1
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Sun CM, Wei GP, Yang Y, Zhao YX. Thermal Reactions of NiAl 3O 6+ and Al 4O 6+ with Methane: Reactivity Enhancement by Doping. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:1218-1225. [PMID: 38340065 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c07166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Investigation of the reactivity of heteronuclear metal oxide clusters is an important way to uncover the molecular-level mechanisms of the doping effect. Herein, we performed a comparative study on the reactions of CH4 with NiAl3O6+ and Al4O6+ cluster cations at room temperature to understand the role of Ni during the activation and transformation of methane. Mass spectrometric experiments identify that both NiAl3O6+ and Al4O6+ could bring about hydrogen atom abstraction reaction to generate CH3• radical; however, only NiAl3O6+ has the potential to stabilize [CH3] moiety and then transform [CH3] to CH2O. Density functional theory calculations demonstrate that the terminal oxygen radicals (Ot-•) bound to Al act as the reactive sites for the two clusters to activate the first C-H bond. Although the Ni atom cannot directly participate in methane activation, it can manipulate the electronic environment of the surrounding bridging oxygen atoms (Ob) and enable such Ob to function as an electron reservoir to help Ot-• oxidize CH4 to [H-O-CH3]. The facile reduction of Ni3+ to Ni+ also facilitates the subsequent step of activating the second C-H bond by the bridging "lattice oxygen" (Ob2-), finally enabling the oxidation of methane into formaldehyde. The important role of the dopant Ni played in improving the product selectivity of CH2O for methane conversion discovered in this study allows us to have a possible molecule-level understanding of the excellent performance of the catalysts doping with nickel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Man Sun
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Tumor Theranostical Cluster Materials, Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Gong-Ping Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Yang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Tumor Theranostical Cluster Materials, Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Xia Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and CAS Research/Education Centre of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
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2
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Fielicke A. Probing the binding and activation of small molecules by gas-phase transition metal clusters via IR spectroscopy. Chem Soc Rev 2023. [PMID: 37162518 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00104g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Isolated transition metal clusters have been established as useful models for extended metal surfaces or deposited metal particles, to improve the understanding of their surface chemistry and of catalytic reactions. For this objective, an important milestone has been the development of experimental methods for the size-specific structural characterization of clusters and cluster complexes in the gas phase. This review focusses on the characterization of molecular ligands, their binding and activation by small transition metal clusters, using cluster-size specific infrared action spectroscopy. A comprehensive overview and a critical discussion of the experimental data available to date is provided, reaching from the initial results obtained using line-tuneable CO2 lasers to present-day studies applying infrared free electron lasers as well as other intense and broadly tuneable IR laser sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Fielicke
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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3
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Claveau EE, Sader S, Jackson BA, Khan SN, Miliordos E. Transition metal oxide complexes as molecular catalysts for selective methane to methanol transformation: any prospects or time to retire? Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:5313-5326. [PMID: 36723253 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05480a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Transition metal oxides have been extensively used in the literature for the conversion of methane to methanol. Despite the progress made over the past decades, no method with satisfactory performance or economic viability has been detected. The main bottleneck is that the produced methanol oxidizes further due to its weaker C-H bond than that of methane. Every improvement in the efficiency of a catalyst to activate methane leads to reduction of the selectivity towards methanol. Is it therefore prudent to keep studying (both theoretically and experimentally) metal oxides as catalysts for the quantitative conversion of methane to methanol? This perspective focuses on molecular metal oxide complexes and suggests strategies to bypass the current bottlenecks with higher weight on the computational chemistry side. We first discuss the electronic structure of metal oxides, followed by assessing the role of the ligands in the reactivity of the catalysts. For better selectivity, we propose that metal oxide anionic complexes should be explored further, while hydrophylic cavities in the vicinity of the metal oxide can perturb the transition-state structure for methanol increasing appreciably the activation barrier for methanol. We also emphasize that computational studies should target the activation reaction of methanol (and not only methane), the study of complete catalytic cycles (including the recombination and oxidation steps), and the use of molecular oxygen as an oxidant. The titled chemical conversion is an excellent challenge for theory and we believe that computational studies should lead the field in the future. It is finally shown that bottom-up approaches offer a systematic way for exploration of the chemical space and should still be applied in parallel with the recently popular machine learning techniques. To answer the question of the title, we believe that metal oxides should still be considered provided that we change our focus and perform more systematic investigations on the activation of methanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E Claveau
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849-5312, USA.
| | - Safaa Sader
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849-5312, USA.
| | - Benjamin A Jackson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849-5312, USA.
| | - Shahriar N Khan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849-5312, USA.
| | - Evangelos Miliordos
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849-5312, USA.
