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Gupta S, Zhang JJ, Lei J, Yu H, Liu M, Zou X, Yakobson BI. Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenides: A Theory and Simulation Perspective. Chem Rev 2025; 125:786-834. [PMID: 39746214 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2025]
Abstract
Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (2D TMDs) are a promising class of functional materials for fundamental physics explorations and applications in next-generation electronics, catalysis, quantum technologies, and energy-related fields. Theory and simulations have played a pivotal role in recent advancements, from understanding physical properties and discovering new materials to elucidating synthesis processes and designing novel devices. The key has been developments in ab initio theory, deep learning, molecular dynamics, high-throughput computations, and multiscale methods. This review focuses on how theory and simulations have contributed to recent progress in 2D TMDs research, particularly in understanding properties of twisted moiré-based TMDs, predicting exotic quantum phases in TMD monolayers and heterostructures, understanding nucleation and growth processes in TMD synthesis, and comprehending electron transport and characteristics of different contacts in potential devices based on TMD heterostructures. The notable achievements provided by theory and simulations are highlighted, along with the challenges that need to be addressed. Although 2D TMDs have demonstrated potential and prototype devices have been created, we conclude by highlighting research areas that demand the most attention and how theory and simulation might address them and aid in attaining the true potential of 2D TMDs toward commercial device realizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunny Gupta
- Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jun-Jie Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- School of Physics, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189 China
| | - Jincheng Lei
- Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Henry Yu
- Quantum Simulation Group, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Mingjie Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
- Quantum Theory Project, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Xiaolong Zou
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center & Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Advanced Layered Materials for Value-added Applications, Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Boris I Yakobson
- Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Smalley-Curl Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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2
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Nicks J, Roseveare TM, Harris MS, Ashworth DJ, Danczuk G, Brammer L, Foster JA. Liquid exfoliation of a series of expanded layered Cu(II)-paddlewheel metal-organic frameworks to form nanosheets. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:21908-21915. [PMID: 39503483 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr02663b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2024]
Abstract
Ultrasonic liquid exfoliation provides a convenient route for converting layered materials into nanosheets. However, the relationship between the structure and morphology of the bulk materials and the properties of the resulting nanosheets remains poorly understood. In this work, we prepare an isoreticular series of layered metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) based on linear aromatic dicarboxylate derivatives (L1, L2, L3) with three different linker lengths (L3 > L2 > L1) and using copper(II) nitrate and acetate as metal ion sources. Liquid exfoliation of large crystals of all three MOFs [Cu2(L)2](solvent)2, synthesised from Cu(NO3)2, produced monolayer nanosheets with longer linkers leading to larger lateral dimensions. Exfoliation of smaller MOF crystals, formed using the copper(II) acetate salt under identical conditions, produced a much higher concentration of multi-layer nanosheets with smaller lateral dimensions. These results indicate that the initial crystal size plays an important role in determining both the lateral dimensions and the thicknesses of nanosheets. Such insights contribute to a deeper understanding of the design principles governing metal-organic framework nanosheets (MONs) and other two-dimensional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Nicks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
| | | | - Michael S Harris
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
| | - David J Ashworth
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
| | - George Danczuk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
| | - Lee Brammer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
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Lovro Brkić A, Supina A, Čapeta D, Dončević L, Ptiček L, Mandić Š, Racané L, Delač I. Stability and reversibility of organic molecule modifications of CVD-synthesized monolayer MoS 2. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 36:065702. [PMID: 39496202 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad8e6c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 11/04/2024] [Indexed: 11/06/2024]
Abstract
We investigated the stability of monolayer MoS2samples synthesized using chemical vapor deposition and subsequently modified with organic molecules under ambient conditions. By analyzing the optical signatures of the samples using photoluminescence spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and surface quality using atomic force microscopy, we observed that this modification of monolayer MoS2with organic molecules is stable and retains its optical signature over time under ambient conditions. Furthermore, we show the reversibility of the effects induced by the organic molecules, as heating the modified samples restores their original optical signatures, indicating the re-establishment of the optical properties of the pristine monolayer MoS2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antun Lovro Brkić
- Centre for Advanced Laser Techniques, Institute of Physics, Bijenička Cesta 46, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Physics Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana, Jadranska 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Antonio Supina
- Centre for Advanced Laser Techniques, Institute of Physics, Bijenička Cesta 46, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Davor Čapeta
- Centre for Advanced Laser Techniques, Institute of Physics, Bijenička Cesta 46, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lucija Dončević
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruder Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lucija Ptiček
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Textile Technology, Prilaz baruna Filipovića 28a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Šimun Mandić
- Centre for Advanced Laser Techniques, Institute of Physics, Bijenička Cesta 46, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Livio Racané
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Textile Technology, Prilaz baruna Filipovića 28a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ida Delač
- Centre for Advanced Laser Techniques, Institute of Physics, Bijenička Cesta 46, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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4
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Pang K, Fang X, Ye C, Wang Y, Zhao L, Gong C, Zhou S, Zhao G, Zhu Y, Zhang J. Efficient Production of Graphene through a Partially Frozen Suspension Exfoliation Process: An Insight into the Enhanced Interaction Based on Solid-Solid Interfaces. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:14102-14108. [PMID: 39453728 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c04329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2024]
Abstract
Liquid phase exfoliation (LPE) offers a promising path for scalable graphene production, but struggles with high energy consumption and low yield, with over 99.99% of the input energy wasted. Here, we present an energy-efficient approach for producing graphene via partially frozen-suspension exfoliation (PFE). As opposed to traditional liquid-solid interfaces, the solid-solid interface enhances shear strength between the frozen solvent and graphite from about 40 N m-2 to 105 N m-2. Additionally, the suspension flow transitions from turbulent to laminar, aligning graphite parallel to the flow direction and conducive to the effective utilization of shear force. Compared to conventional liquid-phase exfoliation (LPE), PFE improves energy efficiency by 102∼103 times. Furthermore, a production rate of 5 g h-1 has been achieved in a 10 L tank at an ultralow shear rate of 3 × 102 s-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixiang Pang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Applied Technology of Hybrid Nanomaterials, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoke Fang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Applied Technology of Hybrid Nanomaterials, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
| | - Chuanren Ye
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, & School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Yuanhui Wang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Applied Technology of Hybrid Nanomaterials, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
| | - Linlin Zhao
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Applied Technology of Hybrid Nanomaterials, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
| | - Chunhong Gong
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Applied Technology of Hybrid Nanomaterials, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
| | - Shuaishuai Zhou
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Applied Technology of Hybrid Nanomaterials, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
| | - Gai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control for Aerospace Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, P. R. China
| | - Yanwu Zhu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, & School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Jingwei Zhang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Applied Technology of Hybrid Nanomaterials, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
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5
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Yang J, Wan R, Zhang Z, Tian G, Ju S, Luo H, Peng B, Qiu Y. ScSeI Monolayer for Photocatalytic Water Splitting. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:49454-49464. [PMID: 39235951 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c11547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
We theoretically identify the ScSeI monolayer as a promising new 2D material for photocatalysis through first-principles calculations. The most notable feature is the significant difference in carrier mobility, with electron mobility in the horizontal direction being 20.66 times higher than hole mobility, minimizing electron-hole recombination. The ScSeI monolayer exhibits a bandgap of 2.51 eV, with the valence band maximum at -6.37 eV and the conduction band minimum at -3.86 eV, meeting the requirements for water splitting. Phosphorus doping lowers the Gibbs free energy by 1.63 eV, enhancing the catalytic activity. The ScSeI monolayer achieves a hydrogen production efficiency of 17%, surpassing the commercial threshold of 10% and shows excellent mechanical, thermal, and dynamic stability, indicating feasibility for experimental synthesis and practical application. Additionally, the monolayer maintains its photocatalytic properties under tensile strain (-6% to 6%) and in aqueous environments, reinforcing its potential as an effective photocatalyst. Based on these findings, we believe the ScSeI monolayer is a highly promising photocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingfu Yang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Rundong Wan
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Zhengfu Zhang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Guocai Tian
- Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Shaohua Ju
- Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Huilong Luo
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Biaolin Peng
- School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710126, China
| | - Yan Qiu
- Shenyang Aluminum Magnesium Design and Research Institute, Shenyang 110011, China
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6
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Ramteke SM, Walczak M, De Stefano M, Ruggiero A, Rosenkranz A, Marian M. 2D materials for Tribo-corrosion and -oxidation protection: A review. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 331:103243. [PMID: 38924802 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2024.103243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The recent rise of 2D materials has extended the opportunities of tuning a variety of properties. Tribo-corrosion, the complex synergy between mechanical wear and chemical corrosion, poses significant challenges across numerous industries where materials are subjected to both tribological stressing and corrosive environments. This intricate interplay often leads to accelerated material degradation and failure. This review critically assesses the current state of utilizing 2D nanomaterials to enhance tribo-corrosion and -oxidation behavior. The paper summarizes the fundamental knowledge about tribo-corrosion and -oxidation mechanisms before assessing the key contributions of 2D materials, including graphene, transition metal chalcogenides, hexagonal boron nitride, MXenes, and black phosphorous, regarding the resulting friction and wear behavior. The protective roles of these nanomaterials against corrosion and oxidation are investigated, highlighting their potential in mitigating material degradation. Furthermore, we delve into the nuanced interplay between mechanical and corrosive factors in the specific application of 2D materials for tribo-corrosion and -oxidation protection. The synthesis of key findings underscores the advancements achieved through integrating 2D nanomaterials. An outlook for future research directions is provided, identifying unexplored avenues, and proposing strategies to propel the field forward. This analysis aims at guiding future investigations and developments at the dynamic intersection of 2D nanomaterials, tribo-corrosion, and -oxidation protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangharatna M Ramteke
- Department of Mechanical and Metallurgical Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Magdalena Walczak
- Department of Mechanical and Metallurgical Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; ANID - Millennium Science Initiative Program, Millennium Institute for Green Ammonia (MIGA), Santiago, Chile.
| | - Marco De Stefano
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Ruggiero
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy.
| | - Andreas Rosenkranz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Materials (FCFM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; ANID - Millennium Science Initiative Program, Millennium Nuclei of Advanced MXenes for Sustainable Applications (AMXSA), Santiago, Chile.
| | - Max Marian
- Department of Mechanical and Metallurgical Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Institute for Machine Design and Tribology (IMKT), Leibniz University Hannover, Garbsen, Germany.
