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Wang M, Zhou J, Fa S, Zhang Q. Synergetic Enhancement: Imprinted Magnetic Microspheres Based on the Thiol-ene-amine Conjugation and Metal Coordination for Selective Recognition of BSA. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2023.131256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
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2
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Johnson KN, Mazur U, Hipps KW. Single-Molecule Kinetic Analysis of Oxygenation of Co(II) Porphyrin at the Solution/Solid Interface. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:4918-4923. [PMID: 35635095 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c01254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Kinetic analysis of surface reactions at the single molecule level is important for understanding the influence of the substrate and solvent on reaction dynamics and mechanisms, but it is difficult with current methods. Here we present a stochastic kinetic analysis of the oxygenation of cobalt octaethylporphyrin (CoOEP) at the solution/solid interface by monitoring fluctuations from equilibrium using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) imaging. Image movies were used to monitor the oxygenated and deoxygenated state dwell times. The rate constants for CoOEP oxygenation are ka = 4.9 × 10-6 s-1·Torr-1 and kd = 0.018 s-1. This is the first use of stochastic dwell time analysis with STM to study a chemical reaction, and the results suggest that it has great potential for application to a wide range of surface reactions. Expanding these stochastic studies to further systems is key to unlocking kinetic information for surface-confined reactions at the molecular level, especially at the solution/solid interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen N Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science and Engineering Program. Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99163-6430, United States
| | - Ursula Mazur
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science and Engineering Program. Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99163-6430, United States
| | - K W Hipps
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science and Engineering Program. Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99163-6430, United States
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3
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Johnson KN, Chilukurib B, Fisherb ZE, Hippsa KW, Mazura U. Role of the Supporting Surface in the Thermodynamics and Cooperativity of Axial Ligand Binding to Metalloporphyrins at Interfaces. CURR ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272826666220209122508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:
: Metalloporphyrins have been shown to bind axial ligands in a variety of environments including the vacuum/solid and solution/solid interfaces. Understanding the dynamics of such interactions is a desideratum for the design and implementation of next generation molecular devices which draw inspiration from biological systems to accomplish diverse tasks such as molecular sensing, electron transport, and catalysis to name a few. In this article, we review the current literature of axial ligand coordination to surface-supported porphyrin receptors. We will focus on the coordination process as monitored by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) that can yield qualitative and quantitative information on the dynamics and binding affinity at the single molecule level. In particular, we will address the role of the substrate and intermolecular interactions in influencing cooperative effects (positive or negative) in the binding affinity of adjacent molecules based on experimental evidence and theoretical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen N. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Material Science and Engineering Program, Washington State University, Pullman, 99164-4630, WA, USA
| | - Bhaskar Chilukurib
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, 61790-4160, USA
| | - Zachary E. Fisherb
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, 61790-4160, USA
| | - K. W. Hippsa
- Department of Chemistry and Material Science and Engineering Program, Washington State University, Pullman, 99164-4630, WA, USA
| | - Ursula Mazura
- Department of Chemistry and Material Science and Engineering Program, Washington State University, Pullman, 99164-4630, WA, USA
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4
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Cai ZF, Zheng LQ, Zhang Y, Zenobi R. Molecular-Scale Chemical Imaging of the Orientation of an On-Surface Coordination Complex by Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:12380-12386. [PMID: 34329556 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c06366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Metal-organic coordination structures at interfaces play an essential role in many biological and chemical systems. Understanding the molecular specificity, orientation, and spatial distribution of the coordination complexes at the nanometer scale is of great importance for effective molecular engineering of nanostructures and fabrication of functional devices with controllable properties. However, fundamental properties of such coordination systems are still rarely studied directly. In this work, we present a spectroscopic approach on the basis of tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) to investigate cobalt(II) tetraphenyl-porphyrine coordination species on the scale of a single molecule under ambient conditions. Coordination species anchored on gold surfaces modified with pyridine thiol self-assembled monolayers can be spectroscopically distinguished and mapped with ca. 2 nm resolution. In addition, in combination with density functional theory simulations, the adsorption configuration and molecular orientation of the coordination complexes are also revealed using TERS imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Feng Cai