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4
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Sader S, Miliordos E. Being negative can be positive: metal oxide anions promise more selective methane to methanol conversion. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:21583-21587. [PMID: 36097864 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02771b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Computational studies are performed to show that metal oxide anionic complexes promote the CH4 + N2O → CH3OH + N2 reaction with low activation barriers for the C-H activation and the formation of the CH3-OH bond. The energy for the release of the produced methanol is minimal, reducing the residence time of methanol around the catalytic center and preventing its overoxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safaa Sader
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA.
| | - Evangelos Miliordos
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA.
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5
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Salvitti C, Pepi F, Managò M, Bortolami M, Michenzi C, Chiarotto I, Troiani A, de Petris G. Free N-heterocyclic carbenes from Brønsted acidic ionic liquids: Direct detection by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2022; 36:e9338. [PMID: 35729083 PMCID: PMC9542177 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The occurrence of N-heterocyclic carbenes in imidazolium-based ionic liquids has long been discussed, but no spectroscopic evidence has been reported yet due to their transient nature. The insertion of an ionizable acid group into the cation scaffold of an ionic liquid which acts as a charge tag allows for the direct detection of free carbenes by mass spectrometry. METHODS Three different Brønsted acidic ionic liquids were synthesized: 1-methyl-3-carboxymethylimidazolium chloride (MAICl), 1-methyl-3-carboxymethylimidazolium acetate (MAIAc) and the corresponding 2-(3-methyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium-1-yl)acetate zwitterion (MAI - H). The speciation of these compounds was then analysed by electrospray ionization ion-trap mass spectrometry in the negative ion mode. RESULTS The C2-H deprotonation of the imidazolium cation leading to the formation of the corresponding carbene is highly affected by the basic properties of the counter-anion. In the case of MAICl and MAI - H ionic liquids, no charged species corresponding to the free N-heterocyclic carbene was detected. On the contrary, in the presence of a sufficiently basic anion, such as acetate of MAIAc ionic liquid, an intense signal related to the free carbenic species was observed without the addition of an external base. CONCLUSIONS In situ formation of free N-heterocyclic carbenes from Brønsted acidic ionic liquids was demonstrated, highlighting the crucial role of anion basicity in promoting the C2-H proton abstraction from imidazolium cations with a carboxylic side chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Salvitti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del FarmacoSapienza Università di RomaRomeItaly
| | - Federico Pepi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del FarmacoSapienza Università di RomaRomeItaly
| | - Marta Managò
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del FarmacoSapienza Università di RomaRomeItaly
| | - Martina Bortolami
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Base e Applicate per l'IngegneriaSapienza Università di RomaRomeItaly
| | - Cinzia Michenzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Base e Applicate per l'IngegneriaSapienza Università di RomaRomeItaly
| | - Isabella Chiarotto
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Base e Applicate per l'IngegneriaSapienza Università di RomaRomeItaly
| | - Anna Troiani
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del FarmacoSapienza Università di RomaRomeItaly
| | - Giulia de Petris
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del FarmacoSapienza Università di RomaRomeItaly
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6
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Yang Y, Zhao Y, He S. Conversion of CH
4
Catalyzed by Gas Phase Ions Containing Metals. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200062. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yang
- Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Yan‐Xia Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and CAS Research/Education Centre of Excellence in Molecular Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Sheng‐Gui He
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and CAS Research/Education Centre of Excellence in Molecular Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
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7
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Harb H, Hratchian HP. A Density Functional Theory Investigation of the Reaction of Water with Ce2O-. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2022.113603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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8
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Zhao YX, Zhao XG, Yang Y, Ruan M, He SG. Rhodium chemistry: A gas phase cluster study. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:180901. [PMID: 34241019 DOI: 10.1063/5.0046529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the extraordinary catalytic activity in redox reactions, the noble metal, rhodium, has substantial industrial and laboratory applications in the production of value-added chemicals, synthesis of biomedicine, removal of automotive exhaust gas, and so on. The main drawback of rhodium catalysts is its high-cost, so it is of great importance to maximize the atomic efficiency of the precious metal by recognizing the structure-activity relationship of catalytically active sites and clarifying the root cause of the exceptional performance. This Perspective concerns the significant progress on the fundamental understanding of rhodium chemistry at a strictly molecular level by the joint experimental and computational study of the reactivity of isolated Rh-based gas phase clusters that can serve as ideal models for the active sites of condensed-phase catalysts. The substrates cover the important organic and inorganic molecules including CH4, CO, NO, N2, and H2. The electronic origin for the reactivity evolution of bare Rhx q clusters as a function of size is revealed. The doping effect and support effect as well as the synergistic effect among heteroatoms on the reactivity and product selectivity of Rh-containing species are discussed. The ingenious employment of diverse experimental techniques to assist the Rh1- and Rh2-doped clusters in catalyzing the challenging endothermic reactions is also emphasized. It turns out that the chemical behavior of Rh identified from the gas phase cluster study parallels the performance of condensed-phase rhodium catalysts. The mechanistic aspects derived from Rh-based cluster systems may provide new clues for the design of better performing rhodium catalysts including the single Rh atom catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Xia Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi-Guan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Man Ruan