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7
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Villalpando G, Xie J, Mathur N, Cheng G, Yao N, Schoop LM. Freestanding monolayer CrOCl through chemical exfoliation. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2024. [PMID: 39092853 DOI: 10.1039/d4nh00137k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Magnetic two-dimensional (2D) materials are a unique class of quantum materials that can exhibit interesting magnetic phenomena, such as layer-dependent magnetism. The most significant barrier to 2D magnet discovery and study lies in our ability to exfoliate materials down to the monolayer limit. Therefore designing exfoliation methods that produce clean, monolayer sheets is crucial for the growth of 2D material research. In this work, we develop a facile chemical exfoliation method using lithium naphthalenide for obtaining 2D nanosheets of magnetic van der Waals material CrOCl. Using our optimized method, we obtain freestanding monolayers of CrOCl, with the thinnest measured height to date. We also provide magnetic characterization of bulk, intercalated intermediate, and nanosheet pellet CrOCl, showing that exfoliated nanosheets of CrOCl exhibit magnetic order. The results of this study highlight the tunability of the chemical exfoliation method, along with providing a simple method for obtaining 2D CrOCl.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jiaze Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
| | - Nitish Mathur
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
| | - Guangming Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
| | - Nan Yao
- Princeton Materials Institute, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Leslie M Schoop
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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8
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Navik R, Tan H, Zhang H, Shi L, Li J, Zhao Y. High-Throughput and Scalable Exfoliation of Large-Sized Ultrathin 2D Materials by Ball-Milling in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. SMALL METHODS 2024; 8:e2301334. [PMID: 38528378 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202301334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
The 2D materials exhibit numerous technological applications, but their scalable production is a core challenge. Herein, ball milling exfoliation in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) and polystyrene (PS) is demonstrated to completely exfoliate hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs), graphene, molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), and tungsten disulfide (WS2). The exfoliation yield of 91%, 93%, 92%, and 92% and average aspect ratios of 743, 565, 564, and 502 for BNNSs, graphene, MoS2, and WS2, respectively, are achieved. Integrating exfoliated BNNSS in the polystyrene matrix, 3768 % thermal conductivity in the axial direction and 316% in the cross-plane direction at 12 wt.% loading is increased. Also, the in-plane and cross-plane electrical conductivity of 6.3 × 10-4 S m-1 and 6.6 × 10-3 S m-1, respectively, and the electromagnetic interference (EMI) of 63.3 dB is achieved by exfoliated graphene nanosheets based composite. High thermal and electrical conductivities and EMI shielding are attributed to the high aspect ratio and ultrathin morphology of the exfoliated nanosheets, which exert high charge mobility and form better the percolation network in the composite films due to their high surface area. The process demonstrate herein can produce substantial quantities of diverse 2D nanosheets for widespread commercial utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Navik
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Guangzhou HKUST Fok Ying Tung Research Institute, Nansha IT Park, No. 2 Huan Shi Da Dao Road Nansha, Guangzhou, 511458, China
| | - Huijun Tan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Liyun Shi
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jia Li
- Guangzhou HKUST Fok Ying Tung Research Institute, Nansha IT Park, No. 2 Huan Shi Da Dao Road Nansha, Guangzhou, 511458, China
| | - Yaping Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
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9
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Singh B, Han J, Meziani MJ, Cao L, Yerra S, Collins J, Dumra S, Sun YP. Polymeric Nanocomposites of Boron Nitride Nanosheets for Enhanced Directional or Isotropic Thermal Transport Performance. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:1259. [PMID: 39120364 PMCID: PMC11314323 DOI: 10.3390/nano14151259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Polymeric composites with boron nitride nanosheets (BNNs), which are thermally conductive yet electrically insulating, have been pursued for a variety of technological applications, especially those for thermal management in electronic devices and systems. Highlighted in this review are recent advances in the effort to improve in-plane thermal transport performance in polymer/BNNs composites and also the growing research activities aimed at composites of enhanced cross-plane or isotropic thermal conductivity, for which various filler alignment strategies during composite fabrication have been explored. Also highlighted and discussed are some significant challenges and major opportunities for further advances in the development of thermally conductive composite materials and their mechanistic understandings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buta Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA (S.D.)
| | - Jinchen Han
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA
| | - Mohammed J. Meziani
- Department of Natural Sciences, Northwest Missouri State University, Maryville, MO 64468, USA
| | - Li Cao
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA
| | - Subhadra Yerra
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA (S.D.)
| | - Jordan Collins
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA (S.D.)
| | - Simran Dumra
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA (S.D.)
| | - Ya-Ping Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA (S.D.)
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10
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Azimi Z, Alimohammadian M, Sohrabi B. Graphene Quantum Dots Based on Mechanical Exfoliation Methods: A Simple and Eco-Friendly Technique. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:31427-31437. [PMID: 39072105 PMCID: PMC11270721 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c00453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) are very precious, widely used, and face significant challenges in preparation methods. In this study, three mechanical methods are investigated for the preparation of GQDs. All of these methods are green, cost-effective, and simple. In fact, Graphite, as a main source of GQDs, is exfoliated and fragmented under mechanical forces by sonication and ball milling. This mechanical exfoliation method is effective for converting large flakes of graphite into quantum dots. Additionally, the proposed methods are simple and faster than other top-down GQD fabrication methods. High-power sonication is applied to graphene flakes by using the liquid-phase exfoliation method. The liquid phase consists of ethanol and water, which are completely eco-friendly. Exfoliation and fragmentation of graphene flakes are performed using different sonication and ball-milling times. The obtained results from the analysis of the synthesized GQDs exhibit pristine graphene's distinct structural, chemical, and optical properties. Several analyses, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, were applied to study the product structure. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) were used to examine product size and morphology, which confirmed the nanosize of GQDs. The smallest observed size of GQDs is approximately 23 nm. It is estimated that 95% of the nanoparticles are between 0.001 and 0.1 μm in size (41 nm). The optical properties of GQDs were investigated by using ultraviolet-visible and photoluminescence (PL) techniques. The PL peak wavelength is approximately 610 nm. Eventually, the results proved that the combined use of two methods, ultrasonication and ball milling during liquid-phase exfoliation, will be a simple, cheap, and suitable method for the production of GQDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Azimi
- Surface Chemistry Research
Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Iran
University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 16846-13114, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Alimohammadian
- Surface Chemistry Research
Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Iran
University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 16846-13114, Tehran, Iran
| | - Beheshteh Sohrabi
- Surface Chemistry Research
Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Iran
University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 16846-13114, Tehran, Iran
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11
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Texter J, Li Q, Yan F. Leaflet-heterostructures by MWCNT self-assembly following electrospinning. iScience 2024; 27:110186. [PMID: 39021789 PMCID: PMC11253149 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Electrospinning of nanocarbons such as graphene and carbon nanotubes typically produces mats composed of one-dimensional fibers where the carrier polymer encapsulates the nanocarbons. Recently it was found that decreasing the amount of carrier polymer in approaching the electrospinning-electrospray boundary for graphene suspensions resulted in retention of the graphene two-dimensional anisotropy with one-dimensional carrier polymer fibers connecting flakes. We explored a similar decrease in carrier polymer in MWCNT suspensions to investigate the network topology that might ensue. Unexpectedly, two-dimensional leaflet meso-networks were obtained wherein the leaflets comprise laterally aligned MWCNTs one to several nanotubes thick. A mechanism based on capillary force-driven MWCNT self-assembly activated by menisci formed during drying of electrospun fibers is presented. Such materials offer new approaches to producing high surface-area coatings for catalytic and energy applications and suggest ways of formulating two-dimensional MWCNT assemblies in metal foams and other open-cell porous materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Texter
- Strider Research Corporation, Rochester, NY 14610-2246, USA
- Coating Research Institute, School of Engineering, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI 48197, USA
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Feng Yan
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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12
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Maurtua C, Zide J, Chakraborty C. Molecular beam epitaxy and other large-scale methods for producing monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2024; 36:383003. [PMID: 38901422 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ad5a5d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD/TMDC) monolayers have gained considerable attention in recent years for their unique properties. Some of these properties include direct bandgap emission and strong mechanical and electronic properties. For these reasons, monolayer TMDs have been considered a promising material for next-generation quantum technologies and optoelectronic devices. However, for the field to make more gainful advancements and be implemented in devices, high-quality TMD monolayers need to be produced at a larger scale with high quality. In this article, some of the current means to produce larger-scale semiconducting monolayer TMDs will be reviewed. An emphasis will be given to the technique of molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) for two main reasons: (1) there is a growing body of research using this technique to grow TMD monolayers and (2) there is yet to be a body of work that has summarized the current research for MBE monolayer growth of TMDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin Maurtua
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States of America
| | - Joshua Zide
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States of America
| | - Chitraleema Chakraborty
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States of America
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13
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Wadhwa G, Late DJ, Charhate S, Sankhyan SB. 1D and 2D Boron Nitride Nano Structures: A Critical Analysis for Emerging Applications in the Field of Nanocomposites. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:26737-26761. [PMID: 38947781 PMCID: PMC11209893 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c10217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Boron nitride (BN) with its 1D and 2D nano derivatives have gained immense popularity in both the field of research and applications. These nano derivatives have proved to be one of the most promising fillers which can be incorporated in polymers to form nanocomposites with excellent properties. These materials have been around for 25 years whereas significant research has been done in this field for only the past decade. There are many interesting properties which are imparted to the nanocomposites wherein thermal stability, large energy band gap, resistance to oxidation, excellent thermal conductivity, chemical inertness, and exceptional mechanical properties are just a few worthy of mention. Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) was selected as the parent material by most researchers reviewed in this paper through which 2D derivative Boron nitride nanosheets (BNNS) and 1D derivative Boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) are synthesized. This review will focus on the in-depth properties of h-BN and further will concisely focus on BNNS and BNNTs for their various properties. A detailed discussion of the addition of BNNS and BNNTs into polymers to form nanocomposites, their synthesis, properties, and applications is followed by a summary determining the most suitable synthesizing processes and the materials, keeping in mind the current challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunchita
Kaur Wadhwa
- Centre
of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Amity School of Engineering and
Technology, Amity University Maharashtra, Panvel, Mumbai, Maharashtra 410206, India
| | - Dattatray J. Late
- Centre
of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Amity School of Engineering and
Technology, Amity University Maharashtra, Panvel, Mumbai, Maharashtra 410206, India
| | - Shrikant Charhate
- Amity
School of Engineering and Technology, Amity
University Maharashtra, Panvel, Mumbai, Maharashtra 410206, India
| | - Shashi Bhushan Sankhyan
