1
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Podobiński J, Datka J. Basic Sites on Alumina with Preadsorbed Ethanol and Ammonia-An IR Study. Molecules 2024; 29:1726. [PMID: 38675546 PMCID: PMC11052250 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29081726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The adsorption of ethanol and ammonia changes the basic properties of alumina, and new basic sites are created. Ethanol reacts with surface Al-OH groups, forming ethoxy group Al-O-C2H5. The substitution of Al-OH by Al-O-C2H5 increases the negative charge of neighbouring oxygen atoms, and they became sufficiently basic to react with adsorbed CO2 forming carbonate species CO32-. These carbonates were found to be monodentate and bidentate species. Preadsorption of ammonia also increases the basicity of alumina, but the mechanism is different than for ethanol adsorption. Adsorbed ammonia interacts with surface Lewis acid sites being three-coordinated aluminium atoms. This interaction is accompanied by an electron transfer from ammonia molecules to surface sites, and increases the basicity of the neighbouring oxygens, which can react with the absorbed CO2. The carbonate species formed are polydentate ones.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jerzy Datka
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30-239 Krakow, Poland;
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2
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Schewe N, Maleki F, Di Liberto G, Gerdes A, Idriss H, Pacchioni G, Wöll C. Identification of Intermediates in the Reaction Pathway of SO 2 on the CaO Surface: From Physisorption to Sulfite to Sulfate. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203956. [PMID: 36645202 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of CaO and Ca(OH)2 with solvated or gaseous SO2 plays a crucial role in the corrosion of urban infrastructure by acid rain or in the removal of SO2 from flue gas. We carried out a combined spectroscopic and theoretical investigation on the interaction of SO2 with a CaO(001) single crystal. First, the surface chemistry of SO2 was investigated at different temperatures using polarization-resolved IR reflection absorption spectroscopy. Three species were identified, and an in-depth density functional theory study was carried out, which allowed deriving a consistent picture. Unexpectedly, low temperature exposure to SO2 solely yields a physisorbed species. Only above 100 K, the transformation of this weakly bound adsorbate first to a chemisorbed sulfite and then to a sulfate occurs, effectively passivatating the surface. Our results provide the basis for more efficient strategies in corrosion protection of urban infrastructure and in lime-based desulfurization of flue gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Schewe
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Farahnaz Maleki
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20125, Milano, Italy
| | - Giovanni Di Liberto
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20125, Milano, Italy
| | - Andreas Gerdes
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Hicham Idriss
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Gianfranco Pacchioni
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20125, Milano, Italy
| | - Christof Wöll
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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3
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Hernández-Fontes C, Araiza DG, Díaz G, Pfeiffer H. Insight into CO selective chemisorption from syngas mixtures through Li 2MnO 3; a new H 2 enrichment material. REACT CHEM ENG 2023. [DOI: 10.1039/d2re00382a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Li2MnO3 is able to selectively trap CO in the presence of H2 at high temperatures, favoring H2 enrichment from syngas flows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Hernández-Fontes
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Del. Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, CP 04510, Mexico
| | - Daniel G. Araiza
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Del. Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, CP 04510, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Díaz
- Instituto de Física, Departamento de Física Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, CP 04510, Mexico
| | - Heriberto Pfeiffer
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Del. Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, CP 04510, Mexico
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4
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Richter NF, Risse T. Defects of thin CaO(001) on Mo(001): an EPR spectroscopic perspective. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:7732-7738. [PMID: 35293416 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00389a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Paramagnetic defects of thin CaO(001) films grown on Mo(001) are characterized using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy under ultrahigh vacuum conditions. A variety of paramagnetic centers located in the volume of the films are identified whose speciation as well as relative abundance was found to depend on the growth rate of the films. Pristine films prepared at a lower growth rate exhibited a larger number and a different speciation of paramagnetic defects than films grown at a higher rate. Annealing of the films to 1030 K, which improves their long-range order, results in quenching of most of the paramagnetic species observed for the pristine film; however, films prepared at a lower growth rate exhibit new paramagnetic signals upon annealing, which are absent in films prepared at a higher growth rate. The signals can be assigned to paramagnetic Mo ions previously shown to diffuse into these films. These results indicate that the amount and speciation of the transition metal ions depend on the preparation conditions which in turn can also affect the surface chemistry of these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina F Richter