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, Zurich CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Li-Qing Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, Zurich CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Yao Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Renato Zenobi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, Zurich CH-8093, Switzerland
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5
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Johnson KN, Hipps KW, Mazur U. Quantifying reversible nitrogenous ligand binding to Co(ii) porphyrin receptors at the solution/solid interface and in solution. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:24226-24235. [PMID: 33084667 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp04109b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
We present a quantitative study comparing the binding of 4-methoxypyridine, MeOPy, ligand to Co(ii)octaethylporphyrin, CoOEP, at the phenyloctane/HOPG interface and in toluene solution. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) was used to study the ligand binding to the porphyrin receptors adsorbed on graphite. Electronic spectroscopy was employed for examining this process in fluid solution. The on surface coordination reaction was completely reversible and followed a simple Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Ligand affinities (or ΔG) for the binding processes in the two different chemical environments were determined from the respective equilibrium constants. The free energy value of -13.0 ± 0.3 kJ mol-1 for the ligation reaction of MeOPy to CoOEP at the solution/HOPG interface is less negative than the ΔG for cobalt porphyrin complexed to the ligand in solution, -16.8 ± 0.2 kJ mol-1. This result indicates that the MeOPy-CoOEP complex is more stable in solution than on the surface. Additional thermodynamic values for the formation of the surface ligated species (ΔHc = -50 kJ mol-1 and ΔSc = -120 J mol-1) were extracted from temperature dependent STM measurements. Density functional computational methods were also employed to explore the energetics of both the solution and surface reactions. At high concentrations of MeOPy the monolayer was observed to be stripped from the surface. Computational results indicate that this is not because of a reduction in adsorption energy of the MeOPy-CoOEP complex. Nearest neighbor analysis of the MeOPy-CoOEP in the STM images revealed positive cooperative ligand binding behavior. Our studies bring new insights to the general principles of affinity and cooperativity in the ligand-receptor interactions at the solution/solid interface. Future applications of STM will pave the way for new strategies designing highly functional multisite receptor systems for sensing, catalysis, and pharmacological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen N Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science and Engineering Program, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4630, USA.
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6
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Structure, Properties, and Reactivity of Porphyrins on Surfaces and Nanostructures with Periodic DFT Calculations. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10030740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Porphyrins are fascinating molecules with applications spanning various scientific fields. In this review we present the use of periodic density functional theory (PDFT) calculations to study the structure, electronic properties, and reactivity of porphyrins on ordered two dimensional surfaces and in the formation of nanostructures. The focus of the review is to describe the application of PDFT calculations for bridging the gaps in experimental studies on porphyrin nanostructures and self-assembly on 2D surfaces. A survey of different DFT functionals used to study the porphyrin-based system as well as their advantages and disadvantages in studying these systems is presented.
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7
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Chilukuri B, Mazur U, Hipps KW. Cooperativity and coverage dependent molecular desorption in self-assembled monolayers: computational case study with coronene on Au(111) and HOPG. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:10505-10513. [PMID: 31070644 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp01774g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
One of the common practices in the literature of molecular desorption is the comparison of theoretically (mostly using DFT) calculated single molecule adsorption energies with experimental desorption energies from studies like temperature programmed desorption (TPD) etc. Comparisons like those do not consider that the experimental desorption energies are obtained via ensemble techniques while theoretical values are calculated at the single molecule level. Theoretical values are generally based upon desorption of a single molecule from a clean surface, or upon desorption of an entire monolayer. On the other hand, coverage dependent molecule-molecule interactions add to and modify molecule-substrate interactions that contribute to the experimentally determined desorption energies. In this work, we explore the suitability of an additive nearest neighbor model for determining general coverage dependent single molecule desorption energies in non-covalent self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). These coverage dependent values serve as essential input to any model attempting to reproduce coverage dependent desorption or for understanding the time dependent desorption from a partially covered surface. This method is tested using a case study of coronene adsorbed on Au(111) and HOPG substrates with periodic DFT calculations. Calculations show that coronene exhibits coverage and substrate dependence in molecular desorption. We found that intermolecular contact energies in the coronene monolayer are not strongly influenced by the HOPG substrate, while coronene desorption on Au(111) exhibits strong cooperativity where the additive model fails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskar Chilukuri
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4630, USA.
