1
|
Li H, Wang J, Warr GG, Atkin R. Nanostructure and Dynamics of the Locally Concentrated Ionic Liquid 2:1 (wt:wt) HMIM FAP:TFTFE and HMIM FAP on Graphite and Gold Electrodes as a Function of Potential. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2403109. [PMID: 39105361 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202403109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Video-rate atomic force microscopy (AFM) is used to record the near-surface nanostructure and dynamics of one pure ionic liquid (IL), 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate (HMIM FAP), and a locally-concentrated IL comprising HMIM FAP with the low viscosity diluent 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl ether (TFTFE), on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) and Au(111) electrodes as a function of potential. Over the potential range measured (open-circuit potential ± 1 V), different near-surface nanostructures are observed. For pure HMIM FAP, globular aggregates align in rows on HOPG, whereas elongated and worm-like nanostructures form on Au(111). For 2:1 (wt:wt) HMIM FAP:TFTFE, larger and less defined diluent swollen IL aggregates are present on both electrodes. Long-lived near-surface nanostructures for HMIM FAP and the 2:1 (wt:wt) HMIM FAP:TFTFE persist on both electrodes. 2:1 (wt:wt) HMIM FAP:TFTFE mixture diffuses more rapidly than pure HMIM FAP on both electrodes with obviously higher diffusion coefficients on HOPG than on Au(111) due to weaker electrostatic and solvophobic interactions between near-surface aggregates and Stern layer ions. These outcomes provide valuable insights for a wide range of IL applications in interface sciences, including electrolytes, catalysts, lubricants, and sensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Li
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Jianan Wang
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Gregory G Warr
- School of Chemistry and Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Rob Atkin
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang J, Li H, Warr GG, Chen F, Atkin R. Nanostructure and Dynamics of Aprotic Ionic Liquids at Graphite Electrodes as a Function of Potential. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2311353. [PMID: 38573945 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202311353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Atomic force microscope (AFM) videos reveal the near-surface nanostructure and dynamics of the ionic liquids (ILs) 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide (BMIM DCA) and 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide (HMIM DCA) above highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) electrodes as a function of surface potential. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations reveal the molecular-level composition of the nanostructures. In combination, AFM and MD show that the near-surface aggregates form via solvophobic association of the cation alkyl chains at the electrode interface. The diffusion coefficients of interfacial nanostructures are ≈0.01 nm2 s-1 and vary with the cation alkyl chain length and the surface potential. For each IL, the nanostructure diffusion coefficients are similar at open-circuit potential (OCP) and OCP + 1V, but BMIM DCA moves about twice as fast as HMIM DCA. At negative potentials, the diffusion coefficient decreases for BMIM DCA and increases for HMIM DCA. When the surface potential is switched from negative to positive, a sudden change in the direction of the nanostructure motion is observed for both BMIM DCA and HMIM DCA. No transient dynamics are noted following other potential jumps. This study provides a new fundamental understanding regarding the dynamics of electrochemically stable ILs at electrodes vital for the rational development of IL-based electrochemical devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Wang
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Hua Li
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Gregory G Warr
- School of Chemistry and Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Fangfang Chen
- Institute for Frontier Materials (IFM), Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Rob Atkin
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kar M, Pozo-Gonzalo C. Enhancing the Cycle Life of Zinc-Iodine Batteries in Ionic Liquid-Based Electrolytes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202405244. [PMID: 38711382 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202405244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Aqueous zinc-iodine (Zn-I2) batteries are gaining significant attention due to their low-cost, high safety and high theoretical capacity. Nevertheless, their long cycle and durability have been hampered due to the use of aqueous media that, over time, lead to Zn dendrite formation, hydrogen evolution reaction, and polyiodide dissolution. Xiao et al. recently reported the addition of an imidazolium-based ionic liquid (IL) to an aqueous electrolyte and found that the IL plays a key role in modifying the solvation of Zn2+ ions in the bulk electrolyte and the inner Helmholtz plane, repelling H2O molecules away from the Zn anode surface. UV/Vis and NMR spectroscopy also indicates a strong interaction between imidazolium cation [EMIM]+ and I3 -, thereby reducing polyiodide shuttling and enhancing the cycle life of the battery. Overall, a capacity decay rate of only 0.01 % per cycle after over 18,000 cycles at 4 A g-1, is observed, making the use of IL additives in aqueous electrolytes highly promising candidates for Zn-I2 batteries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mega Kar
