1
|
Dabbish E, Scoditti S, Shehata MNI, Ritacco I, Ibrahim MAA, Shoeib T, Sicilia E. Insights on cyclophosphamide metabolism and anticancer mechanism of action: A computational study. J Comput Chem 2024; 45:663-670. [PMID: 38088485 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.27280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The oxazaphosphorine cyclophosphamide (CP) is a DNA-alkylating agent commonly used in cancer chemotherapy. This anticancer agent is administered as a prodrug activated by a liver cytochrome P450-catalyzed 4-hydroxylation reaction that yields the active, cytotoxic metabolite. The primary metabolite, 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide, equilibrates with the ring-open aldophosphamide that undergoes β-elimination to yield the therapeutically active DNA cross-linking phosphoramide mustard and the byproduct acrolein. The present paper presents a DFT investigation of the different metabolic phases and an insight into the mechanism by which CP exerts its cytotoxic action. A detailed computational analysis of the energy profiles describing all the involved transformations and the mechanism of DNA alkylation is given with the aim to contribute to an increase of knowledge that, after more than 60 years of unsuccessful attempts, can lead to the design and development of a new generation of oxazaphosphorines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eslam Dabbish
- Department of Chemistry, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo, Egypt
| | - Stefano Scoditti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, Arcavacata, Italy
| | - Mohammed N I Shehata
- Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Ida Ritacco
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Mahmoud A A Ibrahim
- Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
- School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Tamer Shoeib
- Department of Chemistry, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo, Egypt
| | - Emilia Sicilia
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, Arcavacata, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Aher S, Zhu J, Bhagat P, Borse L, Liu X. Pt(IV) Complexes in the Search for Novel Platinum Prodrugs with Promising Activity. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2024; 382:6. [PMID: 38400859 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-023-00448-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
The kinetically inert, six coordinated, octahedral Pt(IV) complexes are termed dual-, triple-, or multi-action prodrugs based on the nature of the axially substituted ligands. These ligands are either inert or biologically active, where the nature of these axial ligands provides additional stability, synergistic biological activity or cell-targeting ability. There are many literature reports from each of these classes, mentioning the varied nature of these axial ligands. The ligands comprise drug molecules such as chlorambucil, doxorubicin, valproic acid, ethacrynic acid, biologically active chalcone, coumarin, combretastatin, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and many more, potentiating the anti-proliferative profile or reducing the side effects associated with cisplatin therapy. The targeting and non-targeting nature of these moieties exert additive or synergistic effects on the anti-cancer activity of Pt(II) moieties. Herein, we discuss the effects of these axially oriented ligands and the changes in the non-leaving am(m)ine groups and in the leaving groups on the biological activity. In this review, we have presented the latest developments in the field of Pt(IV) complexes that display promising activity with a reduced resistance profile. We have discussed the structure activity relationship (SAR) and the effects of the ligands on the biological activity of Pt(IV) complexes with cisplatin, oxaliplatin, carboplatin and the Pt core other than approved drugs. This literature work will help researchers to get an idea about Pt(IV) complexes that have been classified based on the aspects of their biological activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sainath Aher
- K. K. Wagh College of Pharmacy, Nashik, Maharashtra, 422003, India
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Medicinal Plants Utilization, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering of Henan Province, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinhua Zhu
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Medicinal Plants Utilization, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering of Henan Province, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Pundlik Bhagat
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, VIT University, Vellore, 632014, India
| | - Laxmikant Borse
- Sandip Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nashik, Maharashtra, 422213, India
| | - Xiuhua Liu