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Thomas Risse
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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5
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Manae MA, Dheer L, Rai S, Shetty S, Waghmare UV. Activation of CO 2 and CH 4 on MgO surfaces: mechanistic insights from first-principles theory. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:1415-1423. [PMID: 34982078 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04152e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
One of the most challenging topics in heterogeneous catalysis is conversion of CH4 to higher hydrocarbons. Direct conversion of CH4 to ethylene can be achieved via the oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) reaction. Despite studies which have shown MgO to activate CH4 and initiate the OCM reaction, its large-scale applications face a significant impediment due to formation of a byproduct, CO2, and poisoning of the catalyst due to carbonate formation. In the present work, we address two aspects of the OCM reaction on MgO surfaces: carbonate formation on the surface of the catalyst, and (dissociative) adsorption of CH4. We use first-principles density functional theoretical calculations to determine the energetics and underlying mechanisms of interaction of CO2 and CH4 with various surfaces of MgO: (100), (110), and (111) (both Mg- and O-terminations), and the seldom studied, hydroxylated (111) MgO surface with O-termination. We find that the strength of the interaction of CO2 with MgO surfaces depends on several factors: their surface energies, coordination number of surface O atoms, and ability to donate electrons. However, the O-terminated (111) surface of MgO bucks all aforementioned factors, with only oxygen richness affecting its reactivity towards CO2. The interaction of CH4 with MgO surfaces depends primarily on the coordination number of the surface O atoms and the orientation of the CH4 molecule with respect to the surface. Finally, we provide insights into (a) formation of surface carbonates, which is relevant to CO2 capture and conversion, and (b) C-H bond activation on MgO surfaces, which is crucial for direct conversion of CH4 to value-added chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghna A Manae
- Theoretical Sciences Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore 560064, India.
| | - Lakshay Dheer
- Theoretical Sciences Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore 560064, India.
| | - Sandhya Rai
- Shell India Markets Pvt. Ltd, Mahadeva Kodigehalli, Bengaluru, Karnataka 562149, India
| | - Sharan Shetty
- Shell India Markets Pvt. Ltd, Mahadeva Kodigehalli, Bengaluru, Karnataka 562149, India
| | - Umesh V Waghmare
- Theoretical Sciences Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore 560064, India.
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6
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Seifert J, Carey SJ, Schauermann S, Shaikhutdinov S, Freund HJ. Water and Carbon Dioxide Adsorption on CaO(001) Studied via Single Crystal Adsorption Calorimetry. Top Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-021-01431-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AbstractA new method to analyze microcalorimetry data was employed to study the adsorption energies and sticking probabilities of D2O and CO2 on CaO(001) at several temperatures. This method deconvolutes the line shapes of the heat detector response into an instrument response function and exponential decay functions, which correspond to the desorption of distinct surface species. This allows for a thorough analysis of the adsorption, dissociation, and desorption processes that occur during our microcalorimetry experiments. Our microcalorimetry results, show that D2O adsorbs initially with an adsorption energy of 85–90 kJ/mol at temperatures ranging from 120 to 300 K, consistent with prior spectroscopic studies that indicate dissociation. This adsorption energy decreases with increasing coverage until either D2O multilayers are formed at low temperatures (120 K) or the surface is saturated (> 150 K). Artificially producing defects on the surface by sputtering prior to dosing D2O sharply increases this adsorption energy, but these defects may be healed after annealing the surface to 1300 K. CO2 adsorbs on CaO(001) with an initial adsorption energy of ~ 125 kJ/mol, and decreases until the saturation coverage is reached, which is a function of surface temperature. The results showed that pre-adsorbed water blocks adsorption sites, lowers the saturation coverage, and lowers the measured adsorption energy of CO2. The calorimetry data further adds to our understanding of D2O and CO2 adsorption on oxide surfaces.
