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Peng A, Lu X, Ma R, Fu Y, Wang S, Zhu W. Comparative study on different strategies for synthesizing all-silica DD3R zeolite crystals with a uniform morphology and size. RSC Adv 2020; 10:27523-27530. [PMID: 35516929 PMCID: PMC9055580 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra04293e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last three decades, the all-silica deca-dodecasil 3R (DD3R) zeolite has been extensively studied as a significant potential class of porous materials in adsorptive separations. However, the use of most existing synthesis methods is unable to produce pure DD3R crystals with a uniform morphology and size. The present research, is therefore intended to provide a facile protocol to synthesize pure DD3R crystals with a controllable morphology and size and with a high reproducibility and productivity. Special attention was focused on investigating the effects of the type of seeds and the mineralizing reagent on the phase-purity, morphology, and crystal size of the resultant DD3R crystals. Various techniques, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), N2 adsorption–desorption at 77 K, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were then used to characterize the synthesized samples. The results show that by adding a small amount of “amorphous” DD3R or “amorphous” ZSM-58 seeds, the pure DD3R crystals with a uniform morphology and size can be synthesized using 1-adamantanamine (1-ADA) as a structure-directing agent (SDA), KF was used as a mineralizing reagent, and LUDOX AS-30 as a silicon source at 443 K for 1 d. In addition, the pure, large and uniform hexahedron DD3R crystals can be prepared using fumed silica as seeds, although the crystallization time takes a longer period of 3 d. The present work could stimulate fundamental research and industrial applications of the all-silica DD3R zeolite. A facile protocol was developed to synthesize pure DD3R crystals with a controllable morphology and size, as well as high reproducibility and productivity.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Peng
- Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Green Syntheses and Applications of Fluorine-Containing Specialty Chemicals
- Institute of Advanced Fluorine-Containing Materials
- Zhejiang Normal University
- 321004 Jinhua
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xinqing Lu
- Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Green Syntheses and Applications of Fluorine-Containing Specialty Chemicals
- Institute of Advanced Fluorine-Containing Materials
- Zhejiang Normal University
- 321004 Jinhua
- People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Ma
- Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Green Syntheses and Applications of Fluorine-Containing Specialty Chemicals
- Institute of Advanced Fluorine-Containing Materials
- Zhejiang Normal University
- 321004 Jinhua
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yanghe Fu
- Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Green Syntheses and Applications of Fluorine-Containing Specialty Chemicals
- Institute of Advanced Fluorine-Containing Materials
- Zhejiang Normal University
- 321004 Jinhua
- People's Republic of China
| | - Shuhua Wang
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Fluoro-Materials
- Zhejiang Juhua Technology Center Co., Ltd
- 324004 Quzhou
- People's Republic of China
| | - Weidong Zhu
- Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Green Syntheses and Applications of Fluorine-Containing Specialty Chemicals
- Institute of Advanced Fluorine-Containing Materials
- Zhejiang Normal University
- 321004 Jinhua
- People's Republic of China
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Abstract
In the past decade or so, small-pore zeolites have received greater attention than large- and medium-pore molecular sieves that have historically dominated the literature. This is primarily due to the commercialization of two major catalytic processes, NOx exhaust removal and methanol conversion to light olefins, that take advantage of the properties of these materials with smaller apertures. Small-pore zeolites possess pores that are constructed of eight tetrahedral atoms (Si4+ and Al3+), each time linked by a shared oxygen These eight-member ring pores (8MR) provide small molecules access to the intracrystalline void space, e.g., to NOx during car exhaust cleaning (NOx removal) or to methanol en route to its conversion into light olefins, while restricting larger molecule entrance and departure that is critical to overall catalyst performance. In total, there are forty-four structurally different small-pore zeolites. Forty-one of these zeolites can be synthesized, and the first synthetic zeolite (KFI, 1948) was in fact a small-pore material. Although the field of 8MR zeolite chemistry has expanded in many directions, the progress in synthesis is framework-specific, leaving insights and generalizations difficult to realize. This review first focuses on the relevant synthesis details of all 8MR zeolites and provides some generalized findings and related insights. Next, catalytic applications where 8MR zeolites either have been commercialized or have dominated investigations are presented, with the aim of providing structure-activity relationships. The review ends with a summary that discusses (i) both synthetic and catalytic progress, (ii) a list of opportunities in the 8MR zeolite field, and (iii) a brief future outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel Dusselier
- Center for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis , KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F , 3001 Heverlee , Belgium
| | - Mark E Davis
- Chemical Engineering , California Institute of Technology , Mail Code 210-41, Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