- Institute of Frontier Materials (IFM), Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Victoria, 3125
| | - Cristina Pozo-Gonzalo
- Institute of Frontier Materials (IFM), Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Victoria, 3125
- Fundación Agencia Aragonesa para la Investigación y el Desarrollo (ARAID), Av. de Ranillas 1D, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Carboquímica (ICB-CSIC), C/Miguel Luesma Castán, 4, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li H, Wang J, Warr GG, Atkin R. Effect of Potential on the Nanostructure Dynamics of Ethylammonium Nitrate at a Graphite Electrode. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2306011. [PMID: 37806754 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202306011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Video-rate atomic force microscopy (AFM) is used to study the near-surface nanostructure dynamics of the ionic liquid ethylammonium nitrate (EAN) at a highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) electrode as a function of potential in real-time for the first time. The effects of varying the surface potential and adding 10 wt% water on the nanostructure diffusion coefficient are probed. For both EAN and the 90 wt% EAN-water mixture, disk-like features ≈9 nm in diameter and 1 nm in height form above the Stern layer at all potentials. The nanostructure diffusion coefficient increases with potential (from OCP -0.5 V to OCP +0.5 V) and with added water. Nanostructure dynamics depends on both the magnitude and direction of the potential change. Upon switching the potential from OCP -0.5 V to OCP +0.5 V, a substantial increase in the diffusion coefficients is observed, likely due to the absence of solvophobic interactions between the nitrate (NO3 - ) anions and the ethylammonium (EA+ ) cations in the near-surface region. When the potential is reversed, EA+ is attracted to the Stern layer to replace NO3 - , but its movement is hindered by solvophobic attractions. The outcomes will aid applications, including electrochemical devices, catalysts, and lubricants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Li
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Jianan Wang
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Gregory G Warr
- School of Chemistry and Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Rob Atkin
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yao N, Chen X, Fu ZH, Zhang Q. Applying Classical, Ab Initio, and Machine-Learning Molecular Dynamics Simulations to the Liquid Electrolyte for Rechargeable Batteries. Chem Rev 2022; 122:10970-11021. [PMID: 35576674 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Rechargeable batteries have become indispensable implements in our daily life and are considered a promising technology to construct sustainable energy systems in the future. The liquid electrolyte is one of the most important parts of a battery and is extremely critical in stabilizing the electrode-electrolyte interfaces and constructing safe and long-life-span batteries. Tremendous efforts have been devoted to developing new electrolyte solvents, salts, additives, and recipes, where molecular dynamics (MD) simulations play an increasingly important role in exploring electrolyte structures, physicochemical properties such as ionic conductivity, and interfacial reaction mechanisms. This review affords an overview of applying MD simulations in the study of liquid electrolytes for rechargeable batteries. First, the fundamentals and recent theoretical progress in three-class MD simulations are summarized, including classical, ab initio, and machine-learning MD simulations (section 2). Next, the application of MD simulations to the exploration of liquid electrolytes, including probing bulk and interfacial structures (section 3), deriving macroscopic properties such as ionic conductivity and dielectric constant of electrolytes (section 4), and revealing the electrode-electrolyte interfacial reaction mechanisms (section 5), are sequentially presented. Finally, a general conclusion and an insightful perspective on current challenges and future directions in applying MD simulations to liquid electrolytes are provided. Machine-learning technologies are highlighted to figure out these challenging issues facing MD simulations and electrolyte research and promote the rational design of advanced electrolytes for next-generation rechargeable batteries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Yao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhong-Heng Fu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li H, Zhang Y, Jones S, Segalman R, Warr GG, Atkin R. Interfacial nanostructure and friction of a polymeric ionic liquid-ionic liquid mixture as a function of potential at Au(111) electrode interface. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 606:1170-1178. [PMID: 34487936 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.08.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS The polymeric cations of polymeric ionic liquids (PILs) can adsorb from the bulk of a conventional ionic liquid (IL) to the Au(111) electrode interface and form a boundary layer. The interfacial properties of the PIL boundary layer may be tuned by potential. EXPERIMENTS Atomic force microscopy has been used to investigate the changes of surface morphology, normal and lateral forces of a 5 wt% PIL/IL mixture as a function of potential. FINDINGS Polymeric cations adsorb strongly to Au(111) and form a polymeric cation-enriched boundary layer at -1.0 V. This boundary layer binds less strongly to the surface at open circuit potential (OCP) and weakly at + 1.0 V. The polymeric cation chains are compressed at -1.0 V and OCP owing to electrical attractions with the electrode surface, but fully stretched at + 1.0 V due to electrical repulsions. The lateral forces of the 5 wt% PIL/IL mixture at -1.0 V and OCP are higher than at + 1.0 V as the polymeric cation-enriched boundary layer is rougher and has stronger interactions with the AFM probe; at + 1.0 V, the lateral force is low and comparable to pure conventional IL due to displacement of polymeric cations with conventional anions in the boundary layer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Li