| | - Ursula Mazur
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4630, USA.
| | - K W Hipps
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4630, USA.
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8
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Chang MH, Kim NY, Chang YH, Lee Y, Jeon US, Kim H, Kim YH, Kahng SJ. O 2, NO 2 and NH 3 coordination to Co-porphyrin studied with scanning tunneling microscopy on Au(111). NANOSCALE 2019; 11:8510-8517. [PMID: 30990501 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr00843h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The coordination structure between small molecules and metalloporphyrins plays a crucial role in functional reactions such as bio-oxidation and catalytic activation. Their vertical, tilting, and dynamic structures have been actively studied with diffraction and resonance spectroscopy for the past four decades. Contrastingly, real-space visualization beyond simple protrusion and depression is relatively rare. In this paper, high-resolution scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) images are presented of di-, tri-, and tetra-atomic small molecules (O2, NO2, and NH3, respectively) coordinated to Co-porphyrin on Au(111). A square ring structure was observed for O2, a rectangular ring structure for NO2, and a bright-center structure for NH3 at 80 K. The symmetries of experimental STM images were reproduced in density functional theory (DFT) calculations, considering the precession motion of the small molecules. Thus, this study shows that the structure of small molecules coordinated to metalloporphyrins can be visualized using high-resolution STM and DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Hui Chang
- Department of Physics, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Tada K, Maeda Y, Ozaki H, Tanaka S, Yamazaki SI. Theoretical investigation on the interaction between Rh III octaethylporphyrin and a graphite basal surface: a comparison study of DFT, DFT-D, and AFM. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:20235-20246. [PMID: 30033464 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp02923g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Using density functional theory based calculations and atomic-force-microscopy observations, we investigated the interaction between [RhIII(OEP)(Cl)] (OEP = octaethylporphyrin) and a graphite basal surface, and the electronic structure of [RhIII(OEP)(Cl)]/graphite. The [RhIII(OEP)(Cl)] complex has an electronic structure effective for CO activation, possessing a closed singlet structure as its ground state; hence, both σ-donation from the CO molecule (anode-reaction reactant) to RhIII, and π-back-donation from RhIII to CO, occur, because the [RhIII(OEP)(Cl)] complex does not have a singlet occupied molecular orbital on the porphyrin ring, the π-π stacking interaction between porphyrin and graphite is not present and their interaction is dominated by dispersion forces. The [RhIII(OEP)(Cl)] complex easily diffused on the graphite basal surface, and an aggregated structure of [RhIII(OEP)(Cl)] was observed by atomic force microscopy. The difference of the electronic structures of [RhIII(OEP)(Cl)] before and after its adsorption is very small, the dispersion force being the dominant force for the adsorption. However, the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital of [RhIII(OEP)(Cl)]/graphite is a σ bonding orbital between RhIII and graphite that will cause fast electron transfer from [RhIII(OEP)(Cl)] to graphite during the CO electro-oxidation; this would be a reason why the carbon-supported [RhIII(OEP)(Cl)] has high catalytic activity for CO electro-oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Tada
- Research Institute of Electrochemical Energy, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-8-31, Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan.