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Goetze J, Yarulina I, Gascon J, Kapteijn F, Weckhuysen BM. Revealing Lattice Expansion of Small-Pore Zeolite Catalysts during the Methanol-to-Olefins Process Using Combined Operando X-ray Diffraction and UV-vis Spectroscopy. ACS Catal 2018. [PMID: 29527401 PMCID: PMC5839605 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b04129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In small-pore zeolite catalysts, where the size of the pores is limited by eight-ring windows, aromatic hydrocarbon pool molecules that are formed inside the zeolite during the Methanol-to-Olefins (MTO) process cannot exit the pores and are retained inside the catalyst. Hydrocarbon species whose size is comparable to the size of the zeolite cage can cause the zeolite lattice to expand during the MTO process. In this work, the formation of retained hydrocarbon pool species during MTO at a reaction temperature of 400 °C was followed using operando UV-vis spectroscopy. During the same experiment, using operando X-ray Diffraction (XRD), the expansion of the zeolite framework was assessed, and the activity of the catalyst was measured using online gas chromatography (GC). Three different small-pore zeolite frameworks, i.e., CHA, DDR, and LEV, were compared. It was shown using operando XRD that the formation of retained aromatic species causes the zeolite lattice of all three frameworks to expand. Because of the differences in the zeolite framework dimensions, the nature of the retained hydrocarbons as measured by operando UV-vis spectroscopy is different for each of the three zeolite frameworks. Consequently, the magnitude and direction of the zeolite lattice expansion as measured by operando XRD also depends on the specific combination of the hydrocarbon species and the zeolite framework. The catalyst with the CHA framework, i.e., H-SSZ-13, showed the biggest expansion: 0.9% in the direction along the c-axis of the zeolite lattice. For all three zeolite frameworks, based on the combination of operando XRD and operando UV-vis spectroscopy, the hydrocarbon species that are likely to cause the expansion of the zeolite cages are presented; methylated naphthalene and pyrene in CHA, 1-methylnaphthalene and phenalene in DDR, and methylated benzene and naphthalene in LEV. Filling of the zeolite cages and, as a consequence, the zeolite lattice expansion causes the deactivation of these small-pore zeolite catalysts during the MTO process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris Goetze
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Irina Yarulina
- Catalysis
Engineering, Chemical Engineering Department, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, KAUST Catalysis Center, Advanced Catalytic Materials, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jorge Gascon
- Catalysis
Engineering, Chemical Engineering Department, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, KAUST Catalysis Center, Advanced Catalytic Materials, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Freek Kapteijn
- Catalysis
Engineering, Chemical Engineering Department, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Wu P, Yang M, Sun L, Zeng S, Xu S, Tian P, Liu Z. Synthesis of nanosized SAPO-34 with the assistance of bifunctional amine and seeds. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:11160-11163. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc05871g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Nanosized SAPO-34 with improved MTO catalytic performance has been synthesized with the assistance of bifunctional amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Methanol to Olefins
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian 116023
| | - Miao Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Methanol to Olefins
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian 116023
| | - Lijing Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for Methanol to Olefins
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian 116023
| | - Shu Zeng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Methanol to Olefins
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian 116023
| | - Shutao Xu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Methanol to Olefins
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian 116023
| | - Peng Tian
- National Engineering Laboratory for Methanol to Olefins
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian 116023
| | - Zhongmin Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Methanol to Olefins
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian 116023
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Goetze J, Meirer F, Yarulina I, Gascon J, Kapteijn F, Ruiz-Martínez J, Weckhuysen BM. Insights into the Activity and Deactivation of the Methanol-to-Olefins Process over Different Small-Pore Zeolites As Studied with Operando UV-vis Spectroscopy. ACS Catal 2017; 7:4033-4046. [PMID: 28603658 PMCID: PMC5460665 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b03677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Revised: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The nature and evolution of the hydrocarbon pool (HP) species during the Methanol-to-Olefins (MTO) process for three small-pore zeolite catalysts, with a different framework consisting of large cages interconnected by small eight-ring windows (CHA, DDR, and LEV) was studied at reaction temperatures between 350 and 450 °C using a combination of operando UV-vis spectroscopy and online gas chromatography. It was found that small differences in cage size, shape, and pore structure of the zeolite frameworks result in the generation of different hydrocarbon pool species. More specifically, it was found that the large cage of CHA results in the formation of a wide variety of hydrocarbon pool species, mostly alkylated benzenes and naphthalenes. In the DDR cage, 1-methylnaphthalene is preferentially formed, while the small LEV cage generally contains fewer hydrocarbon pool species. The nature and evolution of these hydrocarbon pool species was linked with the stage of the reaction using a multivariate analysis of the operando UV-vis spectra. In the 3-D pore network of CHA, the reaction temperature has only a minor effect on the performance of the MTO catalyst. However, for the 2-D pore networks of DDR and LEV, an increase in the applied reaction temperature resulted in a dramatic increase in catalytic activity. For all zeolites in this study, the role of the hydrocarbon species changes with reaction temperature. This effect is most clear in DDR, in which diamantane and 1-methylnaphthalene are deactivating species at a reaction temperature of 350 °C, whereas at higher temperatures diamantane formation is not observed and 1-methylnaphthalene is an active species. This results in a different amount and nature of coke species in the deactivated catalyst, depending on zeolite framework and reaction temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris Goetze
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Irina Yarulina
- Catalysis
Engineering, Chemical Engineering Department, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jorge Gascon
- Catalysis
Engineering, Chemical Engineering Department, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Freek Kapteijn
- Catalysis
Engineering, Chemical Engineering Department, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Javier Ruiz-Martínez
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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