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Yunxiao Zhang
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Seamus Jones
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, United States
| | - Rachel Segalman
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, United States
| | - Gregory G Warr
- School of Chemistry and Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Rob Atkin
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Liu S, Li M, Peng J, Chen L, Mao B, Yan J. Water-induced mica/ionic liquid interfacial nanostructure switches revealed by AFM. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:15064-15067. [PMID: 33196716 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc06587k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Glovebox-AFM-based force curve measurements have been employed to investigate the effect of controlled small amounts of water on the interfacial structure of mica/a pyrrolidinium-based ionic liquid. A close examination reveals that with the increase of water content, the long-range monotonic force, which is beyond the region of the short-range oscillatory structure, switches from van der Waals attraction-dominated force to double layer repulsion-dominated force.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yang Q, Li Q, Liu Z, Wang D, Guo Y, Li X, Tang Y, Li H, Dong B, Zhi C. Dendrites in Zn-Based Batteries. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2001854. [PMID: 33103828 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202001854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous Zn batteries that provide a synergistic integration of absolute safety and high energy density have been considered as highly promising energy-storage systems for powering electronics. Despite the rapid progress made in developing high-performance cathodes and electrolytes, the underestimated but non-negligible dendrites of Zn anode have been observed to shorten battery lifespan. Herein, this dendrite issue in Zn anodes, with regard to fundamentals, protection strategies, characterization techniques, and theoretical simulations, is systematically discussed. An overall comparison between the Zn dendrite and its Li and Al counterparts, to highlight their differences in both origin and topology, is given. Subsequently, in-depth clarifications of the specific influence factors of Zn dendrites, including the accumulation effect and the cathode loading mass (a distinct factor for laboratory studies and practical applications) are presented. Recent advances in Zn dendrite protection are then comprehensively summarized and categorized to generate an overview of respective superiorities and limitations of various strategies. Accordingly, theoretical computations and advanced characterization approaches are introduced as mechanism guidelines and measurement criteria for dendrite suppression, respectively. The concluding section emphasizes future challenges in addressing the Zn dendrite issue and potential approaches to further promoting the lifespan of Zn batteries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Zhuoxin Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Donghong Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Ying Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Xinliang Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Yongchao Tang
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Hongfei Li
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Binbin Dong
- National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China
| | - Chunyi Zhi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
- Center for Advanced Nuclear Safety and Sustainable Development, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Investigation of the Ionic Liquid Graphene Electric Double Layer in Supercapacitors Using Constant Potential Simulations. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10112181. [PMID: 33139670 PMCID: PMC7693729 DOI: 10.3390/nano10112181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we investigate the effect of the cation structure on the structure and dynamics of the electrode–electrolyte interface using molecular dynamics simulations. A constant potential method is used to capture the behaviour of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis (trifluoromethane)sulfonimide ([C2mim][NTf2]) and butyltrimethylammonium bis(trifluoromethane) sulfonimide ([N4,1,1,1][NTf2]) ionic liquids at varying potential differences applied across the supercapacitor. We find that the details of the structure in the electric double layer and the dynamics differ significantly, yet the charge profile and capacitance do not vary greatly. For the systems considered, charging results in the rearrangement and reorientation of ions within ∼1 nm of the electrode rather than the diffusion of ions to/from the bulk region. This occurs on timescales of O(10 ns) for the ionic liquids considered, and depends on the viscosity of the fluid.
