
- University of JyvaskylaDepartment of Chemistry P.O. BOX 35 40014 Jyväskylä Finland
| | - J. Mikko Rautiainen
- University of JyvaskylaDepartment of Chemistry P.O. BOX 35 40014 Jyväskylä Finland
| | - Toni Mäkelä
- University of JyvaskylaDepartment of Chemistry P.O. BOX 35 40014 Jyväskylä Finland
| | - Kari Rissanen
- University of JyvaskylaDepartment of Chemistry P.O. BOX 35 40014 Jyväskylä Finland
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8
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Puttreddy R, Rautiainen JM, Mäkelä T, Rissanen K. Strong N−X⋅⋅⋅O−N Halogen Bonds: A Comprehensive Study on N‐Halosaccharin Pyridine
N
‐Oxide Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:18610-18618. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201909759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Puttreddy
- University of JyvaskylaDepartment of Chemistry P.O. BOX 35 40014 Jyväskylä Finland
| | - J. Mikko Rautiainen
- University of JyvaskylaDepartment of Chemistry P.O. BOX 35 40014 Jyväskylä Finland
| | - Toni Mäkelä
- University of JyvaskylaDepartment of Chemistry P.O. BOX 35 40014 Jyväskylä Finland
| | - Kari Rissanen
- University of JyvaskylaDepartment of Chemistry P.O. BOX 35 40014 Jyväskylä Finland
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9
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Loipersberger M, Lee J, Mao Y, Das AK, Ikeda K, Thirman J, Head-Gordon T, Head-Gordon M. Energy Decomposition Analysis for Interactions of Radicals: Theory and Implementation at the MP2 Level with Application to Hydration of Halogenated Benzene Cations and Complexes between CO2–· and Pyridine and Imidazole. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:9621-9633. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b08586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Dang Y, Wang W, Meng L, Li Q, Li X. Nature of MoH···I bonds in Cp 2
Mo(L)H···I-C≡C-R Complexes (L=H, CN, PPh 2
, C(CH 3
) 3
; R=NO 2
, Cl, Br, H, OH, CH 3
, NH 2
). Appl Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.4258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaru Dang
- College of Chemistry and Material Science; Hebei Normal University; Road East of 2nd Ring South Shijiazhuang 050024 China
| | - Weihua Wang
- College of Chemistry and Material Science; Hebei Normal University; Road East of 2nd Ring South Shijiazhuang 050024 China
| | - Lingpeng Meng
- National Demonstratin Center for Experimental Chemistry; Hebei Normal University; Road East of 2nd Ring South Shijiazhuang 050024 China
| | - Qingzhong Li
- China Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Biology; Yantai University; Yantai 264005 China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- College of Chemistry and Material Science; Hebei Normal University; Road East of 2nd Ring South Shijiazhuang 050024 China
- National Demonstratin Center for Experimental Chemistry; Hebei Normal University; Road East of 2nd Ring South Shijiazhuang 050024 China
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Scheiner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-0300, United States
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12
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Scheiner S. Comparison of Various Means of Evaluating Molecular Electrostatic Potentials for Noncovalent Interactions. J Comput Chem 2017; 39:500-510. [PMID: 29083034 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.25085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The various heterodimers formed by a series of Lewis acids with NH3 as Lewis base are identified. Lewis acids include those that can form chalcogen (HSF and HSBr), pnicogen (H2 PF and H2 PBr), and tetrel (H3 SiF and H3 SiBr) bonds, as well as H-bonds and halogen bonds. The molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) of each Lewis acid is considered in a number of ways. Pictorial versions show broad regions of positive and negative MEP, on surfaces that vary with respect to either the value of the chosen isopotential, or their distance from the nuclei. Specific points are identified where the MEP reaches a maximum on a particular isodensity surface (Vs,max ). The locations and values of Vs,max were evaluated on different isodensity surfaces, and compared to the stabilities of the various equilibrium geometries. As the chosen isodensity is decreased, and the MEP maxima drift away from the molecule, some points maintain their angular positions with respect to the molecule, whereas others undergo a reorientation. The lowering isodensity also causes some of the maxima to disappear. In general, there is a fairly good correlation between the energetic ordering of the equilibrium structures and the values of Vs,max . A number of possible Lewis acid sites on the heteroaromatic imidazole ring were also considered and presents some cautions about application of Vs,max as the principal criterion for predicting equilibrium geometries. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Scheiner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, 84322-0300
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13
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Halogen Bonds Formed between Substituted Imidazoliums and N Bases of Varying N-Hybridization. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22101634. [PMID: 28961202 PMCID: PMC6151534 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22101634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterodimers are constructed containing imidazolium and its halogen-substituted derivatives as Lewis acid. N in its sp³, sp² and sp hybridizations is taken as the electron-donating base. The halogen bond is strengthened in the Cl < Br < I order, with the H-bond generally similar in magnitude to the Br-bond. Methyl substitution on the N electron donor enhances the binding energy. Very little perturbation arises if the imidazolium is attached to a phenyl ring. The energetics are not sensitive to the hybridization of the N atom. More regular patterns appear in the individual phenomena. Charge transfer diminishes uniformly on going from amine to imine to nitrile, a pattern that is echoed by the elongation of the C-Z (Z=H, Cl, Br, I) bond in the Lewis acid. These trends are also evident in the Atoms in Molecules topography of the electron density. Molecular electrostatic potentials are not entirely consistent with energetics. Although I of the Lewis acid engages in a stronger bond than does H, it is the potential of the latter which is much more positive. The minimum on the potential of the base is most negative for the nitrile even though acetonitrile does not form the strongest bonds. Placing the systems in dichloromethane solvent reduces the binding energies but leaves intact most of the trends observed in vacuo; the same can be said of ∆G in solution.