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Medicinal Plants Utilization, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering of Henan Province, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kuznetcova I, Ostojić M, Gligorijević N, Aranđelović S, Arion VB. Enriching Chemical Space of Bioactive Scaffolds by New Ring Systems: Benzazocines and Their Metal Complexes as Potential Anticancer Drugs. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:20445-20460. [PMID: 36473464 PMCID: PMC9768754 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The search for new scaffolds of medicinal significance combined with molecular shape enhances their innovative potential and continues to attract the attention of researchers. Herein, we report the synthesis, spectroscopic characterization (1H and 13C NMR, UV-vis, IR), ESI-mass spectrometry, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of a new ring system of medicinal significance, 5,6,7,9-tetrahydro-8H-indolo[3,2-e]benzazocin-8-one, and a series of derived potential ligands (HL1-HL5), as well as ruthenium(II), osmium(II), and copper(II) complexes (1a, 1b, and 2-5). The stability of compounds in 1% DMSO aqueous solutions has been confirmed by 1H NMR and UV-vis spectroscopy measurements. The antiproliferative activity of HL1-HL5 and 1a, 1b, and 2-5 was evaluated by in vitro cytotoxicity tests against four cancer cell lines (LS-174, HCT116, MDA-MB-361, and A549) and one non-cancer cell line (MRC-5). The lead compounds HL5 and its copper(II) complex 5 were 15× and 17×, respectively, more cytotoxic than cisplatin against human colon cancer cell line HCT116. Annexin V-FITC apoptosis assay showed dominant apoptosis inducing potential of both compounds after prolonged treatment (48 h) in HCT116 cells. HL5 and 5 were found to induce a concentration- and time-dependent arrest of cell cycle in colon cancer cell lines. Antiproliferative activity of 5 in 3D multicellular tumor spheroid model of cancer cells (HCT116, LS-174) superior to that of cisplatin was found. Moreover, HL5 and 5 showed notable inhibition potency against glycogen synthase kinases (GSK-3α and GSK-3β), tyrosine-protein kinase (Src), lymphocyte-specific protein-tyrosine kinase (Lck), and cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdk2 and Cdk5) (IC50 = 1.4-6.1 μM), suggesting their multitargeted mode of action as potential anticancer drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irina Kuznetcova
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry of the University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marija Ostojić
- Department
of Experimental Oncology, Institute for
Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Pasterova 14, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nevenka Gligorijević
- Department
of Experimental Oncology, Institute for
Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Pasterova 14, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sandra Aranđelović
- Department
of Experimental Oncology, Institute for
Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Pasterova 14, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia,
| | - Vladimir B. Arion
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry of the University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria,
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Synthesis, characterization, antioxidant potential, and cytotoxicity screening of new Cu(II) complexes with 4-(arylchalcogenyl)-1H-pyrazoles ligands. J Inorg Biochem 2022; 237:112013. [PMID: 36183642 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.112013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Two new Cu(II) complexes based on 4-(arylchalcogenyl)-1H-pyrazoles monodentate bis(ligand) containing selenium or sulfur groups (2a and 2b) have been synthesized and characterized by IR spectroscopy, high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), and by X-ray crystallography. In the effort to propose new applications for the biomedical area, we evaluated the antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity of the newly synthesized complexes. The antioxidant activity of the Cu(II) complexes (2a - 2b) were assessed through their ability to inhibit the formation of reactive species (RS) induced by sodium azide and to scavenge the synthetic radicals 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS+). Both copper complexes containing selenium (2a) and sulfur (2b) presented in vitro antioxidant activity. The (1a - 1b and 2a - 2b) compounds did not show cytotoxicity in V79 cells at low concentrations. Furthermore, the antiproliferative activity of free ligands (1a - 1b) and their complexes (2a - 2b) were tested against two human tumor cell lines: MCF-7 (breast adenocarcinoma) and HepG2 (hepatocarcinoma). Also, 2a was tested against U2OS (osteosarcoma). Our results demonstrated that 1a and 1b show little or no growth inhibition activities on human cell lines.The 2a compound exhibited good cytotoxic activity toward human tumor cell lines. However, 2a showed no selectivity, with a selectivity index of 1.12-1.40. Complex 2b was selective for the MCF-7 human tumor cell lines with IC50 of 59 ± 2 μM. This study demonstrates that the Cu(II) complexes 2a and 2b represent promising antitumoral compounds, and further studies are necessary to understand the molecular mechanisms of these effects.