- Centre
of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Amity School of Engineering and
Technology, Amity University Maharashtra, Panvel, Mumbai, Maharashtra 410206, India
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14
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Ajaykumar AP, Nikhila K, Sabira O, Jayaraj KN, Varma SR, Rasheed VA, Binitha VS, Sreeja K, Ramakrishnan RM, Babu A. A bio-inspired approach for the synthesis of few-layer graphene using beetle defensive gland extract. RSC Adv 2024; 14:5729-5739. [PMID: 38370454 PMCID: PMC10870200 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra08733f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Graphene exhibits remarkable properties and holds substantial promise for diverse applications. Its unique combination of thermal, chemical, physical, and biological properties makes it an appealing material for a wide range of uses. But, the lack of an economical and environmentally friendly approach to synthesize good-quality graphene represents an immense challenge for the scientific community. What makes this research unique is the utilization of the defensive gland extract from the beetle species Luprops tristis (Order: Coleoptera, Family: Tenebrionidae) to synthesize a few layers of graphene (FLG). This innovative incorporation of natural resources and exploration of biologically inspired methods provides an eco-friendly and cost-effective alternative to conventional graphene production techniques. The exfoliated graphene displayed antimicrobial effects against both Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria, with particularly potent bactericidal activity. Additionally, the cytotoxicity assay demonstrated the anti-cancer properties of biosynthesized graphene against Daltons Lymphoma Acetic (DLA) cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Ajaykumar
- Division of Biomaterial Sciences, Department of Zoology, Sree Neelakanta Government Sanskrit College Pattambi Palakkad Kerala India
| | - K Nikhila
- Division of Biomaterial Sciences, Department of Zoology, Sree Neelakanta Government Sanskrit College Pattambi Palakkad Kerala India
| | - Ovungal Sabira
- Division of Biomaterial Sciences, Department of Zoology, Sree Neelakanta Government Sanskrit College Pattambi Palakkad Kerala India
| | - Kodangattil Narayanan Jayaraj
- Basic Sciences Department, Centre for Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University Ajman United Arab Emirates
| | - Sudhir Rama Varma
- Clinical Sciences Department, Centre for Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University Ajman United Arab Emirates
| | - V A Rasheed
- Division of Biomaterial Sciences, Department of Zoology, Sree Neelakanta Government Sanskrit College Pattambi Palakkad Kerala India
| | - V S Binitha
- Department of Zoology, Sree Narayana College Nattika Thrissur Kerala India
| | - Kalapparambil Sreeja
- Department of Chemistry, Sree Neelakanta Government Sanskrit College Pattambi Palakkad Kerala India
| | - Resmi M Ramakrishnan
- Department of Chemistry, Sree Neelakanta Government Sanskrit College Pattambi Palakkad Kerala India
| | - Annet Babu
- Division of Biomaterial Sciences, Department of Zoology, Sree Neelakanta Government Sanskrit College Pattambi Palakkad Kerala India
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15
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Thotathil V, Sidiq N, Al Marri JS, Zaidi SA. Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Based Sensors Integrated with Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDs) and MXenes: A Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2023:1-26. [PMID: 38153424 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2023.2298339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP)-based electrochemical sensors have been extensively researched due to their higher sensitivity, quick response, and operational ease. To develop more advanced sensing devices with enhanced properties, MIPs have been integrated with two-dimensional (2D) layered materials such as transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) and MXenes. These 2D materials have unique electronic properties and an extended surface area, making them promising sensing materials that can improve the performance of MIPs. In this review article, we describe the methods used for the synthesis of TMDs and MXenes integrated MIP-based electrochemical sensors. Furthermore, we have provided a critical review of a wide range of analytes determined through the application of these electrochemical sensors. We also go over the influence of TMDs and MXenes on the binding kinetics and adsorption capacity which has enhanced binding recognition and sensing abilities. The combination of TMDs and MXenes with MIPs shows promising synergy in the development of highly efficient recognition materials. In the future, these sensors could be explored for a wider range of applications in environmental remediation, drug delivery, energy storage, and more. Finally, we address the challenges and future perspectives of using TMDs and MXenes integrated MIPs. We conclude with a focus on future development and the scope of integrating these materials in sensing technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Thotathil
- Department of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Naheed Sidiq
- Department of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Jawaher S Al Marri
- Department of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Shabi Abbas Zaidi
- Department of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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16
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Gotzias A, Tocci E, Sapalidis A. Solvent-Assisted Graphene Exfoliation from Graphite Using Umbrella Sampling Simulations. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:18437-18446. [PMID: 38051657 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
We employed molecular dynamics (MD) simulations coupled with umbrella sampling to explore the thermodynamics governing the exfoliation of a single graphene layer from a graphitic substrate in five different solvents such as dimethylacetamide (DMA), N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), cyclohexane (CHX), and water. The substrate was modeled as a stack of three identical graphene layers with the graphene sheet undergoing exfoliation positioned on top of this stack. The initial configurations for each umbrella simulation were generated through steered MD simulations carried out along two distinct coordinates: one parallel and the other perpendicular to the graphene layers. Our analyses revealed a uniform wetting behavior for both the nanosheet and the graphitic substrate in all of the tested solvents. Consistent with experimental observations, the steered simulations confirmed that exfoliation is more favorable along the parallel direction than along the perpendicular one. All non-water solvents exhibit comparable effectiveness in the exfoliation of graphene. The calculated free energies of these solvents in parallel exfoliation consistently fell within the range of 90-100 kJ/mol/nm2. In perpendicular exfoliation, however, the corresponding energies converge to lower values. This difference is attributed to the nonequilibrium nature of the perpendicular exfoliation, primarily caused by the great steering velocity of the graphene sheet immediately after detachment from the substrate. This rapid motion of the nanosheet along the perpendicular coordinate results in an elevated system energy and heating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasios Gotzias
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, NCSR Demokritos, Athens 153 10, Greece
| | - Elena Tocci
- Institute on Membrane Technology, National Research Council, University of Calabria, Rende 87030, Italy
| | - Andreas Sapalidis
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, NCSR Demokritos, Athens 153 10, Greece
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17
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Bajiri MA, Alkanad K, Alnaggar G, G.C. SS, Al-Maswari BM, Abdullah MM, Al-khawlani A, N.K. L, B. N, H.S. BN. Tailoring morphology and structure of 1D/2D isotype g-C3N4 for sonophotocatalytic hydrogen evaluation. SURFACES AND INTERFACES 2023; 42:103511. [DOI: 10.1016/j.surfin.2023.103511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
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18
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Rangnekar SV, Sangwan VK, Jin M, Khalaj M, Szydłowska BM, Dasgupta A, Kuo L, Kurtz HE, Marks TJ, Hersam MC. Electroluminescence from Megasonically Solution-Processed MoS 2 Nanosheet Films. ACS NANO 2023; 17:17516-17526. [PMID: 37606956 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c06034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Due to their superior optoelectronic properties, monolayer two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have attracted significant attention for electroluminescent devices. However, challenges in isolating optoelectronically active TMD monolayers using scalable liquid phase exfoliation have precluded electroluminescence in large-area, solution-processed TMD films. Here, we overcome these limitations and demonstrate electroluminescence from molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanosheet films by employing a monolayer-rich MoS2 ink produced by electrochemical intercalation and megasonic exfoliation. Characteristic monolayer MoS2 photoluminescence and electroluminescence spectral peaks at 1.88-1.90 eV are observed in megasonicated MoS2 films, with the emission intensity increasing with film thickness over the range 10-70 nm. Furthermore, employing a vertical light-emitting capacitor architecture enables uniform electroluminescence in large-area devices. These results indicate that megasonically exfoliated MoS2 monolayers retain their direct bandgap character in electrically percolating thin films even following multistep solution processing. Overall, this work establishes megasonicated MoS2 inks as an additive manufacturing platform for flexible, patterned, and miniaturized light sources that can likely be expanded to other TMD semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonal V Rangnekar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Vinod K Sangwan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Mengru Jin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Maryam Khalaj
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Beata M Szydłowska
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Anushka Dasgupta
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Lidia Kuo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Heather E Kurtz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Tobin J Marks
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Mark C Hersam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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19
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Synnatschke K, Moses Badlyan N, Wrzesińska A, Lozano Onrubia G, Hansen AL, Wolff S, Tornatzky H, Bensch W, Vaynzof Y, Maultzsch J, Backes C. Sonication-assisted liquid phase exfoliation of two-dimensional CrTe 3 under inert conditions. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2023; 98:106528. [PMID: 37506508 PMCID: PMC10407284 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Liquid phase exfoliation (LPE) has been used for the successful fabrication of nanosheets from a large number of van der Waals materials. While this allows to study fundamental changes of material properties' associated with reduced dimensions, it also changes the chemistry of many materials due to a significant increase of the effective surface area, often accompanied with enhanced reactivity and accelerated oxidation. To prevent material decomposition, LPE and processing in inert atmosphere have been developed, which enables the preparation of pristine nanomaterials, and to systematically study compositional changes over time for different storage conditions. Here, we demonstrate the inert exfoliation of the oxidation-sensitive van der Waals crystal, CrTe3. The pristine nanomaterial was purified and size-selected by centrifugation, nanosheet dimensions in the fractions quantified by atomic force microscopy and studied by Raman, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and photo spectroscopic measurements. We find a dependence of the relative intensities of the CrTe3 Raman modes on the propagation direction of the incident light, which prevents a correlation of the Raman spectral profile to the nanosheet dimensions. XPS and EDX reveal that the contribution of surface oxides to the spectra is reduced after exfoliation compared to the bulk material. Further, the decomposition mechanism of the nanosheets was studied by time-dependent extinction measurements after water titration experiments to initially dry solvents, which suggest that water plays a significant role in the material decomposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Synnatschke
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; School of Physics, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Narine Moses Badlyan
- Institute for Solid-State Physics, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany; Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Angelika Wrzesińska
- Chair for Emerging Electronic Technologies, TU Dresden, Nöthnitzer Str. 61, Dresden, 01187 Sachsen, Germany; Leibniz-Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 20, Dresden 01069, Sachsen, Germany
| | - Guillermo Lozano Onrubia
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna-Lena Hansen
- Institute for Applied Materials-Energy Storage Systems (IAM-ESS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein, Germany; Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Kiel, Max-Eyth-Straße 2, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Stefan Wolff
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans Tornatzky
- Institute for Solid-State Physics, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany; Paul-Drude-Institut für Festkörperelektronik, Leibniz-Institut im Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V, Hausvogteiplatz 5-7, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Bensch
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Kiel, Max-Eyth-Straße 2, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Yana Vaynzof
- Chair for Emerging Electronic Technologies, TU Dresden, Nöthnitzer Str. 61, Dresden, 01187 Sachsen, Germany; Leibniz-Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 20, Dresden 01069, Sachsen, Germany
| | - Janina Maultzsch
- Institute for Solid-State Physics, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany; Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Claudia Backes
- Chair of Physical Chemistry of Nanomaterials, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany.
