1
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Radjendirane AC, Maurya DK, Ren J, Hou H, Algadi H, Xu BB, Guo Z, Angaiah S. Overview of Inorganic Electrolytes for All-Solid-State Sodium Batteries. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024. [PMID: 39078042 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c01845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
All-solid-state sodium batteries (AS3B) emerged as a strong contender in the global electrochemical energy storage market as a replacement for current lithium-ion batteries (LIB) owing to their high abundance, low cost, high safety, high energy density, and long calendar life. Inorganic electrolytes (IEs) are highly preferred over the conventional liquid and solid polymer electrolytes for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) due to their high ionic conductivity (∼10-2-10-4 S cm-1), wide potential window (∼5 V), and overall better battery performances. This review discusses the bird's eye view of the recent progress in inorganic electrolytes such as Na-β"-alumina, NASICON, sulfides, antipervoskites, borohydride-type electrolytes, etc. for AS3Bs. Current state-of-the-art inorganic electrolytes in correlation with their ionic conduction mechanism present challenges and interfacial characteristics that have been critically reviewed in this review. The current challenges associated with the present battery configuration are overlooked, and also the chemical and electrochemical stabilities are emphasized. The substantial solution based on ongoing electrolyte development and promising modification strategies are also suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aakash Carthick Radjendirane
- Electro-Materials Research Laboratory, Centre for Nanoscience and Technology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605 014, India
| | - Dheeraj Kumar Maurya
- Electro-Materials Research Laboratory, Centre for Nanoscience and Technology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605 014, India
| | - Juanna Ren
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
- Integrated Composites Laboratory (ICL), Department of Mechanical and Construction Engineering, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K
| | - Hua Hou
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Hassan Algadi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Najran University, Najran 11001, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ben Bin Xu
- Integrated Composites Laboratory (ICL), Department of Mechanical and Construction Engineering, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K
| | - Zhanhu Guo
- Integrated Composites Laboratory (ICL), Department of Mechanical and Construction Engineering, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K
| | - Subramania Angaiah
- Electro-Materials Research Laboratory, Centre for Nanoscience and Technology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605 014, India
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2
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Liu X, Lu Q, Yang A, Qian Y. High ionic conductive protection layer on Zn metal anode for enhanced aqueous zinc-ion batteries. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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3
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Wang H, Zhao G, Wang S, Liu D, Mei Z, An Q, Jiang J, Guo H. Enhanced ionic conductivity of a Na 3Zr 2Si 2PO 12 solid electrolyte with Na 2SiO 3 obtained by liquid phase sintering for solid-state Na + batteries. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:823-832. [PMID: 34985068 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr06959d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
NASICON-type Na3Zr2Si2PO12 (NZSP) is supposed to be one of the best potential solid electrolytes with the characteristics of high ionic conductivity and safety for use in solid-state sodium batteries. Many methods have been used to enhance the ionic conductivity of NZSP, among which liquid phase sintering is a simple and rapid method. However, the transport mechanism of sodium ions in a NZSP electrolyte obtained by liquid phase sintering is not clear, and its application in solid-state batteries has not been confirmed. In this study, we synthesized NZSP with Na2SiO3 additives by liquid phase sintering to reduce the sintering temperature and improve the ionic conductivity. NZSP with 5 wt% Na2SiO3 (NZSP-NSO-5) achieves the highest ionic conductivity of 1.28 mS cm-1 and the lowest activation energy of 0.21 eV. Furthermore, the DFT study proves the Na+ diffusion mechanism and the decline in activation energy after addition. Lastly, the Na/Na3V2(PO4)3 battery with a Na2SiO3-added NZSP solid electrolyte exhibits a remarkably extended cycling capacity of 96.6% capacity retention after being cycled at 0.1 C 100 times. The liquid phase sintering with addition of low melting point salt compounds to electrolyte powder represents a rapid and straightforward technique for improving other ceramic electrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Wang
- School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Materials and Technology, Yunnan University, No. 2, Green Lake North Road, Kunming 650091, China.
| | - Genfu Zhao
- School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Materials and Technology, Yunnan University, No. 2, Green Lake North Road, Kunming 650091, China.