Collapse
|
5
|
Liang Y, Huang W, Situ Q, Su W, Qiu W, Li S, He L, Chen J. Novel Terpyridine Conjugated Nitrogen Mustard Derivatives: Synthesis, Spectral Properties, and Anticancer Activity. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363222040144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
|
6
|
Gabano E, Gariboldi MB, Caron G, Ermondi G, Marras E, Vallaro M, Ravera M. Application of the anthraquinone drug rhein as an axial ligand in bifunctional Pt(IV) complexes to obtain antiproliferative agents against human glioblastoma cells. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:6014-6026. [PMID: 35352739 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00235c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Octahedral Pt(IV) prodrugs are an effective way to combine cisplatin-like moieties and a second drug to obtain selective and stimuli responsive bifunctional antiproliferative compounds. Recently, two bifunctional Pt(IV) complexes have shown interesting in vitro and in vivo effects in glioblastoma, the most aggressive primary brain tumor. An interesting observation indicates that 4,5-dihydroxy-9,10-dioxo-9,10-dihydroanthracene-2-carboxylic acid (rhein) can inhibit in vivo glioma tumor progression. Furthermore, a prodrug in which cisplatin was combined with two molecules of rhein showed a potency higher than that of cisplatin toward cisplatin-resistant lung carcinoma cells. However, the high lipophilicity of this type of complex affects their solubility and bioavailability. To overcome these limits, in the present work, three Pt(IV) derivatives were obtained by differently linking one molecule of rhein and one acetato ligand at the axial position to a cisplatin core. The complexes proved to be similar to or more potent than the parent cisplatin and rhein, and the reference drug temozolomide on two human glioblastoma cell lines (U87-MG and T98G). They retained their activity under hypoxia and caused a significant reduction in the motility of both cell lines, which can be related to their ability to inhibit MMP2 and MMP9 matrix metalloproteinases. Finally, physicochemical and computational studies indicated that these Pt(IV) derivatives are more prone than rhein to cross the blood-brain barrier.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Gabano
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Viale Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy.
| | - Marzia Bruna Gariboldi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita (DBSV), Università dell'Insubria, via Dunant 3, Varese, Italy
| | - Giulia Caron
- CASSMedChem, Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Molecolari e Scienze per la Salute, Università di Torino, Via Quarello 15, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ermondi
- CASSMedChem, Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Molecolari e Scienze per la Salute, Università di Torino, Via Quarello 15, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Emanuela Marras
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita (DBSV), Università dell'Insubria, via Dunant 3, Varese, Italy
| | - Maura Vallaro
- CASSMedChem, Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Molecolari e Scienze per la Salute, Università di Torino, Via Quarello 15, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Mauro Ravera
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Viale Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jia C, Deacon GB, Zhang Y, Gao C. Platinum(IV) antitumor complexes and their nano-drug delivery. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
8
|
Shahsavari HR, Hu J, Chamyani S, Sakamaki Y, Babadi Aghakhanpour R, Salmon C, Fereidoonnezhad M, Mojaddami A, Peyvasteh P, Beyzavi H. Fluorinated Cycloplatinated(II) Complexes Bearing Bisphosphine Ligands as Potent Anticancer Agents. Organometallics 2020; 40:72-82. [PMID: 34334870 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A family of cationic cycloplatinated(II) complexes [Pt(dfppy)(P^P)]Cl, dfppy = 2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)pyridine, incorporating bisphosphine ligands, P^P = bis(diphenylphosphino)methane (1, dppm), 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane (2, dppe) and 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)benzene (3, dppbz), was prepared. The complexes were characterized by means of several analytical and spectroscopic methods. These complexes displayed acceptable stability in the biological environments which was confirmed by NMR, HR ESI-MS and UV-vis techniques. The antiproliferative properties of these complexes were evaluated by National Cancer