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20
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Brkić AL, Supina A, Čapeta D, Dončević L, Ptiček L, Mandić Š, Racané L, Delač I. Influence of Solvents and Adsorption of Organic Molecules on the Properties of CVD Synthesized 2D MoS 2. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2115. [PMID: 37513127 PMCID: PMC10383348 DOI: 10.3390/nano13142115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
We present a simple method for modification of 2D materials by drop-casting of the organic molecule in solution on the 2D material under ambient conditions. Specifically, we investigated the adsorption of 6-(4,5-Dihydro-1H-imidazol-3-ium-2-yl)-2-(naphthalene-2-yl)benzothiazole methanesulfonate (L63MS) organic molecule on 2D MoS2. To better understand the effect of the organic molecule on the 2D material, we also investigated the impact of solvents alone on the materials' properties. The MoS2 samples were synthesized using ambient pressure chemical vapor deposition. Atomic force microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy and optical microscopy were used to characterize the samples. The measurements were performed after synthesis, after the drop-casting of solvents and after the drop-casting of organic molecule solutions. Our results indicate that the used organic molecule effectively adsorbs on and prompts discernible changes in the (opto)electronic properties of the 2D material. These changes encompass variations in the Raman spectra shape, alterations in the photoluminescence (PL) signal characteristics and modifications in excitonic properties. Such alterations can be linked to various phenomena including doping, bandgap modifications, introduction or healing of defects and that the solvent plays a crucial role in the process. Our study provides insights into the modification of 2D materials under ambient conditions and highlights the importance of solvent selection in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antun Lovro Brkić
- Center for Advanced Laser Techniques, Institute of Physics, Bijenička Cesta 46, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.L.B.)
- Physics Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana, Jadranska 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Antonio Supina
- Center for Advanced Laser Techniques, Institute of Physics, Bijenička Cesta 46, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.L.B.)
- Department Physics, Mechanics and Electrical Engineering, Montanuniversität Leoben, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Davor Čapeta
- Center for Advanced Laser Techniques, Institute of Physics, Bijenička Cesta 46, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.L.B.)
| | - Lucija Dončević
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lucija Ptiček
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Textile Technology, Prilaz baruna Filipovića 28a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Šimun Mandić
- Center for Advanced Laser Techniques, Institute of Physics, Bijenička Cesta 46, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.L.B.)
| | - Livio Racané
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Textile Technology, Prilaz baruna Filipovića 28a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ida Delač
- Center for Advanced Laser Techniques, Institute of Physics, Bijenička Cesta 46, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.L.B.)
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21
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Giri A, Park G, Jeong U. Layer-Structured Anisotropic Metal Chalcogenides: Recent Advances in Synthesis, Modulation, and Applications. Chem Rev 2023; 123:3329-3442. [PMID: 36719999 PMCID: PMC10103142 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The unique electronic and catalytic properties emerging from low symmetry anisotropic (1D and 2D) metal chalcogenides (MCs) have generated tremendous interest for use in next generation electronics, optoelectronics, electrochemical energy storage devices, and chemical sensing devices. Despite many proof-of-concept demonstrations so far, the full potential of anisotropic chalcogenides has yet to be investigated. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the recent progress made in the synthesis, mechanistic understanding, property modulation strategies, and applications of the anisotropic chalcogenides. It begins with an introduction to the basic crystal structures, and then the unique physical and chemical properties of 1D and 2D MCs. Controlled synthetic routes for anisotropic MC crystals are summarized with example advances in the solution-phase synthesis, vapor-phase synthesis, and exfoliation. Several important approaches to modulate dimensions, phases, compositions, defects, and heterostructures of anisotropic MCs are discussed. Recent significant advances in applications are highlighted for electronics, optoelectronic devices, catalysts, batteries, supercapacitors, sensing platforms, and thermoelectric devices. The article ends with prospects for future opportunities and challenges to be addressed in the academic research and practical engineering of anisotropic MCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupam Giri
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University
of Allahabad, Prayagraj, UP-211002, India
| | - Gyeongbae Park
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang
University of Science and Technology, Cheongam-Ro 77, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk790-784, Korea
- Functional
Materials and Components R&D Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Gwahakdanji-ro 137-41, Sacheon-myeon, Gangneung, Gangwon-do25440, Republic of Korea
| | - Unyong Jeong
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang
University of Science and Technology, Cheongam-Ro 77, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk790-784, Korea
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22
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Setyawan D, Amrillah T, Abdullah CAC, Ilhami FB, Dewi DMM, Mumtazah Z, Oktafiani A, Adila FP, Putra MFH. Crafting two-dimensional materials for contrast agents, drug, and heat delivery applications through green technologies. J Drug Target 2023; 31:369-389. [PMID: 36721905 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2023.2175833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The development of two-dimensional (2D) materials for biomedical applications has accelerated exponentially. Contrary to their bulk counterparts, the exceptional properties of 2D materials make them highly prospective for contrast agents for bioimage, drug, and heat delivery in biomedical treatment. Nevertheless, empty space in the integration and utilisation of 2D materials in living biological systems, potential toxicity, as well as required complicated synthesis and high-cost production limit the real application of 2D materials in those advance medical treatments. On the other hand, green technology appears to be one of strategy to shed a light on the blurred employment of 2D in medical applications, thus, with the increasing reports of green technology that promote advanced technologies, here, we compile, summarise, and synthesise information on the biomedical technology of 2D materials through green technology point of view. Beginning with a fundamental understanding, of crystal structures, the working mechanism, and novel properties, this article examines the recent development of 2D materials. As well as 2D materials made from natural and biogenic resources, a recent development in green-related synthesis was also discussed. The biotechnology and biomedical-related application constraints are also discussed. The challenges, solutions, and prospects of the so-called green 2D materials are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwi Setyawan
- Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technology and Multidiscipline, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
- Green Nanotechnology Laboratory Center, Faculty of Advanced Technology and Multidiscipline, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Tahta Amrillah
- Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technology and Multidiscipline, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
- Green Nanotechnology Laboratory Center, Faculty of Advanced Technology and Multidiscipline, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Che Azurahanim Che Abdullah
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Nanomaterial Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Fasih Bintang Ilhami
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Diva Meisya Maulina Dewi
- Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technology and Multidiscipline, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Zuhra Mumtazah
- Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technology and Multidiscipline, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Agustina Oktafiani
- Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technology and Multidiscipline, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Fayza Putri Adila
- Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technology and Multidiscipline, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Moch Falah Hani Putra
- Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technology and Multidiscipline, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
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23
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Khavari M, Priyadarshi A, Morton J, Porfyrakis K, Pericleous K, Eskin D, Tzanakis I. Cavitation-induced shock wave behaviour in different liquids. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2023; 94:106328. [PMID: 36801674 PMCID: PMC9975297 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This paper follows our earlier work where a strong high frequency pressure peak has been observed as a consequence of the formation of shock waves due to the collapse of cavitation bubbles in water, excited by an ultrasonic source at 24 kHz. We study here the effects of liquid physical properties on the shock wave characteristics by replacing water as the medium successively with ethanol, glycerol and finally a 1:1 ethanol-water solution. The pressure frequency spectra obtained in our experiments (from more than 1.5 million cavitation collapsing events) show that the expected prominent shockwave pressure peak was barely detected for ethanol and glycerol, particularly at low input powers, but was consistently observed for the 1:1 ethanol-water solution as well as in water, with a slight shift in peak frequency for the solution. We also report two distinct features of shock waves in raising the frequency peak at MHz (inherent) and contributing to the raising of sub-harmonics (periodic). Empirically constructed acoustic pressure maps revealed significantly higher overall pressure amplitudes for the ethanol-water solution than for other liquids. Furthermore, a qualitative analysis revealed that mist-like patterns are developed in ethanol-water solution leading to higher pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Khavari
- School of Computing and Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, University of Derby, Derby DE22 3AW, United Kingdom; Faculty of Technology, Design and Environment, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX33 1HX, United Kingdom.