| | - Shimin Wang
- School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Materials and Technology, Yunnan University, No. 2, Green Lake North Road, Kunming 650091, China.
| | - Dangling Liu
- School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Materials and Technology, Yunnan University, No. 2, Green Lake North Road, Kunming 650091, China.
| | - Zhiyuan Mei
- School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Materials and Technology, Yunnan University, No. 2, Green Lake North Road, Kunming 650091, China.
| | - Qi An
- School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Materials and Technology, Yunnan University, No. 2, Green Lake North Road, Kunming 650091, China.
| | - Jingwen Jiang
- School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Materials and Technology, Yunnan University, No. 2, Green Lake North Road, Kunming 650091, China.
| | - Hong Guo
- School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Materials and Technology, Yunnan University, No. 2, Green Lake North Road, Kunming 650091, China.
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4
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Schütt J, Pescher F, Neitzel-Grieshammer S. The Origin of High Na + Ion Conductivity in Na 1+xZr 2Si xP 3–xO 12 NASICON Materials. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:22154-22167. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp03621e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Due to the high sodium ion conductivity, sodium super ionic conductors (NASICONs) are among the most promising candidates as solid electrolyte in solid state batteries and have therefore gained enormous...
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5
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Wu Y, Cao Z, Song L, Gao J. NaFe 2PO 4(MoO 4) 2: A Promising NASICON-Type Electrode Material for Sodium-Ion Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:48865-48871. [PMID: 34633176 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c15010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Searching for polyanionic electrode materials with high Na+ and electronic conductivity is pivotal to realize high-performance sodium-ion batteries. Here, we report a novel polyanionic-based NASICON-type compound, NaFe2PO4(MoO4)2 (NFPM), that does not crystallize in the common space group R-3c or C2/c but in the rare P2/c. The studies on bond valence sum maps show that NFPM has high Na+ conductivity because the large volumes of MoO4 groups make the interstitial channels wider, thus making the energy barrier of Na+ diffusion decrease along these channels. Density functional theory calculations demonstrate that NFPM has high electronic conductivity because the contribution of Mo 4d orbitals on the formation of the bottom of the conduction band makes the connected MoO4 groups take part in electron transport. Electrochemical tests exhibit that NFPM can deliver a capacity of ∼80 mAh g-1 with good reversible cyclability utilizing the Fe3+/Fe2+ redox couple. In situ X-ray diffraction measurements indicate that NFPM undergoes one-phase reaction mechanism in the process of charge and discharge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wu
- School of Physics, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Zhenyu Cao
- School of Physics, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Limei Song
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xi'an University, Xi'an 710065, China
| | - Jianhua Gao
- School of Physics, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
- State Key Laboratory of Photon-Technology in Western China Energy, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
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6
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Yang Z, Tang B, Xie Z, Zhou Z. NASICON‐Type Na
3
Zr
2
Si
2
PO
12
Solid‐State Electrolytes for Sodium Batteries**. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202001527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhendong Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Institute of New Energy Material Chemistry Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (ReCast) Nankai University Tianjin 300350 P. R. China
| | - Bin Tang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Institute of New Energy Material Chemistry Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (ReCast) Nankai University Tianjin 300350 P. R. China
| | - Zhaojun Xie
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Institute of New Energy Material Chemistry Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (ReCast) Nankai University Tianjin 300350 P. R. China
| | - Zhen Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Institute of New Energy Material Chemistry Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (ReCast) Nankai University Tianjin 300350 P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Functional Material Manufacturing of Ministry of Education School of Chemical Engineering Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 P. R. China
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7