Institute (NCI) at National Institutes of Health (NIH) against 60 different human tumor cell lines such as leukemia, melanoma, lung, colon, brain, ovary, breast, prostate and kidney. These complexes showed higher cytotoxicity than cisplatin against a wide variety of cancer cell lines such as K-562 (leukemia), HOP-92 (lung), HCT-116 (colon), OVCAR-8 (ovarian), PC-3 (prostate), MDA-MB-468 (breast), and melanoma cancer cell lines. Complex 3 as the most potent compound in this study furnished an excellent anti-proliferative activity compared to the cisplatin against Hela, SKOV3, and MCF-7 cancer cell lines. The main mode of the interaction of 1-3 with DNA was also determined using molecular docking studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamid R Shahsavari
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan, 45137-66731, Iran; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, 72701, United States
| | - Jiyun Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, 72701, United States
| | - Samira Chamyani
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan, 45137-66731, Iran
| | - Yoshie Sakamaki
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, 72701, United States
| | - Reza Babadi Aghakhanpour
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan, 45137-66731, Iran
| | - Christopher Salmon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, 72701, United States
| | - Masood Fereidoonnezhad
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, 61357-15794, Iran
| | - Ayyub Mojaddami
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, 61357-15794, Iran
| | - Parnian Peyvasteh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, 61357-15794, Iran
| | - Hudson Beyzavi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, 72701, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Maji M, Acharya S, Maji S, Purkait K, Gupta A, Mukherjee A. Differences in Stability, Cytotoxicity, and Mechanism of Action of Ru(II) and Pt(II) Complexes of a Bidentate N,O Donor Ligand. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:10262-10274. [PMID: 32585099 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report [RuII(L)(η6-p-cym)Cl] (1 and 2) and [PtII(L)(DMSO)Cl] (3 and 4) complexes, where L is a chelate imine ligand derived from chloroethylamine and salicylaldehyde (HL1) or o-vanillin (HL2). The complexes were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and other analytical techniques. The 1H nuclear magnetic resonance data show that both the Ru(II) and Pt(II) complexes start forming the aquated complex within an hour. The aquated complexes are stable at least up to 24 h. The complexes bind to the N7 of the model nucleobase 9-ethylguanine (9-EtG). Interaction with calf thymus (CT) DNA shows moderate binding interactions with binding constants, Kb (3.7 ± 1.2) × 103 M-1 and (4.3 ± 1.9) × 103 M-1 for 1 and 3, respectively. The complexes exhibit significant antiproliferative activity against human pancreas ductal adenocarcinoma (Mia PaCa-2), triple negative metastatic breast adenocarcinoma (MDA-MB-231), hepatocellular carcinoma (Hep G2), and colorectal adenocarcinoma (HT-29) cell lines. The studies show that with the same ligand the Pt(II) complexes are more potent than the Ru(II) complexes. The in vitro potencies of all the complexes toward pancreatic cancer cell line MIA PaCa-2 are more than cisplatin (CDDP). The Pt(II) and Ru(II) complexes show similar binding constants with CT-DNA, but the reactivity of the Pt(II) complex 3 with 9-EtG is faster and their overall cell killing pathways are different. This is evident from the arrest of the cell cycle by the Ru(II) complex 1 in the G2/M phase in contrast to the SubG1 phase arrest by the Pt(II) complex 3. The immunoblot study shows that 3 increases cyclin D and Bcl-2 expression in MDA-MB-231 due to the SubG1 phase arrest where these proteins express in greater quantities. However, both 1 and 3 kill in the apoptotic pathway via dose-dependent activation of caspase 3. Complex 3 depolarizes the mitochondria more efficiently than 1, suggesting its higher preference for the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. Our work reveals that the same bidentate ligand with a change of the metal center, viz, Pt(II) or Ru(II), imparts significant variation in cytotoxic dosage and pathway of action due to specific intrinsic properties of a metal center (viz, coordination geometry, solution stability) manifested in a complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moumita Maji
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Centre for Advanced Functional materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur-741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Sourav Acharya