Collapse
|
10
|
Rakov DA, Chen F, Ferdousi SA, Li H, Pathirana T, Simonov AN, Howlett PC, Atkin R, Forsyth M. Engineering high-energy-density sodium battery anodes for improved cycling with superconcentrated ionic-liquid electrolytes. NATURE MATERIALS 2020; 19:1096-1101. [PMID: 32367080 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-020-0673-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Non-uniform metal deposition and dendrite formation in high-density energy storage devices reduces the efficiency, safety and life of batteries with metal anodes. Superconcentrated ionic-liquid electrolytes (for example 1:1 ionic liquid:alkali ion) coupled with anode preconditioning at more negative potentials can completely mitigate these issues, and therefore revolutionize high-density energy storage devices. However, the mechanisms by which very high salt concentration and preconditioning potential enable uniform metal deposition and prevent dendrite formation at the metal anode during cycling are poorly understood, and therefore not optimized. Here, we use atomic force microscopy and molecular dynamics simulations to unravel the influence of these factors on the interface chemistry in a sodium electrolyte, demonstrating how a molten-salt-like structure at the electrode surface results in dendrite-free metal cycling at higher rates. Such a structure will support the formation of a more favourable solid electrolyte interphase, accepted as being a critical factor in stable battery cycling. This new understanding will enable engineering of efficient anode electrodes by tuning the interfacial nanostructure via salt concentration and high-voltage preconditioning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitrii A Rakov
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES), Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Fangfang Chen
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES), Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Shammi A Ferdousi
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hua Li
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Thushan Pathirana
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alexandr N Simonov
- School of Chemistry and the ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patrick C Howlett
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES), Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rob Atkin
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Maria Forsyth
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES), Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Periyapperuma K, Arca E, Harvey S, Pathirana T, Ban C, Burrell A, Pozo-Gonzalo C, Howlett PC. High Current Cycling in a Superconcentrated Ionic Liquid Electrolyte to Promote Uniform Li Morphology and a Uniform LiF-Rich Solid Electrolyte Interphase. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:42236-42247. [PMID: 32877167 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c09074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
High-energy-density systems with fast charging rates and suppressed dendrite growth are critical for the implementation of efficient and safe next-generation advanced battery technologies such as those based on Li metal. However, there are few studies that investigate reliable cycling of Li metal electrodes under high-rate conditions. Here, by employing a superconcentrated ionic liquid (IL) electrolyte, we highlight the effect of Li salt concentration and applied current density on the resulting Li deposit morphology and solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) characteristics, demonstrating exceptional deposition/dissolution rates and efficiency in these systems. Operation at higher current densities enhanced the cycling efficiency, e.g., from 64 ± 3% at 1 mA cm-2 up to 96 ± 1% at 20 mA cm-2 (overpotential <±0.2 V), while resulting in lower electrode resistance and dendrite-free Li morphology. A maximum current density of 50 mA cm-2 resulted in 88 ± 3% cycling efficiency, displaying tolerance for high overpotentials at the Ni working electrode (0.5 V). X-ray photoelectron microscopy (XPS), time-of-flight secondary-ion mass spectroscopy (ToF-SIMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) surface measurements revealed that the formation of a stable SEI, rich in LiF and deficient in organic carbon species, coupled with nondendritic and compact Li morphologies enabled enhanced cycling efficiency at higher currents. Reduced dendrite formation at high current is further highlighted by the use of a highly porous separator in coin cell cycling (1 mAh cm-2 at 50 °C), sustaining 500 cycles at 10 mA cm-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kalani Periyapperuma
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC 3125, Australia
| | - Elisabetta Arca
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Steven Harvey
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Thushan Pathirana
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC 3125, Australia
| | - Chunmei Ban
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Anthony Burrell