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10
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Oliveira J, Bragança AM, Alcácer L, Morgado J, Figueiredo M, Bioucas-Dias J, Ferreira Q. Sparse-coding denoising applied to reversible conformational switching of a porphyrin self-assembled monolayer induced by scanning tunnelling microscopy. J Microsc 2018; 271:98-108. [PMID: 29655172 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) was used to induce conformational molecular switching on a self-assembled monolayer of zinc-octaethylporphyrin on a graphite/tetradecane interface at room temperature. A reversible conformational change controlled by applying a tip voltage was observed. Consecutive STM images acquired at alternating tip voltages showed that at 0.4 V the porphyrin monolayer presents a molecular arrangement formed by alternate rows with two different types of structural conformations and when the potential is increased to 0.7 V the monolayer presents only one type of conformation. In this paper, we characterize these porphyrin conformational dynamics by analyzing the STM images, which were improved for better quality and interpretation by means of a denoising algorithm, adapted to process STM images from state of the art image processing and analysis methods. STM remains the best technique to 'see' and to manipulate the matter at atomic scale. A very sharp tip a few angstroms of the surface can provide images of molecules and atoms with a powerful resolution. However, these images are strongly affected by noise which is necessary to correct and eliminate. This paper is about new computational tools specifically developed to denoise the images acquired with STM. The new algorithms were tested in STM images, obtained at room temperature, of porphyrin monolayer which presents reversible conformational change in function of the tip bias voltage. Images with high resolution, acquired in real time, show that the porphyrins have different molecular arrangements whether the tip voltage is 0.4 V or 0.7 V.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Oliveira
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal.,Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), Av. das Forças Armadas, 1649-026, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - A M Bragança
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - L Alcácer
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - J Morgado
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal.,Bioengineering Department, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - M Figueiredo
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - J Bioucas-Dias
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Q Ferreira
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
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11
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Hipps KW, Mazur U. Kinetic and Thermodynamic Control in Porphyrin and Phthalocyanine Self-Assembled Monolayers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:3-17. [PMID: 28929771 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b02672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Porphyrins and phthalocyanines are ubiquitous in modern science and technology. Their stability, redox properties, and photoresponse make them candidates for numerous applications. Many of these applications rely on thin films, and these are critically dependent on the first monolayer. In this article, we focus on noncovalently bound self-assembled monolayers of porphyrins and phthalocyanines at the solution-solid interface with special emphasis on the kinetic and thermodynamic processes that define the films and their reaction chemistry. We first discuss the difference between film-formation kinetics and desorption kinetics from fully formed films. We then present evidence that many of these monolayers are controlled by adsorption kinetics and are not in thermodynamic equilibrium. Measurement of the solution-solid interface desorption energy by scanning tunneling microscopy is discussed, and data is presented for cobalt, nickel, and free base octaethylporphyrin. The activation energy for the desorption of these compounds into phenyloctane is about half of the computed desorption energy in vacuum, and this is discussed in terms of the role of the solvent. Preexponential factors are very low compared to desorption into vacuum, and this is attributed to a reduction in the entropy of activation due to the participation of solvent in the transition state. An example of the use of relative desorption kinetics to create a new binary surface structure is given. It is suggested that this is a synthesis route that may have been missed because of the large difference in solution concentrations required to drive binary film formation. Attention then turns to the axial reaction chemistry of metalloporphyrins and metallophthalocyanines supported on conducting surfaces. We show several examples of chemistry unique to the supported complexes: cases where the metal binds ligands more readily and cases where the substrate induces ligand loss. Understanding this new axial coordination chemistry is of great importance in catalysis, sensing, and the growth of 3D materials from a self-assembled template.