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Centre for Advanced Functional materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur-741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Saptarshi Maji
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur-741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Kallol Purkait
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Centre for Advanced Functional materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur-741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Arnab Gupta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur-741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Arindam Mukherjee
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Centre for Advanced Functional materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur-741246, West Bengal, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
β-Carboline copper complex as a potential mitochondrial-targeted anticancer chemotherapeutic agent: Favorable attenuation of human breast cancer MCF7 cells via apoptosis. Saudi J Biol Sci 2020; 27:2164-2173. [PMID: 32714043 PMCID: PMC7376190 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of preferentially selective cancer chemotherapeutics is a new trend in drug research. Thus, we designed and synthesized novel ternary complexes, [Cu(tryp)(Hnor)2(DMSO)]NO3 (1) and [Zn(tryp)(Hnor)2(DMSO)]NO3(2) (tryp = DL-Tryptophane; Hnor = Norharmane, β-carboline; DMSO = Dimethyl sulfoxide), characterized with elemental analysis, FTIR, UV–vis, FL, NMR, ESI-MS, and molar conductivity. Furthermore, the TD-DFT studies with UV–vis and FTIR validated the proposed structures of 1 and 2. Moreover, we evaluated the HOMO-LUMO energy gap and found that 1 has a smaller energy gap than 2. Then, 1 and 2 were assessed for anticancer chemotherapeutic potential against cancer cell lines MCF7 (human breast cancer) and HepG2 (human liver hepatocellular carcinoma) as well as the non-tumorigenic HEK293 (human embryonic kidney) cells. The MTT assay illustrated the preferentially cytotoxic behavior of 1 when compared with that of 2 and cisplatin (standard drug) against MCF7 cells. Moreover, 1 was exposed to MCF7 cells, and the results indicated the arrest of the G2/M phases, which followed the apoptotic pathway predominantly. Generation of ROS, GSH depletion, and elevation in LPO validated the redox changes prompted by 1. These studies establish the great potential of 1 as a candidate for anticancer therapeutics.
Collapse
|
11
|
Maji M, Karmakar S, Ruturaj, Gupta A, Mukherjee A. Oxamusplatin: a cytotoxic Pt(ii) complex of a nitrogen mustard with resistance to thiol based sequestration displays enhanced selectivity towards cancer. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:2547-2558. [PMID: 32022814 PMCID: PMC7174022 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt04269e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pt(ii) drugs and nitrogen mustards show severe side effects, poor tumour selectivity and face growing resistance by cancer cells due to sequestration by thiol-containing molecules (viz. glutathione (GSH) and copper ATPases like ATP7A/7B). ATP7A and ATP7B-sequestered Pt(ii) complexes show dose inefficacy and resistance. The incorporation of bulky ligands and chelating leaving groups may prevent deactivation by thiols. In this work, we have synthesised four new Pt(ii) complexes (3-6) of two carrier ligands, bis(2-hydroxyethyl)pyridylmethylamine (L1) and bis(2-chloroethyl)pyridylmethylamine (L2) with oxalato and cyclobutanedicarboxylato leaving groups. Among these four new complexes, the Pt(ii) complex of L2 with the oxalato leaving group (5, termed "oxamusplatin") is cytotoxic. Oxamusplatin is more resistant than cisplatin or oxaliplatin towards hydrolysis, thiol binding and sequestration by ATP7B. It targets cellular DNA and is capable of disrupting the microtubule network in the cytoskeleton. Oxamusplatin demonstrates better selectivity than oxaliplatin towards cancerous cells. It is ca. 4-10 times more cytotoxic towards metastatic prostate carcinoma (DU-145, IC50 = 21 ± 1 μM) and ca. 10-24 times more cytotoxic towards breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7, IC50 = 8.1 ± 0.8 μM) compared to the three noncancerous cells investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moumita Maji
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur-741246, West Bengal, India.
| | - Subhendu Karmakar
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur-741246, West Bengal, India.