| | - Abhinav Priyadarshi
- Faculty of Technology, Design and Environment, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX33 1HX, United Kingdom
| | - Justin Morton
- Faculty of Technology, Design and Environment, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX33 1HX, United Kingdom
| | - Kyriakos Porfyrakis
- Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, United Kingdom
| | - Koulis Pericleous
- Computational Science and Engineering Group, University of Greenwich, 30 Park Row, London SE10 9LS, United Kingdom
| | - Dmitry Eskin
- Brunel Centre for Advanced Solidification Technology, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Iakovos Tzanakis
- Faculty of Technology, Design and Environment, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX33 1HX, United Kingdom; Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
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Amara U, Hussain I, Ahmad M, Mahmood K, Zhang K. 2D MXene-Based Biosensing: A Review. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2205249. [PMID: 36412074 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202205249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
MXene emerged as decent 2D material and has been exploited for numerous applications in the last decade. The remunerations of the ideal metallic conductivity, optical absorbance, mechanical stability, higher heterogeneous electron transfer rate, and good redox capability have made MXene a potential candidate for biosensing applications. The hydrophilic nature, biocompatibility, antifouling, and anti-toxicity properties have opened avenues for MXene to perform in vitro and in vivo analysis. In this review, the concept, operating principle, detailed mechanism, and characteristic properties are comprehensively assessed and compiled along with breakthroughs in MXene fabrication and conjugation strategies for the development of unique electrochemical and optical biosensors. Further, the current challenges are summarized and suggested future aspects. This review article is believed to shed some light on the development of MXene for biosensing and will open new opportunities for the future advanced translational application of MXene bioassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umay Amara
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
| | - Iftikhar Hussain
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Muhmmad Ahmad
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Khalid Mahmood
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
| | - Kaili Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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25
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Selvaggio G, Kruss S. Preparation, properties and applications of near-infrared fluorescent silicate nanosheets. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:9553-9575. [PMID: 35766334 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr02967g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The layered silicates Egyptian Blue (CaCuSi4O10, EB), Han Blue (BaCuSi4O10, HB) and Han Purple (BaCuSi2O6, HP) are known as historic pigments, but they also possess novel optoelectronic properties with great potential for fundamental research and technology. They fluoresce in the near-infrared (NIR) range and can be exfoliated into two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials (i.e. nanosheets, NS) which retain the photophysical properties of the bulk materials. These and other characteristics fuel the growing excitement of the scientific community about these materials. EB-, HB- and HP-NS have been used in various applications ranging from smart inks, energy storage, bioimaging, to phototherapy and more. In this review article, we report the fundamental properties of these low-dimensional silicate nanomaterials, discuss applications and outline perspectives for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sebastian Kruss
- Department of Chemistry, Bochum University, Bochum, 44801, Germany.
- Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems, Duisburg, 47057, Germany
- Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), Duisburg, 47057, Germany
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26
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Xiang Q, Zhong B, Tan H, Navik R, Liu Z, Zhao Y. Improved Dispersibility of Graphene in an Aqueous Solution by Reduced Graphene Oxide Surfactant: Experimental Verification and Density Functional Theory Calculation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:8222-8231. [PMID: 35763677 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
It is difficult to disperse graphene flakes well in an aqueous solution while maintaining conductivity due to its high hydrophobicity. Herein, we demonstrated that a well-dispersed state of graphene in an aqueous solution was realized by using reduced graphene oxide (rGO) with a suitable content of oxygen-functional groups. A rGO-dispersed graphene (rGO/G) film was fabricated from the graphene dispersion with good conductivity by using rGO with a C/O ratio of 2.48 as the surfactant. Also, the prepared rGO/G aerogel has a broad prospect. Density functional theory calculation revealed that the strong electrostatic repulsion, which was more potent than the van der Waals force and the π-π interaction, was the primary driving force promoting the dispersibility of graphene in an aqueous solution. Furthermore, the repulsion of the rGO/G dispersion decreased with the reduction of the oxygen-functional groups of rGO. Therefore, applying rGO with an appropriate content of oxygen-functional groups is an alternative option to improve the dispersibility of graphene in an aqueous medium while maintaining its original properties, from which many potential applications could be expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qixuan Xiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Boan Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Huijun Tan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Rahul Navik
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Zhiyuan Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Yaping Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, PR China
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Sun W, Guo J, Ou H, Zhang L, Wang D, Ma Z, Zhu B, ali I, Naz I. Facile synthesis of highly moisture-resistant Mg-MOF-74 by coating hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN). J SOLID STATE CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2022.123073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Yu K, Chen X, Xiang H, Lu B, Yin J. Preparation of graphene by supercritical CO2 circulating exfoliation with a jet cavitation. J Supercrit Fluids 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2022.105605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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30
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Alhourani A, Førde JL, Nasrollahzadeh M, Eichacker LA, Herfindal L, Hagland HR. Graphene-based phenformin carriers for cancer cell treatment: a comparative study between oxidized and pegylated pristine graphene in human cells and zebrafish. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:1668-1680. [PMID: 36134366 PMCID: PMC9417205 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00778e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Graphene is an attractive choice for the development of an effective drug carrier in cancer treatment due to its high adsorption area and pH-responsive drug affinity. In combination with the highly potent metabolic drug phenformin, increased doses could be efficiently delivered to cancer cells. This study compares the use of graphene oxide (GO) and polyethylene glycol stabilized (PEGylated) pristine graphene nanosheets (PGNSs) for drug delivery applications with phenformin. The cytotoxicity and mitotoxicity of the graphene-based systems were assessed in human cells and zebrafish larvae. Targeted drug release from GO and PGNSs was evaluated at different pH levels known to arise in proliferating tumor microenvironments. PGNSs were less cytotoxic and mitotoxic than GO, and showed an increased release of phenformin at lower pH in cells, compared to GO. In addition, the systemic phenformin effect was mitigated in zebrafish larvae when bound to GO and PGNSs compared to free phenformin, as measured by flavin metabolic lifetime imaging. These results pave the way for improved phenformin-based cancer therapy using graphene nano-sheets, where PGNSs were superior to GO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelnour Alhourani
- Department of Chemistry, Biosciences and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger Stavanger Norway
| | - Jan-Lukas Førde
- Centre for Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen Bergen Norway
- Department of Internal Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital Bergen Norway
| | - Mojdeh Nasrollahzadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Biosciences and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger Stavanger Norway
| | - Lutz Andreas Eichacker
- Department of Chemistry, Biosciences and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger Stavanger Norway
| | - Lars Herfindal
- Centre for Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen Bergen Norway
| | - Hanne Røland Hagland
- Department of Chemistry, Biosciences and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger Stavanger Norway
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31
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High-Performance Boron Nitride Based Membranes for Water Purification. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12030473. [PMID: 35159818 PMCID: PMC8838071 DOI: 10.3390/nano12030473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, nanotechnology-based approaches have resulted in the development of new alternative sustainable technologies for water purification. Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials are an emerging class of materials for nanofiltration membranes. In this work, we report the production, characterisation and testing of a promising nanofiltration membrane made from water-exfoliated boron nitride (BN) 2D nanosheets. The membranes have been tested for water purification and removal of typical water-soluble dyes such as methyl orange, methylene blue and Evans blue, with the water-exfoliated BN membranes achieving retention values close to 100%. In addition, we compared the performance of membranes made from water-exfoliated BN with those produced from BN using sonication-assisted liquid exfoliation in selected organic solvents such as 2-propanol and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. It was found that membranes from the water-exfoliated BN showed superior performance. We believe this research opens up a unique opportunity for the development of new high-performance environmentally friendly membranes for nanofiltration and new sustainable separation technologies.
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32
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Zhao Z, Park J, Choi C, Hong S, Hui X, Zhang H, Benedict Lo TW, Robertson AW, Lv Z, Jung Y, Sun Z. Engineering vacancy and hydrophobicity of two-dimensional TaTe 2 for efficient and stable electrocatalytic N 2 reduction. Innovation (N Y) 2022; 3:100190. [PMID: 34984409 PMCID: PMC8693264 DOI: 10.1016/j.xinn.2021.100190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Demand for ammonia continues to increase to sustain the growing global population. The direct electrochemical N2 reduction reaction (NRR) powered by renewable electricity offers a promising carbon-neutral and sustainable strategy for manufacturing NH3, yet achieving this remains a grand challenge. Here, we report a synergistic strategy to promote ambient NRR for ammonia production by tuning the Te vacancies (VTe) and surface hydrophobicity of two-dimensional TaTe2 nanosheets. Remarkable NH3 faradic efficiency of up to 32.2% is attained at a mild overpotential, which is largely maintained even after 100 h of consecutive electrolysis. Isotopic labeling validates that the N atoms of formed NH4+ originate from N2. In situ X-ray diffraction indicates preservation of the crystalline structure of TaTe2 during NRR. Further density functional theory calculations reveal that the potential-determining step (PDS) is ∗NH2 + (H+ + e–) → NH3 on VTe-TaTe2 compared with that of ∗ + N2 + (H+ + e–) → ∗N–NH on TaTe2. We identify that the edge plane of TaTe2 and VTe serve as the main active sites for NRR. The free energy change at PDS on VTe-TaTe2 is comparable with the values at the top of the NRR volcano plots on various transition metal surfaces.
2D TaTe2 is produced in large quantities Jointly tuning the Te vacancies (VTe) and surface hydrophobicity of 2D TaTe2 enables efficient and stable electrocatalytic NRR with remarkable NH3 faradic efficiency The edge plane of TaTe2 and VTe serve as the main active sites for NRR The free energy change at the potential-determining step on VTe-TaTe2 is comparable with the values at the top of the NRR volcano plots on various transition metal surfaces
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenqing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jongseo Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 four), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhyeok Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 four), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Song Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiangchao Hui
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tsz Woon Benedict Lo
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Alex W Robertson
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, UK
| | - Zengxiang Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yousung Jung
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 four), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhenyu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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Jeong JH, Kang S, Kim N, Joshi RK, Lee GH. Recent trends in covalent functionalization of 2D materials. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:10684-10711. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04831g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Covalent functionalization of the surface is more crucial in 2D materials than in conventional bulk materials because of their atomic thinness, large surface-to-volume ratio, and uniform surface chemical potential. Because...
