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Schlachter A, Lapprand A, Fortin D, Strohmann C, Harvey PD, Knorr M. From Short-Bite Ligand Assembled Ribbons to Nanosized Networks in Cu(I) Coordination Polymers Built Upon Bis(benzylthio)alkanes (BzS(CH 2) nSBz; n = 1-9). Inorg Chem 2020; 59:3686-3708. [PMID: 32134656 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b03275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
With the objective to establish a correlation between the spacer distance and halide dependence on the structural features of coordination polymers (CPs) assembled by the reaction between CuX salts (X = Cl, Br, I) and dithioether ligands BzS(CH2)nSBz (n = 1-9; Bz = benzyl), a series of 26 compounds have been prepared and structurally investigated. A particular attention has been devoted to the design of networks with extremely long and flexible methylene spacer units between the SBz donor sites. Under identical conditions, CuI and CuBr react with BzSCH2Bz (L1) affording respectively the one-dimensional (1D) CPs {Cu(μ2-I)2Cu}(μ-L1)2]n (CP1) and {Cu(μ2-Br)2Cu}(μ-L1)2] (CP2), which incorporate Cu(μ2-X)2Cu rhomboids as secondary building units (SBUs). The hitherto unknown architecture of two-dimensional (2D) layers obtained with CuCl (CP3) differs from that of CP1 and CP2, which bear inorganic -Cl-Cu-Cl-Cu-Cl- chains interconnected through bridging L1 ligands, thus forming a 2D architecture. The crystallographic characterization of a 1D CP obtained by reacting CuI with 1,3-bis(benzylthio)propane (L2) reveals that [{Cu(μ2-I)2Cu}(μ-L2)2]n (CP4) contains conventional Cu2I2 rhomboids as SBUs. In contrast, unusual isostructural CPs [{Cu(μ2-X)}(μ2-L2)]n (CP5) and (CP6) are obtained with CuX when X = Br and Cl, respectively, in which the isolated Cu atoms are bridged by a single μ2-Br or μ2-Cl ion giving rise to infinite [Cu(μ2-X)Cu]n ribbons. The crystal structure of the strongly luminescent three-dimensional (3D) polymer [{Cu4(μ3-I)3(μ4-I)(μ-L3)1.5]n (CP7) issued from reacting 2 equiv of CuI with BzS(CH2)4SBz (L3) has been redetermined. CP7 features unusual [(Cu4I3)(μ4-I)]n arrays securing the 3D connectivity. In contrast, mixing CuI with an excess of L3 provides the nonemissive material [{Cu(μ2-I)2Cu}(μ-L3)2]n (CP8). Treatment of CuBr and CuCl with L3 leads to [{Cu(μ2-Br)2Cu}(μ-L3)2]n (CP9) and the 0D complex [{Cu(μ2-Cl)2Cu}(μ-L3)2] (D1), respectively. The crystallographic particularity for CP9 is the coexistence of two topological isomers within the unit cell. The first one, CP9-1D, consists of simple 1D ribbons running along the a axis of the unit cell. The second topological isomer, CP9-2D, also consists of [Cu(μ2-Br)2Cu] SBUs, but these are interconnected in a 2D manner forming 2D sheets placed perpendicular to the 1D ribbons. Four 2D CPs, namely, [{Cu4(μ3-I)4}(μ-L4)2]n (CP10), [{Cu(μ2-I)2Cu}(μ-L4)2]n (CP11), [{Cu(μ2-Br)2Cu}(μ-L4)2]n (CP12), and [{Cu(μ2-Cl)2Cu}(μ-L4)2]n (CP13), stem from the self-assembly process of CuX with BzS(CH2)6SBz (L4). A similar series of 2D materials comprising [{Cu4(μ3-I)4}(μ-L5)2]n (CP14), [{Cu(μ2-I)2Cu}(μ-L5)2]n (CP15), [{Cu(μ2-Br)2Cu}(μ-L5)2]n (CP16), and [{Cu(μ2-Cl)2Cu}(μ-L5)2]n (CP17) result from the coordination of BzS(CH2)7SBz (L5) on CuX. Ligation of CuX with the long-chain ligand BzS(CH2)8SBz (L6) allows for the X-ray characterization of the luminescent 2D [{Cu4(μ3-I)4}(μ-L6)2]n (CP18) and the isostructural 1D series [{Cu(μ2-X)2Cu}(μ-L6)2]n CP19 (X = I), CP20 (X = Br) and CP21(X = Cl). Noteworthy, BzS(CH2)9SBz (L7) bearing a very flexible nine-atom chain generated the crystalline materials 2D [{Cu4(μ3-I)4}(μ-L7)2]n (CP22) and the isostructural 1D series [{Cu(μ2-X)2Cu}(μ-L6)2]n CP23 (X = I), CP24 (X = Br), and CP25 (X = Cl), featuring nanometric separations between the cubane- or rhomboid-SBUs. This comparative study reveals that the outcome of the reaction of CuX with the shorter ligands BzS(CH2)nSBz (n = 1-4) is not predictable. However, with more flexible spacer chains BzS(CH2)nSBz (n = 6-9), a clear structural pattern can be established. Using a 1:1 CuX-to-ligand ratio, [{Cu(μ2-X)2Cu}(μ-L4-7)2] CPs are always formed, irrespectively of L4-L7. Employing a 2:1 CuX-to-ligand ratio, only CuI is able to form networks incorporating Cu4(μ3-I)4 clusters as SBUs. All attempts to construct polynuclear cluster using CuBr and CuCl failed. The materials have been furthermore analyzed by powder X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis, and the photophysical properties of the emissive materials have been studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Schlachter