| | - Ruturaj
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur-741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Arnab Gupta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur-741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Arindam Mukherjee
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur-741246, West Bengal, India.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Karmakar S, Chatterjee S, Purkait K, Mukherjee A. A trans-dichloridoplatinum(II) complex of a monodentate nitrogen mustard: Synthesis, stability and cytotoxicity studies. J Inorg Biochem 2019; 204:110982. [PMID: 31911365 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.110982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A trans-dichloridoplatinum(II) complex, trans-[PtIICl2(L)(DMSO)] (1) of a monodentate nitrogen mustard, bis(2-chloroethyl)amine (L), was synthesized by the reaction of cis-[PtIICl2(DMSO)2] &L.HCl in presence of Et3N. 1 was characterised by NMR, FT-IR and elemental analysis. L is unstable in aqueous solution while 1 displayed moderate stability. In aqueous buffer solution of pD 7.4, 1 starts to loose L slowly upon dissolution and even after 48 h there is still intact/aquated complex present in solution. 1 interacts with the model nucleobase 9-ethyl guanine. The ligand L was non-toxic against MCF-7, A549, HepG2 & MIA PaCa-2 up to 200 μM. In contrast, the Pt(II) complex 1 showed an excellent IC50 (ca. 600 nM) against MIA PaCa-2 and also displayed good IC50 value (3-7 μM) against the other cancer cell lines probed. The in vitro cytotoxicity of 1 is better than cisplatin against each of the treated cancer cell lines and it is not affected by hypoxia as per the in vitro studies. Complex 1 displays higher cellular accumulation than cisplatin and arrests the cell cycle in both S & G2/M phase inducing apoptotic cell death. The G2/M phase arrest is dominant at higher concentrations. The depolarisation of mitochondria by 1 combined with activation of caspase-7 indicates apoptotic cell death. Complex 1 induces low hemolysis of human blood signifying excellent blood compatibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subhendu Karmakar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India; Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Saptarshi Chatterjee
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Kallol Purkait
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Arindam Mukherjee
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Design, synthesis, and validation of novel nitrogen-based chalcone analogs against triple negative breast cancer. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 187:111954. [PMID: 31838326 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Great strides have been made in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) treatment, which represents 20% of total predicted annual US breast cancer (BC) cases. Despite the development of several therapeutics, TNBC patients have poor overall survival rate, compared to other BC patients, justifying the urgent need to discover new entities for use to control TNBC. Chalcones are important natural products with diverse bioactivities including anticancer effects. This study aimed to design, synthesize and validate novel chalcone leads as potential therapies for TNBC. Fourteen novel chalcone analogs were designed and synthesized comprising alicyclic amines (pyrrolidine, morpholine and piperidine) or nitrogen mustard (Bis-(2-chloroethyl) amine) substituents. Among them, compound 14((E)-3-(4-(Bis(2-chloroethyl) amino) phenyl)-1-(3-methoxyphenyl) prop-2-en-1-one) was identified as the most effective against TNBC and other BC phenotypes, with anti-proliferative IC50 values ranging between 3.94 and 9.22 μM against the TNBC cell lines MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468, as well as against the estrogen positive MCF-7 cell line. Chalcone 14 effectively suppressed the colony formation capacity of MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468, and MCF-7 cell lines at 5 and 10 μM treatment concentrations. Furthermore, compound 14 has significantly inhibited cell invasion and migration of MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 BC cell lines. Additionally, compound 14 had significantly promoted apoptosis by upregulating BAX and downregulating Bcl-2 proteins. Compound 14 induced significant cell cycle arrest of TNBC cells at the G2/M phase. It also induced a reversal of Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) by upregulating the epithelial markers E-cadherin and Pan-cadherin and downregulating FAK. Furthermore, it had dramatically diminished new vessel formation (vasculogenesis) in chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model by 60.20 ± 8.47%. Chalcone 14 inhibited 46.41 ± 0.71% of the TNBC MAD-MB-231 cells growth in a nude mouse orthotopic xenograft model in comparison with vehicle control treated animals. Collectively, this study results propose chalcone 14 as a promising lead molecule for the control of TNBC as well as other breast cancer phenotypes.