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14
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Scheiner S. Systematic Elucidation of Factors That Influence the Strength of Tetrel Bonds. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:5561-5568. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b05300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steve Scheiner
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-0300, United States
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15
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Grabowski SJ, Sokalski WA. Are Various σ-Hole Bonds Steered by the Same Mechanisms? Chemphyschem 2017; 18:1569-1577. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201700224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sławomir J. Grabowski
- Faculty of Chemistry; University of the Basque Country and Donostia, International Physics Center (DIPC); P.K. 1072 20080 Donostia Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science; 48011 Bilbao Spain
| | - W. Andrzej Sokalski
- Department of Chemistry K1/W1; Wrocław University of Science and Technology; Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27 50-370 Wrocław Poland
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Aubert E, Espinosa E, Nicolas I, Jeannin O, Fourmigué M. Toward a reverse hierarchy of halogen bonding between bromine and iodine. Faraday Discuss 2017; 203:389-406. [DOI: 10.1039/c7fd00067g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We compare here the halogen bond characteristics of bimolecular adducts involving either N-bromo- or N-iodosaccharin as strong halogen bond donors, with 4-picoline as a common XB acceptor. In the NBSac·Pic system, the bromine atom of NBSac is displaced toward the picoline, almost at a median position between the two nitrogen atoms, NSac and N′Pic, with NSac⋯Br and Br⋯N′Pic distances at 2.073(6) and 2.098(6) Å respectively. This extreme situation contrasts with the analogous iodine derivative, NISac·Pic, where the NSac–I and I⋯N′Pic distances amount to 2.223(4) and 2.301(4) Å respectively. Periodic DFT calculations, and molecular calculations of adducts (PBEPBE-D2 aug-cc-pVTZ) either at the experimental frozen geometry or with optimization of the halogen position, indicate a more important degree of covalency (i.e. shared-shell character) in the adduct formed with the bromine atom. A stronger charge transfer to the picoline is also found for the bromine (+0.27 |e|) than for the iodine (+0.18 |e|) system. This inversion of halogen bond strength between I and Br finds its origin in the strong covalent character of the interaction in these adducts, in line with the strength of covalent N–Br and N–I bonds. Detailed characterization of the critical points (CPs) of the L(r) = −∇2ρ(r) function along bonding directions has permitted the adducts to be distinguished and they can be respectively described as “neutral” NISac/Pic and “intermediate” NSac/Br/Pic, the latter with Br being close to formal equivalent NSac⋯Br and Br⋯N′Pic interactions but still more associated to the XB donor than to the picoline, as indicated by the topological and energetic properties of the ρ(r) function at the bond critical points (BCPs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Aubert
- Laboratoire CRM2
- UMR CNRS 7036
- Institut Jean Barriol
- Université de Lorraine
- 54506 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy
| | - Enrique Espinosa
- Laboratoire CRM2
- UMR CNRS 7036
- Institut Jean Barriol
- Université de Lorraine
- 54506 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy
| | - Irène Nicolas
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (ISCR)
- UMR CNRS 6226
- Université de Rennes 1
- Campus de Beaulieu
- 35042 Rennes
| | - Olivier Jeannin
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (ISCR)
- UMR CNRS 6226
- Université de Rennes 1
- Campus de Beaulieu
- 35042 Rennes
| | - Marc Fourmigué
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (ISCR)
- UMR CNRS 6226
- Université de Rennes 1
- Campus de Beaulieu
- 35042 Rennes
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17
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Scheiner S. Highly Selective Halide Receptors Based on Chalcogen, Pnicogen, and Tetrel Bonds. Chemistry 2016; 22:18850-18858. [PMID: 27740702 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201603891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The interactions of halides with a number of bipodal receptors were examined by quantum chemical methods. The receptors were based on a dithieno thiophene framework in which two S atoms can engage in a pair of chalcogen bonds with a halide. These two S atoms were replaced by P and As atoms to compare chalcogen with pnicogen bonding, and by Ge which engages in tetrel bonds with the receptor. Zero, one, and two O atoms were added to the thiophene S atom which is not directly involved in the interaction with the halides. Fluoride bound the most strongly, followed by Cl- , Br- , and I- , respectively. Replacing S by the pnicogen bonds of P strengthened the binding, as did moving down to As in the third row of the periodic table. A further large increment is associated with the switch to the tetrel bonds of Ge. Even though the thiophene S atom is remote from the binding site, each additional O atom added to it raises the binding energy, which can be quite large, as much as 63 kcal mol-1 for the Ge⋅⋅⋅F- interaction. The receptors have a pronounced selectivity for F- over the other halides, as high as 27 orders of magnitude. The data suggest that incorporation of tetrel atoms may lead to new and more powerful halide receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Scheiner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322-0300, USA
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