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34
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Sudhindra S, Rashvand F, Wright D, Barani Z, Drozdov AD, Baraghani S, Backes C, Kargar F, Balandin AA. Specifics of Thermal Transport in Graphene Composites: Effect of Lateral Dimensions of Graphene Fillers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:53073-53082. [PMID: 34705408 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c15346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We report on the investigation of thermal transport in noncured silicone composites with graphene fillers of different lateral dimensions. Graphene fillers are comprised of few-layer graphene flakes with lateral sizes in the range from 400 to 1200 nm and the number of atomic planes from 1 to ∼100. The distribution of the lateral dimensions and thicknesses of graphene fillers has been determined via atomic force microscopy statistics. It was found that in the examined range of the lateral dimensions, the thermal conductivity of the composites increases with increasing size of the graphene fillers. The observed difference in thermal properties can be related to the average gray phonon mean free path in graphene, which has been estimated to be around ∼800 nm at room temperature. The thermal contact resistance of composites with graphene fillers of 1200 nm lateral dimensions was also smaller than that of composites with graphene fillers of 400 nm lateral dimensions. The effects of the filler loading fraction and the filler size on the thermal conductivity of the composites were rationalized within the Kanari model. The obtained results are important for the optimization of graphene fillers for applications in thermal interface materials for heat removal from high-power-density electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sriharsha Sudhindra
- Phonon Optimized Engineered Materials Center, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Farnia Rashvand
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Dylan Wright
- Phonon Optimized Engineered Materials Center, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Zahra Barani
- Phonon Optimized Engineered Materials Center, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Aleksey D Drozdov
- Department of Materials and Production, Aalborg University, Fibigerstraede 16, Aalborg 9220, Denmark
| | - Saba Baraghani
- Phonon Optimized Engineered Materials Center, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Claudia Backes
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Fariborz Kargar
- Phonon Optimized Engineered Materials Center, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Alexander A Balandin
- Phonon Optimized Engineered Materials Center, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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Chen XX, Liu JH, Kurniawan A, Li KJ, Zhou CH. Inclusion of organic species in exfoliated montmorillonite nanolayers towards hierarchical functional inorganic-organic nanostructures. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:9819-9841. [PMID: 34698330 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00975c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Montmorillonite (Mt) can readily undergo spontaneous delamination or exfoliation into nanolayers by various physical and chemical processes, which allow various strategies to engineer hierarchical functional inorganic-organic nanostructures. This review aims to discuss the recent progress in the liquid-phase exfoliation of Mt into individual nanolayers and the inclusion chemistry of functional organic species, ions, or molecules into the exfoliated Mt nanolayers to produce hierarchical functional inorganic-organic nanostructures. The exfoliation methods include mechanical force, ultrasonication, and intercalation-assisted exfoliation. Techniques for quickly assessing the quality of the exfoliated Mt nanolayers are still needed. Layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition, template, and evaporation-induced inclusions are examined to fabricate hierarchical Mt-organic species nanocomposites with unique functionalities and properties. The nanocomposites can be produced as multilayered porous films, brick-and-mortar coatings, hydrogels with a house-of-cards structure, core-shell materials, and hollow and mesoporous spherical nanocomposites, which exhibit significant potential for adsorption, catalysis, targeted delivery and controlled drug release, highly sensitive sensors, flame retardant coatings, and thermal energy storage and release (i.e. phase change materials). Finally, the challenges and prospects for the future development of hierarchical nanocomposites of exfoliated Mt nanolayers and organic species, particularly in hierarchical supramolecular nanostructured composites, are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Xi Chen
- Research Group for Advanced Materials & Sustainable Catalysis (AMSC), State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China.
- Qing Yang Institute for Industrial Minerals, You Hua, Qing Yang, Chi Zhou 242804, China
| | - Jia Hui Liu
- Research Group for Advanced Materials & Sustainable Catalysis (AMSC), State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China.
- Qing Yang Institute for Industrial Minerals, You Hua, Qing Yang, Chi Zhou 242804, China
| | - Alfin Kurniawan
- Research Group for Advanced Materials & Sustainable Catalysis (AMSC), State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China.
| | - Ke Jin Li
- Research Group for Advanced Materials & Sustainable Catalysis (AMSC), State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China.
| | - Chun Hui Zhou
- Research Group for Advanced Materials & Sustainable Catalysis (AMSC), State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China.
- Qing Yang Institute for Industrial Minerals, You Hua, Qing Yang, Chi Zhou 242804, China
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Murali A, Lokhande G, Deo KA, Brokesh A, Gaharwar AK. Emerging 2D Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications. MATERIALS TODAY (KIDLINGTON, ENGLAND) 2021; 50:276-302. [PMID: 34970073 PMCID: PMC8713997 DOI: 10.1016/j.mattod.2021.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials are an emerging class of biomaterials with remarkable potential for biomedical applications. The planar topography of these nanomaterials confers unique physical, chemical, electronic and optical properties, making them attractive candidates for therapeutic delivery, biosensing, bioimaging, regenerative medicine, and additive manufacturing strategies. The high surface-to-volume ratio of 2D nanomaterials promotes enhanced interactions with biomolecules and cells. A range of 2D nanomaterials, including transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), layered double hydroxides (LDHs), layered silicates (nanoclays), 2D metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes), metal-organic framework (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs) and polymer nanosheets have been investigated for their potential in biomedical applications. Here, we will critically evaluate recent advances of 2D nanomaterial strategies in biomedical engineering and discuss emerging approaches and current limitations associated with these nanomaterials. Due to their unique physical, chemical, and biological properties, this new class of nanomaterials has the potential to become a platform technology in regenerative medicine and other biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Murali
- Biomedical Engineering, Dwight Look College of Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Giriraj Lokhande
- Biomedical Engineering, Dwight Look College of Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Kaivalya A. Deo
- Biomedical Engineering, Dwight Look College of Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Anna Brokesh
- Biomedical Engineering, Dwight Look College of Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Akhilesh K. Gaharwar
- Biomedical Engineering, Dwight Look College of Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Material Science and Engineering, Dwight Look College of Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Center for Remote Health Technologies and Systems, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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37
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Meziani MJ, Sheriff K, Parajuli P, Priego P, Bhattacharya S, Rao AM, Quimby JL, Qiao R, Wang P, Hwu SJ, Wang Z, Sun YP. Advances in Studies of Boron Nitride Nanosheets and Nanocomposites for Thermal Transport and Related Applications. Chemphyschem 2021; 23:e202100645. [PMID: 34626067 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) and exfoliated nanosheets (BNNs) not only resemble their carbon counterparts graphite and graphene nanosheets in structural configurations and many excellent materials characteristics, especially the ultra-high thermal conductivity, but also offer other unique properties such as being electrically insulating and extreme chemical stability and oxidation resistance even at elevated temperatures. In fact, BNNs as a special class of 2-D nanomaterials have been widely pursued for technological applications that are beyond the reach of their carbon counterparts. Highlighted in this article are significant recent advances in the development of more effective and efficient exfoliation techniques for high-quality BNNs, the understanding of their characteristic properties, and the use of BNNs in polymeric nanocomposites for thermally conductive yet electrically insulating materials and systems. Major challenges and opportunities for further advances in the relevant research field are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed J Meziani
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, 29634, USA.,Department of Natural Sciences, Northwest Missouri State University, Maryville, Missouri, 64468, USA
| | - Kirkland Sheriff
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, 29634, USA
| | - Prakash Parajuli
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson Nanomaterials Institute, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, 29634, USA
| | - Paul Priego
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, 29634, USA
| | - Sriparna Bhattacharya
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson Nanomaterials Institute, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, 29634, USA
| | - Apparao M Rao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson Nanomaterials Institute, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, 29634, USA
| | - Jesse L Quimby
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, 29634, USA
| | - Rui Qiao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061, USA
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, 29634, USA
| | - Shiou-Jyh Hwu
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, 29634, USA
| | - Zhengdong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, 29634, USA
| | - Ya-Ping Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, 29634, USA
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38
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Bernal V, Giraldo L, Moreno-Piraján JC. Understanding the solid-liquid equilibria between paracetamol and activated carbon: Thermodynamic approach of the interactions adsorbent-adsorbate using equilibrium, kinetic and calorimetry data. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 419:126432. [PMID: 34174624 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we presented the paracetamol-activated carbon interactions and their effect on the adsorption capacity. We evaluated kinetic, equilibrium, and calorimetric data using different solvents (water, HCl 0.1 M, and NaCl 0.1 M) to evaluate the changes in the adsorbent-adsorbate interaction. In addition, the commercial activated carbon (AC) was modified through thermal (ACTT) and chemical (ACNA) methods to change the physicochemical properties of the adsorbents. The relative kinetic constants decrease with the content of basic groups on the activated carbon, indicating a lower influence of diffusion on the adsorption rate when the chemical interactions increase (0.1 ACNA >0.09 AC >0.03 ACTT mmol g-1). The adsorption capacity for AC at acidic pH increases slightly compared to tests carried out in the water. Under this condition, the adsorbed amount of paracetamol was 1.31 mmol g-1. However, the maximum adsorption capacity was achieved on ACTT using water as solvent (1.57 mmol g-1). The paracetamol adsorbed decreases in NaCl (osmotic, ionic strength) on all activated carbons by around 20%. The interaction enthalpy of the paracetamol-activated carbon interaction presents values between - 18.0 and 2.3 J per molecule adsorbed. The Gibbs energy released during the adsorption process is between - 33.1 and - 29.8 kJ mol-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Bernal
- Departamento de Química, Universidad de los Andes, Cra. 1a No. 18A, 10, Bogotá, D. C., Colombia.
| | - Liliana Giraldo
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Cra 30 No. 45-03, Bogotá, D. C., Colombia.