Collapse
|
14
|
Current State of Platinum Complexes for the Treatment of Advanced and Drug-Resistant Breast Cancers. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1152:253-270. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-20301-6_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
15
|
Karmakar S, Maji M, Mukherjee A. Modulation of the reactivity of nitrogen mustards by metal complexation: approaches to modify their therapeutic properties. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:1144-1160. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt04503h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Metal complexation of nitrogen mustards shows promise with an ability to control the mustards’ reactivity, perform selective hypoxia activation, overcome resistance, and control GSH deactivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subhendu Karmakar
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata
- Mohanpur-741246
- India
| | - Moumita Maji
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata
- Mohanpur-741246
- India
| | - Arindam Mukherjee
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata
- Mohanpur-741246
- India
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
The success of platinum-based anticancer agents has motivated the exploration of novel metal-based drugs for several decades, whereas problems such as drug-resistance and systemic toxicity hampered their clinical applications and efficacy. Stimuli-responsiveness of some metal complexes offers a good opportunity for designing site-specific prodrugs to maximize the therapeutic efficacy and minimize the side effect of metallodrugs. This review presents a comprehensive and up-to-date overview on the therapeutic stimuli-responsive metallodrugs that have appeared in the past two decades, where stimuli such as redox, pH, enzyme, light, temperature, and so forth were involved. The compounds are classified into three major categories based on the nature of stimuli, that is, endo-stimuli-responsive metallodrugs, exo-stimuli-responsive metallodrugs, and dual-stimuli-responsive metallodrugs. Representative examples of each type are discussed in terms of structure, response mechanism, and potential medical applications. In the end, future opportunities and challenges in this field are tentatively proposed. With diverse metal complexes being introduced, the foci of this review are pointed to platinum and ruthenium complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 211816 , P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , P. R. China
| | - Suxing Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , P. R. China
| | - Nafees Muhammad
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , P. R. China
| | - Zijian Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093 , P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yang Y, Guo L, Tian Z, Liu X, Gong Y, Zheng H, Ge X, Liu Z. Imine-N-Heterocyclic Carbenes as Versatile Ligands in Ruthenium(II) p-Cymene Anticancer Complexes: A Structure-Activity Relationship Study. Chem Asian J 2018; 13:2923-2933. [PMID: 30101417 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201801058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A family of novel imine-N-heterocyclic carbene ruthenium(II) complexes of the general formula [(η6 -p-cymene)Ru(C^N)Cl]PF6 - (where C^N is an imine-N-heterocyclic carbene chelating ligand with varying substituents) have been prepared and characterized. In this imine-N-heterocyclic carbene chelating ligand framework, there are three potential sites that can be modified, which distinguishes this class of ligand and provides a body of flexibilities and opportunities to tune the cytotoxicity of these ruthenium(II) complexes. The influence of substituent effects of three tunable domains on the anticancer activity and catalytic ability in converting coenzyme NADH to NAD+ is investigated. This family of complexes displays an exceedingly distinct anticancer activity against A549 cancer cells, despite their close structural similarity. Complex 9 shows the highest anticancer activity in this series against A549 cancer cells (IC50 =14.36 μm), with an approximately 1.5-fold better activity than the clinical platinum drug cisplatin (IC50 =21.30 μm) in A549 cancer cells. Mechanistic studies reveal that complex 9 mediates cell death mainly through cell stress, including cell cycle arrest, inducing apoptosis, increasing intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Furthermore, lysosomal damage is also detected by confocal microscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuliang Yang
- Institute of Anticancer Agents Development and Theranostic Application, The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis and, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, China
| | - Lihua Guo
- Institute of Anticancer Agents Development and Theranostic Application, The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis and, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, China
| | - Zhenzhen Tian
- Institute of Anticancer Agents Development and Theranostic Application, The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis and, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, China
| | - Xicheng Liu
- Institute of Anticancer Agents Development and Theranostic Application, The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis and, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, China
| | - Yuteng Gong
- Institute of Anticancer Agents Development and Theranostic Application, The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis and, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, China
| | - Hongmei Zheng
- Institute of Anticancer Agents Development and Theranostic Application, The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis and, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, China