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Luong HD, Dinh VA, Momida H, Oguchi T. Insight into the diffusion mechanism of sodium ion-polaron complexes in orthorhombic P2 layered cathode oxide Na xMnO 2. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:18219-18228. [PMID: 32776034 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp03208e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Using the density functional theory, we investigated the geometric, electronic structure, phase stability and electrochemical properties of a potential P2 layer orthorhombic cathode material NaxMnO2 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) applied for sodium-ion batteries. Herein, we shed the light on the undeniable effect of the polaron formation and polaron migration on the diffusion of Na+ ions in the orthorhombic P2 layered oxides. Both GGA+U and HSE06 methods agree that, when a Na+ ion is removed from the fully charged state of NaMnO2, the accompanying polaron preferably forms at one of the third nearest Mn (3NN) octahedra to the Na vacancy, implying the oxidization of the Mn3+ ion at one of these 3NN sites to Mn4+. The positive polaron migrates simultaneously with the Na vacancy and would hinder the diffusion of Na ions. Two kinds of elementary diffusion processes, named parallel and crossing, have been explored which required almost same activation energy of about 423 meV (518 meV) by GGA+U (HSE06). In the fully discharged state, GGA+U and HSE06 methods indicate that the negative polaron forms at one of the second nearest Mn neighbours (2NN). The activation energy of 273 meV (327 meV) is needed for diffusion in a structure with a low Na concentration, which is much lower than that required for diffusion in the Na-rich regime. Consequently, Na+ ions can diffuse easier at lower Na concentrations. With the overall activation energy of 423 meV (518 meV), this material exhibits a faster ion diffusion in comparison with the prevailing lithium-based materials such as olivine phosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huu Duc Luong
- Department of Precision Science & Technology and Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan and Department of Theoretical Nanotechnology, Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan.
| | - Van An Dinh
- Nanotechnology Program, Vietnam-Japan University, National University of Hanoi, Luu Huu Phuoc Street, Nam Tu Liem District, 1000, Vietnam. and Centre of Atomistic and Molecular Technologies, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Momida
- Department of Theoretical Nanotechnology, Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan. and Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 615-8245, Japan
| | - Tamio Oguchi
- Department of Theoretical Nanotechnology, Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan. and Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 615-8245, Japan
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8
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Tran T, Luong HD, Duong DM, Dinh NT, Dinh VA. Hybrid Functional Study on Small Polaron Formation and Ion Diffusion in the Cathode Material Na 2Mn 3(SO 4) 4. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:5429-5435. [PMID: 32201834 PMCID: PMC7081391 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The crystal structure, electronic structure, and diffusion mechanism of Na ions in the cathode material Na2Mn3(SO4)4 are investigated based on the Heyd-Scuseria-Ernzerhof hybrid density functional method. The simultaneous motion model of polaron-sodium vacancy complexes was used to reveal the diffusion mechanism of Na ions in this material. Polaron formation at the Mn third-nearest neighbor to the Na vacancy was found. Two crossing and two parallel elementary diffusion processes of the polaron-Na vacancy complex were explored. The most preferable elementary diffusion process has an activation energy of 852 meV, which generates a zigzag-like pathway of Na-ion diffusion along the [001] direction in the whole material. Possessing a voltage of 4.4 V and an activation energy of 852 meV, Na2Mn3(SO4)4 is expected to be a good cathode material for rechargeable sodium ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thien
Lan Tran
- Nanotechnology
Program, VNU Vietnam Japan University, Luu Huu Phuoc Street, My Dinh I, Nam Tu Liem, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam
- Department
of Physics, Hue University of Education,
Hue University, 34 Le
Loi Street, Hue 49000, Vietnam
| | - Huu Duc Luong
- Nanotechnology
Program, VNU Vietnam Japan University, Luu Huu Phuoc Street, My Dinh I, Nam Tu Liem, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam
- Division
of Precision Science & Technology and Applied Physics, Graduate
School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Department
of Theoretical Nanotechnology, The Institute of Scientific and Industrial
Research, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Diem My Duong
- Center
of Theoretical and Computational Physics, Hue University of Education, Hue University, 34 Le Loi Street, Hue 49000, Vietnam
| | - Nhu Thao Dinh
- Department
of Physics, Hue University of Education,
Hue University, 34 Le
Loi Street, Hue 49000, Vietnam
| | - Van An Dinh
- Nanotechnology
Program, VNU Vietnam Japan University, Luu Huu Phuoc Street, My Dinh I, Nam Tu Liem, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam
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9