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7
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CO2 Hydrogenation to Methane over Ni-Catalysts: The Effect of Support and Vanadia Promoting. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11040433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the Waste2Fuel project, innovative, high-performance, and cost-effective fuel production methods are developed to target the “closed carbon cycle”. The catalysts supported on different metal oxides were characterized by XRD, XPS, Raman, UV-Vis, temperature-programmed techniques; then, they were tested in CO2 hydrogenation at 1 bar. Moreover, the V2O5 promotion was studied for Ni/Al2O3 catalyst. The precisely designed hydrotalcite-derived catalyst and vanadia-promoted Ni-catalysts deliver exceptional conversions for the studied processes, presenting high durability and selectivity, outperforming the best-known catalysts. The equilibrium conversion was reached at temperatures around 623 K, with the primary product of reaction CH4 (>97% CH4 yield). Although the Ni loading in hydrotalcite-derived NiWP is lower by more than 40%, compared to reference NiR catalyst and available commercial samples, the activity increases for this sample, reaching almost equilibrium values (GHSV = 1.2 × 104 h–1, 1 atm, and 293 K).
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8
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Scaltsoyiannes A, Lemonidou A. CaCO3 decomposition for calcium-looping applications: Kinetic modeling in a fixed-bed reactor. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE: X 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cesx.2020.100071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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9
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Cho Y, Huh Y. Luminescence Properties of
YVO
4
:Eu Phosphors Prepared Using a Y(
OH
)
CO
3
:Eu Precursor. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.12042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Young‐Sik Cho
- Department of ChemistryInstitute of Nanosensor and Biotechnology, Dankook University Chungcheongnam‐Do 31116 South Korea
| | - Young‐Duk Huh
- Department of ChemistryInstitute of Nanosensor and Biotechnology, Dankook University Chungcheongnam‐Do 31116 South Korea
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10
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Li X, Paier J. Vibrational properties of CO 2 adsorbed on the Fe 3O 4 (111) surface: Insights gained from DFT. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:104702. [PMID: 32171208 DOI: 10.1063/1.5136323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
By virtue of density functional theory calculations, this work discusses several carbonate, carboxylate, and bicarbonate species on two thermodynamically relevant metal terminations of the (111) surface of magnetite, Fe3O4. We present adsorption energies and vibrational wavenumbers and conclude in assigning the observed infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy bands. CO2 prefers to adsorb molecularly on the Fetet1 terminated Fe3O4(111) surface, a finding consistent with observation. Calculations compared with the experiment lead to interpreting results in favor of the Fetet1 (single metal) terminated Fe3O4(111) surface as the regular surface termination. Formation of carbonate and bicarbonate requires metal impurities on that surface. Such impurities exist, for instance, on the Feoct2 (double metal) termination, which can thus be used as a model for "metal-rich terminations" of more complex surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoke Li
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Germany
| | - Joachim Paier
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Germany
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11
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T. AM, Kuriakose N, Mondal K, Ghosh P. CO2 capture, activation and dissociation on the Ti2C surface and Ti2C MXene: the role of surface structure. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:14599-14612. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp01700k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Barrier-less CO2 activation on Ti2C(100) and MXene with preferential adsorption on the (100) surface and a lower dissociation barrier on MXene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswathi Mohan T.