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Cristina Pozo-Gonzalo
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC 3125, Australia
| | - Patrick C Howlett
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC 3125, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chen M, Feng G, Qiao R. Water-in-salt electrolytes: An interfacial perspective. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2019.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
13
|
Forsyth M, Hilder M, Zhang Y, Chen F, Carre L, Rakov DA, Armand M, Macfarlane DR, Pozo-Gonzalo C, Howlett PC. Tuning Sodium Interfacial Chemistry with Mixed-Anion Ionic Liquid Electrolytes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:43093-43106. [PMID: 31701752 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b12913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The interphase layer that forms on either the anode or the cathode is considered to be one of the critical components of a high performing battery. This solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer determines the stability of the electrode in the presence of a given electrolyte as well as the internal resistance of a battery, and hence the overpotential of a cell. In the case of lithium ion batteries where carbonate based electrolytes are used, additives including hexafluorophosphate (PF6), bis-trifluoromethylsulfonimide (TFSI), (fluorosulfonyl)(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (FTFSI), and fluorosulfonimde (FSI) are used to obtain favorable SEI layers. Ionic liquids and salts based on anions containing nitrile groups, including dicyanamide (DCA), offer a less expensive alternative to a fluorinated anion and have also been shown to support stable electrochemistry in lithium and sodium systems. However, longer term cycling leads to the eventual passivation of the electrode, presumed to be due to the instability of the DCA anion. We herein consider the use of a fluorinated anion to control the interfacial electrochemistry and provide a more stable SEI in DCA ILs. We investigate the addition of NaDCA, NaFSI, NaTFSI, and NaFTFSI to the methylpropylpyrrolidinium dicyanamide ([C3mpyr]DCA) ionic liquid. NaFSI was found to generate a more stable SEI layer, as evidenced by extended symmetric cell cycling, while the TFSI and FTFSI salts both lead to thicker, highly passivating surfaces. We use molecular dynamics, infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to interrogate and discuss the influence of the anion on the bulk electrolyte, the interfacial electrolyte structure, and the formation of the SEI layer, in order to rationalize the contrasting electrochemical observations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Forsyth
- Institute for Frontier Materials , Deakin University , Geelong , Victoria 3217 , Australia
| | - Matthias Hilder
- Institute for Frontier Materials , Deakin University , Geelong , Victoria 3217 , Australia
| | - Yafei Zhang
- Institute for Frontier Materials , Deakin University , Geelong , Victoria 3217 , Australia
| | - Fangfang Chen
- Institute for Frontier Materials , Deakin University , Geelong , Victoria 3217 , Australia
| | - Ludovic Carre
- Institute for Frontier Materials , Deakin University , Geelong , Victoria 3217 , Australia
| | - Dmitrii A Rakov
- Institute for Frontier Materials , Deakin University , Geelong , Victoria 3217 , Australia
| | - Michel Armand
- CIC Energigune , Parque Tecnológico de Álava , Albert Einstein 48 , Miñano , 01510 Álava , Spain
| | | | - Cristina Pozo-Gonzalo
- Institute for Frontier Materials , Deakin University , Geelong , Victoria 3217 , Australia
| | - Patrick C Howlett
- Institute for Frontier Materials , Deakin University , Geelong , Victoria 3217 , Australia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Ionic liquids have become of significant relevance in chemistry, as they can serve as environmentally-friendly solvents, electrolytes, and lubricants with bespoke properties. In particular for electrochemical applications, an understanding of the interface structure between the ionic liquid and an electrified interface is needed to model and optimize the reactions taking place on the solid surface. As with ionic liquids, the interplay between electrostatic forces and steric effects leads to an intrinsic heterogeneity, as the structure of the ionic liquid above an electrified interface cannot be described by the classical electrical double layer model. Instead, a layered solvation layer is present with a structure that depends on the material combination of the ionic liquid and substrate. In order to experimentally monitor this structure, atomic force spectroscopy (AFS) has become the method of choice. By measuring the force acting on a sharp microfabricated tip while approaching the surface in an ionic liquid, it has become possible to map the solvation layers with sub-nanometer resolution. In this review, we provide an overview of the AFS studies on ionic liquids published in recent years that illustrate how the interface is formed and how it can be modified by applying electrical potential or by adding impurities and solvents.