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Karger L, Synnatschke K, Settele S, Hofstetter YJ, Nowack T, Zaumseil J, Vaynzof Y, Backes C. The Role of Additives in Suppressing the Degradation of Liquid-Exfoliated WS 2 Monolayers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2102883. [PMID: 34477255 PMCID: PMC11469120 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202102883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Group VI transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are considered to be chemically widely inert, but recent reports point toward an oxidation of monolayered sheets in ambient conditions, due to defects. To date, the degradation of monolayered TMDs is only studied on individual, substrate-supported nanosheets with varying defect type and concentration, strain, and in an inhomogeneous environment. Here, degradation kinetics of WS2 nanosheet ensembles in the liquid phase are investigated through photoluminescence measurements, which selectively probe the monolayers. Monolayer-enriched WS2 dispersions are produced with varying lateral sizes in the two common surfactant stabilizers sodium cholate (SC) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Well-defined degradation kinetics are observed, which enable the determination of activation energies of the degradation and decouple photoinduced and thermal degradation. The thermal degradation is slower than the photoinduced degradation and requires higher activation energy. Using SC as surfactant, it is sufficiently suppressed. The photoinduced degradation can be widely prevented through chemical passivation achieved through the addition of cysteine which, on the one hand, coordinates to defects on the nanosheets and, on the other hand, stabilizes oxides on the surface, which shield the nanosheets from further degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonhard Karger
- Institute for Physical ChemistryHeidelberg UniversityIm Neuenheimer Feld 25369120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Kevin Synnatschke
- Institute for Physical ChemistryHeidelberg UniversityIm Neuenheimer Feld 25369120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Simon Settele
- Institute for Physical ChemistryHeidelberg UniversityIm Neuenheimer Feld 25369120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Yvonne J. Hofstetter
- Integrated Center for Applied Photophysics and Photonic MaterialsTU DresdenNöthnitzer Straße 6101187DresdenGermany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed)TU DresdenHelmhotzstraße 1801069DresdenGermany
| | - Tim Nowack
- Institute for Physical ChemistryHeidelberg UniversityIm Neuenheimer Feld 25369120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Jana Zaumseil
- Institute for Physical ChemistryHeidelberg UniversityIm Neuenheimer Feld 25369120HeidelbergGermany
- Centre for Advanced MaterialsRuprecht‐Karls‐Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 22569120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Yana Vaynzof
- Integrated Center for Applied Photophysics and Photonic MaterialsTU DresdenNöthnitzer Straße 6101187DresdenGermany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed)TU DresdenHelmhotzstraße 1801069DresdenGermany
| | - Claudia Backes
- Institute for Physical ChemistryHeidelberg UniversityIm Neuenheimer Feld 25369120HeidelbergGermany
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40
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Alhourani A, Førde JL, Eichacker LA, Herfindal L, Hagland HR. Improved pH-Responsive Release of Phenformin from Low-Defect Graphene Compared to Graphene Oxide. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:24619-24629. [PMID: 34604644 PMCID: PMC8482513 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Graphene-based drug carriers provide a promising addition to current cancer drug delivery options. Increased accessibility of high-quality graphene made by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PE-CVD) makes it an attractive material to revisit in comparison to the widely studied graphene oxide (GO) in drug delivery. Here, we show the potential of repurposing the metabolic drug phenformin for cancer treatment in terms of stability, binding, and pH-responsive release. Using covalent attachment of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) onto pristine (PE-CVD) graphene, we show that PEG stabilized graphene nanosheets (PGNS) are stable in aqueous solutions and exhibit higher binding affinity toward phenformin than GO. Moreover, we experimentally demonstrate an improved drug release from PGNS than GO at pH levels lower than physiological conditions, yet comparable to that found in tumor microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelnour Alhourani
- Department
of Chemistry, Biosciences and Environmental Technology, University of Stavanger, 4021 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Jan-Lukas Førde
- Centre
for Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5007 Bergen, Norway
- Department
of Internal Medicine, Haukeland University
Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Lutz Andreas Eichacker
- Department
of Chemistry, Biosciences and Environmental Technology, University of Stavanger, 4021 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Lars Herfindal
- Centre
for Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5007 Bergen, Norway
| | - Hanne Røland Hagland
- Department
of Chemistry, Biosciences and Environmental Technology, University of Stavanger, 4021 Stavanger, Norway
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41
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Maddalena L, Benselfelt T, Gomez J, Hamedi MM, Fina A, Wågberg L, Carosio F. Polyelectrolyte-Assisted Dispersions of Reduced Graphite Oxide Nanoplates in Water and Their Gas-Barrier Application. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:43301-43313. [PMID: 34474558 PMCID: PMC8447182 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c08889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Dispersion of graphene and related materials in water is needed to enable sustainable processing of these 2D materials. In this work, we demonstrate the capability of branched polyethylenimine (BPEI) and polyacrylic acid (PAA) to stabilize reduced graphite oxide (rGO) dispersions in water. Atomic force microscopy colloidal probe measurements were carried out to investigate the interaction mechanisms between rGO and the polyelectrolytes (PEs). Our results show that for positive PEs, the interaction appears electrostatic, originating from the weak negative charge of graphene in water. For negative PEs, however, van der Waals forces may result in the formation of a PE shell on rGO. The PE-stabilized rGO dispersions were then used for the preparation of coatings to enhance gas barrier properties of polyethylene terephthalate films using the layer-by-layer self-assembly. Ten bilayers of rGOBPEI/rGOPAA resulted in coatings with excellent barrier properties as demonstrated by oxygen transmission rates below detection limits [<0.005 cm3/(m2 day atm)]. The observed excellent performance is ascribed to both the high density of the deposited coating and its efficient stratification. These results can enable the design of highly efficient gas barrier solutions for demanding applications, including oxygen-sensitive pharmaceutical products or flexible electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenza Maddalena
- Dipartimento
di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, Alessandria Campus, Viale Teresa Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Tobias Benselfelt
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal
Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Julio Gomez
- AVANZARE
Innovacion Tecnologica S.L., 26370 Navarrete, La Rioja, Spain
| | - Mahiar Max Hamedi
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal
Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alberto Fina
- Dipartimento
di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, Alessandria Campus, Viale Teresa Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Lars Wågberg
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal
Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Federico Carosio
- Dipartimento
di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, Alessandria Campus, Viale Teresa Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
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Chen Z, Li Y, Wang K, Zhang Y. Scalable production of intrinsic WX 2(X = S, Se, Te) quantum sheets for efficient hydrogen evolution electrocatalysis. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:495701. [PMID: 34450598 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac21f0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mass production of transition-metal dichalcogenides has attracted much attention to replace platinum-based catalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Herein, we demonstrate a general strategy for the scalable production of the intrinsic tungsten dichalcogenide (WX2(X = S, Se, Te)) quantum sheets (QSs) by an all-physical top-down method. The method combines silica-assisted ball-milling and sonication-assisted solvent exfoliation and thus enables production of WS2QSs, WSe2QSs, and WTe2QSs in exceedingly high yields of 28.2, 21.3, 19.9 wt%, respectively. The WX2QSs are confirmed as intrinsic and defect-free, which could be determinative to their improved HER performance. The overpotentials of 285, 331, 435 mV at the current density of 10 mA cm-2and Tafel slopes of 116, 78, 162 mV dec-1in acidic media, as well as charge transfer resistance values of 171, 242, 1973 Ω, are derived for WS2QSs, WSe2QSs, and WTe2QSs, respectively, which are much better than those of bulk materials. The WX2QSs exhibit high stability during the electrocatalysis as well. This work offers a powerful approach for fabrication of intrinsic QSs as efficient and robust electrocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhexue Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yueqi Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Kangkang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
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43
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Effect of composition of few-layered transition metal dichalcogenide nanosheets on separation mechanism of hydrogen selective membranes. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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44
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Selvaggio G, Weitzel M, Oleksiievets N, Oswald TA, Nißler R, Mey I, Karius V, Enderlein J, Tsukanov R, Kruss S. Photophysical properties and fluorescence lifetime imaging of exfoliated near-infrared fluorescent silicate nanosheets. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:4541-4553. [PMID: 36133471 PMCID: PMC9419235 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00238d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The layered silicates Egyptian Blue (CaCuSi4O10, EB), Han Blue (BaCuSi4O10, HB) and Han Purple (BaCuSi2O6, HP) emit as bulk materials bright and stable fluorescence in the near-infrared (NIR), which is of high interest for (bio)photonics due to minimal scattering, absorption and phototoxicity in this spectral range. So far the optical properties of nanosheets (NS) of these silicates are poorly understood. Here, we exfoliate them into monodisperse nanosheets, report their physicochemical properties and use them for (bio)photonics. The approach uses ball milling followed by tip sonication and centrifugation steps to exfoliate the silicates into NS with lateral size and thickness down to ≈ 16-27 nm and 1-4 nm, respectively. They emit at ≈ 927 nm (EB-NS), 953 nm (HB-NS) and 924 nm (HP-NS), and single NS can be imaged in the NIR. The fluorescence lifetimes decrease from ≈ 30-100 μs (bulk) to 17 μs (EB-NS), 8 μs (HB-NS) and 7 μs (HP-NS), thus enabling lifetime-encoded multicolor imaging both on the microscopic and the macroscopic scale. Finally, remote imaging through tissue phantoms reveals the potential for bioimaging. In summary, we report a procedure to gain monodisperse NIR fluorescent silicate nanosheets, determine their size-dependent photophysical properties and showcase the potential for NIR photonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Selvaggio
- Physical Chemistry II, Bochum University Bochum 44801 Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Göttingen Göttingen 37077 Germany
| | - Milan Weitzel
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Göttingen Göttingen 37077 Germany
| | - Nazar Oleksiievets
- Third Institute of Physics, University of Göttingen Göttingen 37077 Germany
| | - Tabea A Oswald
- Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Göttingen Göttingen 37077 Germany
| | - Robert Nißler
- Physical Chemistry II, Bochum University Bochum 44801 Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Göttingen Göttingen 37077 Germany
| | - Ingo Mey
- Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Göttingen Göttingen 37077 Germany
| | - Volker Karius
- Department of Sedimentology and Environmental Geology, Geoscience Center, University of Göttingen Göttingen 37077 Germany
| | - Jörg Enderlein
- Third Institute of Physics, University of Göttingen Göttingen 37077 Germany
- Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), University of Göttingen Germany
| | - Roman Tsukanov
- Third Institute of Physics, University of Göttingen Göttingen 37077 Germany
| | - Sebastian Kruss
- Physical Chemistry II, Bochum University Bochum 44801 Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Göttingen Göttingen 37077 Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems Duisburg 47057 Germany