- Département de Chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, 2550 Boulevard Université, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada, J1K 2R1
| | - Antony Lapprand
- Département de Chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, 2550 Boulevard Université, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada, J1K 2R1.,Institut UTINAM, UMR CNRS 6213, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 16, Route de Gray, 25030 Besançon, France
| | - Daniel Fortin
- Département de Chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, 2550 Boulevard Université, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada, J1K 2R1
| | - Carsten Strohmann
- Anorganische Chemie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Pierre D Harvey
- Département de Chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, 2550 Boulevard Université, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada, J1K 2R1
| | - Michael Knorr
- Institut UTINAM, UMR CNRS 6213, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 16, Route de Gray, 25030 Besançon, France
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Schlachter A, Bonnot A, Fortin D, Karsenti PL, Knorr M, Harvey PD. Unusual triplet-triplet annihilation in a 3D copper(i) chloride coordination polymer. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:16538-16548. [PMID: 31313776 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp02891a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A new coordination polymer (CP) defined as [Cu2Cl2(EtS(CH2)4SEt)4]n (CP2) was prepared by reacting EtS(CH2)4SEt with CuCl in acetonitrile in a 1 : 2 stoichiometric ratio. The X-ray structure reveals formation of non-porous 3D material composed of parallel 2D-[Cu2Cl2S2]n layers of Cl-bridged Cu2(μ-Cl)2 rhomboids assembled by EtS(CH2)4SEt ligands. A weak triplet emission (Φe < 0.0001) is observed in the 400-500 nm range with τe of 0.93 (298 K) and 3.5 ns (77 K) as major components. CP2 is the only 2nd example of emissive thioether/CuCl-containing material and combined DFT/TDDFT computations suggest the presence of lowest energy M/XLCT excited states. Upon increasing the photon flux (i.e. laser power), a triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA) is induced with quenching time constants of 72 ps (kQ = 1.3 × 1010 s-1) and 1.0 ns (kQ = 7.1 × 108 s-1) at 298 and 77 K, respectively, proceeding through an excitation energy migration operating via a Dexter process. Two distinct (Io)1/2 (Io = laser power) dependences of the emission intensity are depicted, indicating saturation as the observed emission increases with the excitation flux. These findings differ from that previously reported isomorphous CP [Cu2Br2(μ-EtS(CH2)4SEt)4]n (CP1), which exhibits no TTA behaviour at 77 K, and only one (laser power)2 dependence at 298 K. The ∼18-fold increase in kQ upon warming CP2 from 77 to 298 K indicates a temperature-aided TTA process. The significant difference between the presence (slower, CP2) and absence (CP1) of TTA at 77 K is explained by the larger unit cell contraction of the former upon cooling. This is noticeable by the larger change in inter-rhomboid CuCu separation for CP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Schlachter
- Département de chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1K 2R1, Canada.
| | - Antoine Bonnot
- Département de chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1K 2R1, Canada.
| | - Daniel Fortin
- Département de chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1K 2R1, Canada.
| | - Paul-Ludovic Karsenti
- Département de chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1K 2R1, Canada.
| | - Michael Knorr
- Institut UTINAM UMR CNRS 6213, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25030 Besançon, France.
| | - Pierre D Harvey
- Département de chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1K 2R1, Canada.