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Affiliation(s)
- K W Hipps
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science & Engineering Program, Washington State University , Pullman, Washington 99163-4630, United States
| | - Ursula Mazur
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science & Engineering Program, Washington State University , Pullman, Washington 99163-4630, United States
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12
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Saravanan RK, Avasthi I, Prajapati RK, Verma S. Surface modification and pattern formation by nucleobases and their coordination complexes. RSC Adv 2018; 8:24541-24560. [PMID: 35539208 PMCID: PMC9082088 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra03903h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This review presents recent progress concerning the organization of nucleobases on highly ordered pyrolytic graphite (HOPG), mica, Cu(110) and Au(111) surfaces, followed by their studies using microscopy methods such as atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Interesting research prospects related to surface patterning by nucleobases, nucleobase-functionalized carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and metal–nucleobase coordination polymers are also discussed, which offer a wide array of functional molecules for advanced applications. Nucleobases and their analogs are able to invoke non-covalent interactions such as π–π stacking and hydrogen bonding, and possess the required framework to coordinate metal ions, giving rise to fascinating supramolecular architectures. The latter could be transferred to conductive substrates, such as HOPG and gold, for assessment by high-end tunneling microscopy under various conditions. Clear understanding of the principles governing nucleobase self-assembly and metal ion complexation, and precise control over generation of functional architectures, might lead to custom assemblies for targeted nanotechnological and nanomaterial applications. This review highlights recent advancements in surface patterning of nucleobases, their analogs including nucleobase-CNT hybrids and metal complexes, using various microscopy techniques for nanotechnological applications.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Kamal Saravanan
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
- Kanpur, 208016
- India
| | - Ilesha Avasthi
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
- Kanpur, 208016
- India
| | - Rajneesh Kumar Prajapati
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
- Kanpur, 208016
- India
- Centre for Nanoscience
| | - Sandeep Verma
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
- Kanpur, 208016
- India
- Centre for Nanoscience
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T. N. Ha N, Gopakumar TG, D. C. Yen N, Mende C, Smykalla L, Schlesinger M, Buschbeck R, Rüffer T, Lang H, Mehring M, Hietschold M. Ester formation at the liquid-solid interface. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 8:2139-2150. [PMID: 29090115 PMCID: PMC5647715 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.8.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A chemical reaction (esterification) within a molecular monolayer at the liquid-solid interface without any catalyst was studied using ambient scanning tunneling microscopy. The monolayer consisted of a regular array of two species, an organic acid (trimesic acid) and an alcohol (undecan-1-ol or decan-1-ol), coadsorbed out of a solution of the acid within the alcohol at the interface of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) (0001) substrate. The monoester was observed promptly after reaching a threshold either related to the increased packing density of the adsorbate layer (which can be controlled by the concentration of the trimesic acid within the alcoholic solution via sonication or extended stirring) or by reaching a threshold with regards to the deposition temperature. Evidence that esterification takes place directly at the liquid-solid interface was strongly supported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen T. N. Ha
- Solid Surfaces Analysis Group, Institute of Physics, Technische Universität Chemnitz, D-09107 Chemnitz, Germany
| | | | - Nguyen D. C. Yen
- Solid Surfaces Analysis Group, Institute of Physics, Technische Universität Chemnitz, D-09107 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Carola Mende
- Inorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Technische Universität Chemnitz, D-09107 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Lars Smykalla
- Solid Surfaces Analysis Group, Institute of Physics, Technische Universität Chemnitz, D-09107 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Maik Schlesinger
- Coordination Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Technische Universität Chemnitz, D-09107 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Roy Buschbeck
- Inorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Technische Universität Chemnitz, D-09107 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Tobias Rüffer
- Inorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Technische Universität Chemnitz, D-09107 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Heinrich Lang
- Inorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Technische Universität Chemnitz, D-09107 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Michael Mehring
- Coordination Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Technische Universität Chemnitz, D-09107 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Michael Hietschold
- Solid Surfaces Analysis Group, Institute of Physics, Technische Universität Chemnitz, D-09107 Chemnitz, Germany
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14
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Coil Interpenetration, Segment Aggregation and Adsorption of PEG at Water/Air Interface. J SURFACTANTS DETERG 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11743-017-1959-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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15
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Münninghoff JAW, Elemans JAAW. Chemistry at the square nanometer: reactivity at liquid/solid interfaces revealed with an STM. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:1769-1788. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc07862a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
An overview is given of single molecule reactivity at a liquid/solid interface employing a scanning tunneling microscope.
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