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Alzakia FI, Tan SC. Liquid-Exfoliated 2D Materials for Optoelectronic Applications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2003864. [PMID: 34105282 PMCID: PMC8188210 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202003864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) materials have attracted tremendous research attention in recent days due to their extraordinary and unique properties upon exfoliation from the bulk form, which are useful for many applications such as electronics, optoelectronics, catalysis, etc. Liquid exfoliation method of 2D materials offers a facile and low-cost route to produce large quantities of mono- and few-layer 2D nanosheets in a commercially viable way. Optoelectronic devices such as photodetectors fabricated from percolating networks of liquid-exfoliated 2D materials offer advantages compared to conventional devices, including low cost, less complicated process, and higher flexibility, making them more suitable for the next generation wearable devices. This review summarizes the recent progress on metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) photodetectors fabricated from percolating network of 2D nanosheets obtained from liquid exfoliation methods. In addition, hybrids and mixtures with other photosensitive materials, such as quantum dots, nanowires, nanorods, etc. are also discussed. First, the various methods of liquid exfoliation of 2D materials, size selection methods, and photodetection mechanisms that are responsible for light detection in networks of 2D nanosheets are briefly reviewed. At the end, some potential strategies to further improve the performance the devices are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuad Indra Alzakia
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringNational University of Singapore9 Engineering drive 1Singapore117574Singapore
| | - Swee Ching Tan
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringNational University of Singapore9 Engineering drive 1Singapore117574Singapore
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Zhang L, Dong J, Ding F. Strategies, Status, and Challenges in Wafer Scale Single Crystalline Two-Dimensional Materials Synthesis. Chem Rev 2021; 121:6321-6372. [PMID: 34047544 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The successful exfoliation of graphene has given a tremendous boost to research on various two-dimensional (2D) materials in the last 15 years. Different from traditional thin films, a 2D material is composed of one to a few atomic layers. While atoms within a layer are chemically bonded, interactions between layers are generally weak van der Waals (vdW) interactions. Due to their particular dimensionality, 2D materials exhibit special electronic, magnetic, mechanical, and thermal properties, not found in their 3D counterparts, and therefore they have great potential in various applications, such as 2D materials-based devices. To fully realize their large-scale practical applications, especially in devices, wafer scale single crystalline (WSSC) 2D materials are indispensable. In this review, we present a detailed overview on strategies toward the synthesis of WSSC 2D materials while highlighting the recent progress on WSSC graphene, hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), and transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) synthesis. The challenges that need to be addressed in future studies have also been described. In general, there have been two distinct routes to synthesize WSSC 2D materials: (i) allowing only one nucleus on a wafer scale substrate to be formed and developed into a large single crystal and (ii) seamlessly stitching a large number of unidirectionally aligned 2D islands on a wafer scale substrate, which is generally single crystalline. Currently, the synthesis of WSSC graphene has been realized by both routes, and WSSC hBN and MoS2 have been synthesized by route (ii). On the other hand, the growth of other WSSC 2D materials and WSSC multilayer 2D materials still remains a big challenge. In the last section, we wrap up this review by summarizing the future challenges and opportunities in the synthesis of various WSSC 2D materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leining Zhang
- Centre for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan 44919, South Korea.,School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Jichen Dong
- Centre for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan 44919, South Korea.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Feng Ding
- Centre for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan 44919, South Korea.,School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
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47
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Xu H, Akbari MK, Zhuiykov S. 2D Semiconductor Nanomaterials and Heterostructures: Controlled Synthesis and Functional Applications. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2021; 16:94. [PMID: 34032946 PMCID: PMC8149775 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-021-03551-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors beyond graphene represent the thinnest stable known nanomaterials. Rapid growth of their family and applications during the last decade of the twenty-first century have brought unprecedented opportunities to the advanced nano- and opto-electronic technologies. In this article, we review the latest progress in findings on the developed 2D nanomaterials. Advanced synthesis techniques of these 2D nanomaterials and heterostructures were summarized and their novel applications were discussed. The fabrication techniques include the state-of-the-art developments of the vapor-phase-based deposition methods and novel van der Waals (vdW) exfoliation approaches for fabrication both amorphous and crystalline 2D nanomaterials with a particular focus on the chemical vapor deposition (CVD), atomic layer deposition (ALD) of 2D semiconductors and their heterostructures as well as on vdW exfoliation of 2D surface oxide films of liquid metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051 People’s Republic of China
| | - Mohammad Karbalaei Akbari
- Centre for Environmental and Energy Research, Ghent University Global Campus, 119-5 Songdomunhwa-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21985 South Korea
- Department of Solid State Science, Faculty of Science, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281/S1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Serge Zhuiykov
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051 People’s Republic of China
- Centre for Environmental and Energy Research, Ghent University Global Campus, 119-5 Songdomunhwa-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21985 South Korea
- Department of Solid State Science, Faculty of Science, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281/S1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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48
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Aldroubi S, Brun N, Bou Malham I, Mehdi A. When graphene meets ionic liquids: a good match for the design of functional materials. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:2750-2779. [PMID: 33533392 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr06871c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Graphene is an attractive material that is characterized by its exceptional properties (i.e. electrical, mechanical, thermal, optical, etc.), which have pushed researchers to attach high interest to its production and functionalization processes to meet applications in different fields (electronics, electromagnetics, composites, sensors, energy storage, etc.). The synthesis (bottom-up) of graphene remains long and laborious, at the same time expensive, and it is limited to the development of this material in low yield. Hence, the use of graphite as a starting material (top-down through exfoliation or oxidation) seems a promising and easy technique for producing a large quantity of graphene or graphene oxide (GO). On the one hand, GO has been extensively studied due to its ease of synthesis, processing and chemical post-functionalization. One the other hand, "pristine" graphene sheets, obtained through exfoliation, are limited in processability but present enhanced electronic properties. Both types of materials have been of great interest to design functional nanomaterials. Ionic liquids (ILs) are task-specific solvents that exhibit tunable physico-chemical properties. ILs have many advantages as compared with conventional solvents, such as high thermal and chemical stability, low volatility, excellent conductivity and inherent polarity. In the last decade, ILs have been widely employed for the preparation and stabilization of various nanomaterials. In particular, the combination of ILs and graphene, including GO and pristine graphene sheets, has been of growing interest for the preparation, processing and functionalization of hybrid nanomaterials. Understanding the structure and properties of the graphene/IL interface has been of considerable interest for a large panel of applications ranging from tribology to energy storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soha Aldroubi
- ICGM, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France.
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49
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Hu CX, Shin Y, Read O, Casiraghi C. Dispersant-assisted liquid-phase exfoliation of 2D materials beyond graphene. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:460-484. [PMID: 33404043 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr05514j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The extensive research on liquid-phase exfoliation (LPE) performed in the last 10 years has enabled a low cost and mass scalable approach to the successful production of a range of solution-processed 2-dimensional (2D) materials suitable for many applications, from composites to energy storage and printed electronics. However, direct LPE requires the use of specific solvents, which are typically toxic and expensive. Dispersant-assisted LPE allows us to overcome this problem by enabling production of solution processed 2D materials in a wider range of solvents, including water. This approach is based on the inclusion of an additive, typically an amphiphilic molecule, designed to interact with both the nanosheet and the solvent, enabling exfoliation and stabilization at the same time. This method has been extensively used for the LPE of graphene and has been discussed in many reviews, whilst little attention has been given to dispersant-assisted LPE of 2D materials beyond graphene. Considering the increasing number of 2D materials and their potential in many applications, from nanomedicine to energy storage and catalysis, this review focuses on the dispersant-assisted LPE of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) and less studied 2D materials. We first provide an introduction to the fundamentals of LPE and the type of dispersants that have been used for the production of graphene, we then discuss each class of 2D material, providing an overview on the concentration and properties of the nanosheets obtained. Finally, a perspective is given on some of the challenges that need to be addressed in this field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Xia Hu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, M139PL, Manchester, UK.
| | - Yuyoung Shin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, M139PL, Manchester, UK.
| | - Oliver Read
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, M139PL, Manchester, UK.
| | - Cinzia Casiraghi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, M139PL, Manchester, UK.
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50
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Yue YY, Wang Z, Wang L, Wang HY, Chen Y, Wang D, Chen QD, Gao BR, Wee ATS, Qiu CW, Sun HB. Many-particle induced band renormalization processes in few- and mono-layer MoS 2. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:135208. [PMID: 33427201 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abcfec] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Band renormalization effects play a significant role for two-dimensional (2D) materials in designing a device structure and customizing their optoelectronic performance. However, the intrinsic physical mechanism about the influence of these effects cannot be revealed by general steady-state studies. Here, band renormalization effects in organic superacid treated monolayer MoS2, untreated monolayer MoS2and few-layer MoS2are quantitatively analyzed by using broadband femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. In comparison with the untreated monolayer, organic superacid treated monolayer MoS2maintains a direct bandgap structure with two thirds of carriers populated at K valley, even when the initial exciton density is as high as 2.05 × 1014cm-2(under 400 nm excitations). While for untreated monolayer and few-layer MoS2, many-particle induced band renormalizations lead to a stronger imbalance for the carrier population between K and Q valleys inkspace, and the former experiences a direct-to-indirect bandgap transition when the initial exciton density exceeds 5.0 × 1013cm-2(under 400 nm excitations). Those many-particle induced band renormalization processes further suggest a band-structure-controlling method in practical 2D devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Hai-Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi-Dai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing-Rong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Andrew T S Wee
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117542, Singapore
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Hong-Bo Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
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