| | - Xingxing Ge
- Institute of Anticancer Agents Development and Theranostic Application, The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis and, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, China
| | - Zhe Liu
- Institute of Anticancer Agents Development and Theranostic Application, The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis and, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Belli Dell'Amico D, Colalillo M, Dalla Via L, Dell'Acqua M, García-Argáez AN, Hyeraci M, Labella L, Marchetti F, Samaritani S. Synthesis and Reactivity of Cytotoxic Platinum(II) Complexes of Bidentate Oximes - A Step towards the Functionalization of Bioactive Complexes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201800055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Belli Dell'Amico
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale and CIRCC; Università di Pisa; via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13 56124 Pisa Italy
| | - Marialuigia Colalillo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale and CIRCC; Università di Pisa; via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13 56124 Pisa Italy
| | - Lisa Dalla Via
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco; Università degli Studi di Padova; Via F. Marzolo 5 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Martina Dell'Acqua
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale and CIRCC; Università di Pisa; via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13 56124 Pisa Italy
| | - Aída N. García-Argáez
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco; Università degli Studi di Padova; Via F. Marzolo 5 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Mariafrancesca Hyeraci
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco; Università degli Studi di Padova; Via F. Marzolo 5 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Luca Labella
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale and CIRCC; Università di Pisa; via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13 56124 Pisa Italy
| | - Fabio Marchetti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale and CIRCC; Università di Pisa; via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13 56124 Pisa Italy
| | - Simona Samaritani
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale and CIRCC; Università di Pisa; via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13 56124 Pisa Italy
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Cucciolito ME, D’Amora A, De Feo G, Ferraro G, Giorgio A, Petruk G, Monti DM, Merlino A, Ruffo F. Five-Coordinate Platinum(II) Compounds Containing Sugar Ligands: Synthesis, Characterization, Cytotoxic Activity, and Interaction with Biological Macromolecules. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:3133-3143. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b03118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elena Cucciolito
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario di Reattività Chimica e Catalisi (CIRCC), via Celso Ulpiani 27, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Angela D’Amora
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Gianmarco De Feo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Giarita Ferraro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Anna Giorgio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Ganna Petruk
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Daria Maria Monti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonello Merlino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Francesco Ruffo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario di Reattività Chimica e Catalisi (CIRCC), via Celso Ulpiani 27, 70126 Bari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhao J, Xu Z, Lin J, Gou S. Exploring the Hydrolytic Behavior of the Platinum(IV) Complexes with Axial Acetato Ligands. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:9851-9859. [PMID: 28771338 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b01355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Platinum(IV) complexes are generally thought to be kinetically inert, and are expected to be stable enough to resist premature aquation before entering the cancer cells. Nevertheless, in this work, complex 2 with axial acetato ligands can hydrolyze relatively quickly under biologically relevant conditions with a half-life of 91.7 min, resulting in the loss of the equatorial chlorido ligand. Further study indicated that the fast hydrolysis of complex 2 may be attributed to the strong σ-donor ability of N-isopropyl-1R,2R-diaminocyclohexane, and an increasing σ-donor ability of the amine group can promote the hydrolysis rate of the corresponding platinum(IV) complex. The experiment results were proven by the corresponding DFT calculation. Our study can help to re-evaluate the aqueous properties of the platinum(IV) complexes with axial acetate, which may be less inert to hydrolysis than expected under biologically relevant conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhao
- Pharmaceutical Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University , Nanjing 211189, China.,Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University , Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Zichen Xu
- Pharmaceutical Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University , Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Pharmaceutical Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University , Nanjing 211189, China.,Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University , Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Shaohua Gou
- Pharmaceutical Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University , Nanjing 211189, China.,Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University , Nanjing 211189, China
| |
Collapse
|