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research
- Pune
- India
| | - Nishamol Kuriakose
- Department of Physics
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research
- Pune
- India
| | - Krishnakanta Mondal
- Department of Physics
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research
- Pune
- India
| | - Prasenjit Ghosh
- Department of Physics
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research
- Pune
- India
- Centre for Energy Sciences
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12
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Maiti SC, Ghoroi C. Nano-TiO2 promoted CaO-based high-temperature CO2 sorbent: influence of crystal level properties on the CO2 sorption efficiency. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00124d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This work investigates the multi-cycle CO2 sorption and the kinetics of the carbonation reaction of nano-TiO2 promoted CaO synthesized from commercially available micron sized CaCO3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanat Chandra Maiti
- DryProTech Lab
- Chemical Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar
- Gandhinagar
- India
| | - Chinmay Ghoroi
- DryProTech Lab
- Chemical Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar
- Gandhinagar
- India
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13
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Wu P, Tao Y, Ling H, Chen Z, Ding J, Zeng X, Liao X, Stampfl C, Huang J. Cooperation of Ni and CaO at Interface for CO2 Reforming of CH4: A Combined Theoretical and Experimental Study. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b02286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wu
- School of Physics, Sydney Nano Institue, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Laboratory for Catalysis Engineering, School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sydney Nano Institue, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales2006, Australia
| | - Yongwen Tao
- Laboratory for Catalysis Engineering, School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sydney Nano Institue, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales2006, Australia
| | - Huajuan Ling
- Laboratory for Catalysis Engineering, School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sydney Nano Institue, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales2006, Australia
| | - Zibin Chen
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, Sydney Nano Institue, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Jia Ding
- Laboratory for Catalysis Engineering, School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sydney Nano Institue, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales2006, Australia
| | - Xin Zeng
- Laboratory for Catalysis Engineering, School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sydney Nano Institue, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales2006, Australia
| | - Xiaozhou Liao
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, Sydney Nano Institue, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Catherine Stampfl
- School of Physics, Sydney Nano Institue, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Jun Huang
- Laboratory for Catalysis Engineering, School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sydney Nano Institue, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales2006, Australia
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14
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Millet MM, Algara-Siller G, Wrabetz S, Mazheika A, Girgsdies F, Teschner D, Seitz F, Tarasov A, Levchenko SV, Schlögl R, Frei E. Ni Single Atom Catalysts for CO 2 Activation. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:2451-2461. [PMID: 30640467 PMCID: PMC6728101 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b11729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
![]()
We
report on the activation of CO2 on Ni single-atom
catalysts. These catalysts were synthesized using a solid solution
approach by controlled substitution of 1–10 atom % of Mg2+ by Ni2+ inside the MgO structure. The Ni atoms
are preferentially located on the surface of the MgO and, as predicted
by hybrid-functional calculations, favor low-coordinated sites. The
isolated Ni atoms are active for CO2 conversion through
the reverse water–gas shift (rWGS) but are unable to conduct
its further hydrogenation to CH4 (or MeOH), for which Ni
clusters are needed. The CO formation rates correlate linearly with
the concentration of Ni on the surface evidenced by XPS and microcalorimetry.
The calculations show that the substitution of Mg atoms by Ni atoms
on the surface of the oxide structure reduces the strength of the
CO2 binding at low-coordinated sites and also promotes
H2 dissociation. Astonishingly, the single-atom catalysts
stayed stable over 100 h on stream, after which no clusters or particle
formation could be detected. Upon catalysis, a surface carbonate adsorbate-layer
was formed, of which the decompositions appear to be directly linked
to the aggregation of Ni. This study on atomically dispersed Ni species
brings new fundamental understanding of Ni active sites for reactions
involving CO2 and clearly evidence the limits of single-atom
catalysis for complex reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Mathilde Millet
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry , Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft , Faradayweg 4-6 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Gerardo Algara-Siller
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry , Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft , Faradayweg 4-6 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Sabine Wrabetz
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry , Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft , Faradayweg 4-6 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Aliaksei Mazheika
- Department of Theory , Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft , Faradayweg 4-6 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Frank Girgsdies
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry , Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft , Faradayweg 4-6 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Detre Teschner
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry , Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft , Faradayweg 4-6 , 14195 Berlin , Germany.,Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion , Abteilung Heterogene Reaktionen , Stiftstr. 34-36 , 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr , Germany
| | - Friedrich Seitz
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry , Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft , Faradayweg 4-6 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Andrey Tarasov
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry , Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft , Faradayweg 4-6 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Sergey V Levchenko
- Department of Theory , Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft , Faradayweg 4-6 , 14195 Berlin , Germany.,Materials Modeling and Development Laboratory , National University of Science and Technology "MISIS" , Leninskii av. 4 , 119049 Moscow , Russia.,Center for Electrochemical Energy Storage , Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology , Nobel Street 3 , 143026 Moscow , Russia
| | - Robert Schlögl
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry , Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft , Faradayweg 4-6 , 14195 Berlin , Germany.,Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion , Abteilung Heterogene Reaktionen , Stiftstr. 34-36 , 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr , Germany
| | - Elias Frei
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry , Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft , Faradayweg 4-6 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
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