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Wang Q, Wang Q, Zhang M, Han B, Zhou C, Chen Y, Lv G. A first-principles investigation of the influence of polyanionic boron doping on the stability and electrochemical behavior of Na 3V 2(PO 4) 3. J Mol Model 2019; 25:96. [PMID: 30868249 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-019-3971-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Na3V2(PO4)3 (NVP) is one of the most promising candidates for use as cathodes in room-temperature sodium ion batteries owing to its high structural stability and rapid Na+ transportation kinetics. The cationic doping of foreign ions at Na or V sites in the NVP lattice has proven to be an effective approach for enhancing the electrochemical performance of NVP. In this work, we present a first-principles density functional theory investigation of the impact of polyanionic boron doping at P sites on the structural and electrochemical behavior of NVP. Our simulation results suggest that B doping considerably increases the structural stability of NVP while shrinking its lattice size to some extent. Since B donates far fewer electrons to connected O atoms, the surrounding V atoms become more positive, causing the operating voltage to increase with B content. However, the reduction in lattice size is not beneficial for the Na+ transportation kinetics. As demonstrated by a search for the transition state, a concerted ion-exchange mechanism is preferred for Na+ transportation, and increased B doping leads to a higher Na+ diffusion barrier. Improvements in electrochemical performance due to B doping see (Hu et al. Adv Sci 3(12):1600112, 2016) appear to originate mainly from the resulting increased electrical conductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences Wuhan, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Quanyu Wang
- Network & Education Technology Center, China University of Geosciences Wuhan, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingying Zhang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences Wuhan, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Han
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences Wuhan, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenggang Zhou
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences Wuhan, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yanling Chen
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences Wuhan, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Guobin Lv
- Network & Education Technology Center, China University of Geosciences Wuhan, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Li Y, Deng Z, Peng J, Chen E, Yu Y, Li X, Luo J, Huang Y, Zhu J, Fang C, Li Q, Han J, Huang Y. A P2-Type Layered Superionic Conductor Ga-Doped Na2
Zn2
TeO6
for All-Solid-State Sodium-Ion Batteries. Chemistry 2018; 24:1057-1061. [PMID: 29226609 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan, Hubei 430074 P. R. China
| | - Zhi Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan, Hubei 430074 P. R. China
| | - Jian Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan, Hubei 430074 P. R. China
| | - Enyi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan, Hubei 430074 P. R. China
| | - Yao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan, Hubei 430074 P. R. China
| | - Xiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan, Hubei 430074 P. R. China
| | - Jiahuan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan, Hubei 430074 P. R. China
| | - Yangyang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan, Hubei 430074 P. R. China
| | - Jinlong Zhu
- Center for High Pressure Science & Technology Advanced Research; Beijing 100094 P. R. China
| | - Chun Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan, Hubei 430074 P. R. China
| | - Qing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan, Hubei 430074 P. R. China
| | - Jiantao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan, Hubei 430074 P. R. China
| | - Yunhui Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan, Hubei 430074 P. R. China
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11
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Luong HD, Pham TD, Morikawa Y, Shibutani Y, Dinh VA. Diffusion mechanism of Na ion–polaron complex in potential cathode materials NaVOPO4 and VOPO4 for rechargeable sodium-ion batteries. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:23625-23634. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp03391a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Using the density functional method, we investigated the crystal and electronic structures and the electrochemical properties of NaxVOPO4 (x = 0, 1) and explored the diffusion mechanism of Na ions in these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huu Duc Luong
- NanoTechnology Program
- Vietnam – Japan University
- National University of Hanoi
- Nam Tu Liem District
- Vietnam
| | - Thi Dung Pham
- NanoTechnology Program
- Vietnam – Japan University
- National University of Hanoi
- Nam Tu Liem District
- Vietnam
| | - Yoshitada Morikawa
- Department of Precision Science and Applied Physics
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Osaka University
- Suita
- Japan
| | - Yoji Shibutani
- NanoTechnology Program
- Vietnam – Japan University
- National University of Hanoi
- Nam Tu Liem District
- Vietnam
| | - Van An Dinh
- NanoTechnology Program
- Vietnam – Japan University
- National University of Hanoi
- Nam Tu Liem District
- Vietnam
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