Collapse
|
15
|
Radiom M. Ionic liquid–solid interface and applications in lubrication and energy storage. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
16
|
Basile A, Makhlooghiazad F, Yunis R, MacFarlane DR, Forsyth M, Howlett PC. Extensive Sodium Metal Plating and Stripping in a Highly Concentrated Inorganic−Organic Ionic Liquid Electrolyte through Surface Pretreatment. ChemElectroChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201600784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Basile
- Institute for Frontier Materials Deakin University Burwood Campus 221 Burwood Highway Victoria 3125 Australia
| | - Faezeh Makhlooghiazad
- Institute for Frontier Materials Deakin University Burwood Campus 221 Burwood Highway Victoria 3125 Australia
| | - Ruhamah Yunis
- Institute for Frontier Materials Deakin University Burwood Campus 221 Burwood Highway Victoria 3125 Australia
| | | | - Maria Forsyth
- Institute for Frontier Materials Deakin University Burwood Campus 221 Burwood Highway Victoria 3125 Australia
| | - Patrick C. Howlett
- Institute for Frontier Materials Deakin University Burwood Campus 221 Burwood Highway Victoria 3125 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Begić S, Jónsson E, Chen F, Forsyth M. Molecular dynamics simulations of pyrrolidinium and imidazolium ionic liquids at graphene interfaces. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:30010-30020. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp03389c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
MD simulations of ionic liquids support AFM data and point towards a likely relationship between interfacial structures and electrochemical performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Srđan Begić
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science and Institute for Frontier Materials (IFM)
- Burwood
- Australia
| | - Erlendur Jónsson
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science and Institute for Frontier Materials (IFM)
- Burwood
- Australia
| | - Fangfang Chen
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science and Institute for Frontier Materials (IFM)
- Burwood
- Australia
| | - Maria Forsyth
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science and Institute for Frontier Materials (IFM)
- Burwood
- Australia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Liu Z, Li G, Cui T, Lahiri A, Borodin A, Endres F. Tuning the electronic environment of zinc ions with a ligand for dendrite-free zinc deposition in an ionic liquid. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:25989-25995. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp05345b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dendrite-free zinc was obtained by tuning the electronic environment of zinc ions and the interfacial structure at the interface with a ligand.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Liu
- Institute of Electrochemistry
- Clausthal University of Technology
- Arnold-Sommerfeld-Strasse 6
- Clausthal-Zellerfeld
- Germany
| | - Guozhu Li
- Institute of Electrochemistry
- Clausthal University of Technology
- Arnold-Sommerfeld-Strasse 6
- Clausthal-Zellerfeld
- Germany
| | - Tong Cui
- Institute of Electrochemistry
- Clausthal University of Technology
- Arnold-Sommerfeld-Strasse 6
- Clausthal-Zellerfeld
- Germany
| | - Abhishek Lahiri
- Institute of Electrochemistry
- Clausthal University of Technology
- Arnold-Sommerfeld-Strasse 6
- Clausthal-Zellerfeld
- Germany
| | - Andriy Borodin
- Institute of Electrochemistry
- Clausthal University of Technology
- Arnold-Sommerfeld-Strasse 6
- Clausthal-Zellerfeld
- Germany
| | - Frank Endres
- Institute of Electrochemistry
- Clausthal University of Technology
- Arnold-Sommerfeld-Strasse 6
- Clausthal-Zellerfeld
- Germany
| |
Collapse
|