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Raghuvanshi A, Knorr M, Knauer L, Strohmann C, Boullanger S, Moutarlier V, Viau L. 1,3-Dithianes as Assembling Ligands for the Construction of Copper(I) Coordination Polymers. Investigation of the Impact of the RC(H)S 2C 3H 6 Substituent and Reaction Conditions on the Architecture of the 0D-3D Networks. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:5753-5775. [PMID: 31013066 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The parent compound 1,3-dithiane (L1) was reacted with CuI providing the 1D coordination polymer [{Cu(μ2-I)2Cu}(μ2-L1)2] n (CP1), an isostructural compound [{Cu(μ2-Br)2Cu}(μ2-L1)2] n (CP2) was isolated upon treatment of CuBr with L1. In contrast, treatment of L1 with CuCl results in the formation of 2D polymeric [{Cu(μ2-Cl)2Cu}(μ2-L1)] n (CP3), in which each sulfur atom acts as a 4-electron donor. The 1D compounds [{Cu(μ2-X)2Cu}(μ2-L2)2] n (CP7, X = Br, and CP8, X = Cl) resulting from treatment of 2-methyl-1,3 dithiane (L2) with CuBr and CuCl are isostructural with their CuI homologue [{Cu(μ2-I)2Cu}(μ2-L2)2] n (CP5), reported previously. Using CuCN, a 2D CP of composition [{Cu(μ2-CN)2Cu}(μ2-L2)2] n (CP9) has been isolated. Complexation of 2-isobutyl-1,3-dithiane (L3) on CuI generates a 2D material [{Cu3(μ3-I)(μ2-I)2(μ2-L3)2}] n (CP10), incorporating the usual trinuclear μ3-I-capped Cu clusters as SBUs, whereas 2D-polymeric compounds [{Cu(μ2-Br)2Cu}(μ2-L3)2] n (CP11) and [{Cu(μ2-Cl)2Cu}(μ2-L3)2] n (CP12) were obtained with CuBr and CuCl. Treatment of 2-Me3Si-1,3-dithiane (L4) with CuX yields the series [{Cu2(μ4-X)(μ2-X)}(μ2-L4)] n (CP13-CP15). With 2-phenyl-1,3-dithiane (L5), the outcome of the reaction with CuI depends on the reaction conditions. Reaction with CuI in MeCN provides a 1D ribbon [{Cu(μ2-I)2Cu}(MeCN)2(μ2-L5)2] n (CP16), whereas treatment of CuI with L5 in hot EtCN yields 2D-polymeric[{Cu3(μ3-I)(μ2-I)2(μ2-L5)2}] n (CP17). A reversible phase transition from triclinic P1̅ to monoclinic P21/ m is observed when recording the structure of CP16 at five different temperatures in the 100-300 K range. Ligand L6 containing a ferrocenyl function at the 2-position was also probed as organometallic dithioether ligand. Reaction of L6 with 1 equiv of CuI produces the 0D dinuclear complex [{Cu(μ2-I)2Cu}(η1-L6)2(MeCN)2] (D1), whereas treatment with 2 equiv of CuI affords the novel 1D CP [{Cu(μ3-I)2Cu}(μ-L6)] n (CP18), in which both S atoms of one L6 molecule span two copper centers of the infinite (CuI) n ribbon. Some selected results of thermal analyses and luminescence measurements are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav Raghuvanshi
- Institut UTINAM, UMR CNRS 6213, 16 Route de Gray , Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté , 25030 Besançon , France
| | - Michael Knorr
- Institut UTINAM, UMR CNRS 6213, 16 Route de Gray , Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté , 25030 Besançon , France
| | - Lena Knauer
- Anorganische Chemie , Technische Universität Dortmund , Otto-Hahn-Straße 6 , 44227 Dortmund , Germany
| | - Carsten Strohmann
- Anorganische Chemie , Technische Universität Dortmund , Otto-Hahn-Straße 6 , 44227 Dortmund , Germany
| | - Stéphanie Boullanger
- Institut UTINAM, UMR CNRS 6213, 16 Route de Gray , Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté , 25030 Besançon , France
| | - Virginie Moutarlier
- Institut UTINAM, UMR CNRS 6213, 16 Route de Gray , Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté , 25030 Besançon , France
| | - Lydie Viau
- Institut UTINAM, UMR CNRS 6213, 16 Route de Gray , Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté , 25030 Besançon , France
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Medishetty R, Zaręba JK, Mayer D, Samoć M, Fischer RA. Nonlinear optical properties, upconversion and lasing in metal–organic frameworks. Chem Soc Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00162b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 387] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The building block modular approach that lies behind coordination polymers (CPs) and metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) results not only in a plethora of materials that can be obtained but also in a vast array of nonlinear optical properties that could be aimed at.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghavender Medishetty
- Chair for Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry
- Technische Universität München
- D-85747 Garching
- Germany
| | - Jan K. Zaręba
- Advanced Materials Engineering and Modelling Group
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Wrocław University of Science and Technology
- 50-370 Wrocław
- Poland
| | - David Mayer
- Chair for Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry
- Technische Universität München
- D-85747 Garching
- Germany
| | - Marek Samoć
- Advanced Materials Engineering and Modelling Group
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Wrocław University of Science and Technology
- 50-370 Wrocław
- Poland
| | - Roland A. Fischer
- Chair for Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry
- Technische Universität München
- D-85747 Garching
- Germany
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