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Gui He
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
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9
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Ariyarathna IR, Miliordos E. Radical abstraction vs. oxidative addition mechanisms for the activation of the S -H, O -H, and C -H bonds using early transition metal oxides. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:1437-1442. [PMID: 33393944 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp05513a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Quantum chemical calculations are performed to study the S-H, O-H, and C-H bond activation of H2S, H2O, and CH4 by bare and ligated ZrO+ and NbO+ units. These representative oxides bear low energy oxo and higher energy oxyl units. S-H and C-H bonds are readily activated by metal oxyl states (radical mechanism), but the O-H bond is harder to activate with either the oxyl or oxo states. Our results suggest that known practices for the C-H bond activation can be applied to S-H, but not to O-H bonds. The identified trends are rationalized in terms of the HS-H, HO-H, and H3C-H dissociation energies to the homolytic or heterolytic fragments. We also found that these dissociation energies drop to about half after coordination of H2S or H2O to the metal oxide unit. In addition, chlorine ligands are shown to stabilize the higher energy oxyl states of the transition metal oxygen unit enhancing the reactivity of the formed complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isuru R Ariyarathna
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849-5312, USA.
| | - Evangelos Miliordos
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849-5312, USA.
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10
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Sampathkumar S, Paranthaman S. Neutral noble-metal-free VCoO 2 and CrCoO 2 cluster catalysts for CO oxidation by O 2. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj05199c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Neutral noble-metal-free metal oxide cluster catalysts (VCoO2 and CrCoO2) were developed for multiple CO oxidation reactions by O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Sampathkumar
- Department of Physics and International Research Centre
- Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education (Deemed to be University)
- Krishnankoil 626 126
- India
| | - Selvarengan Paranthaman
- Department of Physics and International Research Centre
- Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education (Deemed to be University)
- Krishnankoil 626 126
- India
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11
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Salvitti C, Chiarotto I, Pepi F, Troiani A. Charge-Tagged N-Heterocyclic Carbenes (NHCs): Revealing the Hidden Side of NHC-Catalysed Reactions through Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Chempluschem 2020; 86:209-223. [PMID: 33252194 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) are key intermediates in a variety of chemical reactions. Owing to their transient nature, the interception and characterization of these reactive species have always been challenging. Similarly, the study of reaction mechanisms in which carbenes act as catalysts is still an active research field. This Minireview describes the contribution of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) to the detection of charge-tagged NHCs resulting from the insertion of an ionic group into the molecular scaffold. The use of different mass spectrometric techniques, combined with the charge-tagging strategy, allowed clarification of the involvement of NHCs in archetypal reactions and the study of their intrinsic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Salvitti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, Rome, Italy
| | - Isabella Chiarotto
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Base e Applicate per l'Ingegneria, Sapienza Università di Roma, Via Castro Laurenziano 7, Rome, Italy
| | - Federico Pepi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Troiani
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, Rome, Italy
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12
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Li XN, Jiang LX, Liu QY, Ren Y, Wei GP. Hydrogen-assisted C-C coupling on reaction of CuC3H−Cluster anion with CO. CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2020. [DOI: 10.1063/1674-0068/cjcp2006094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-na Li
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Li-xue Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Qing-yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yi Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Gong-ping Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-hui Mou
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and CAS Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Gui-duo Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and CAS Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zi-yu Li
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and CAS Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Sheng-gui He
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and CAS Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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14
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Zhao YX, Yang B, Li HF, Zhang Y, Yang Y, Liu QY, Xu HG, Zheng WJ, He SG. Photoassisted Selective Steam and Dry Reforming of Methane to Syngas Catalyzed by Rhodium-Vanadium Bimetallic Oxide Cluster Anions at Room Temperature. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:21216-21223. [PMID: 32767516 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Photoassisted steam reforming and dry (CO2 ) reforming of methane (SRM and DRM) at room temperature with high syngas selectivity have been achieved in the gas-phase catalysis for the first time. The catalysts used are bimetallic rhodium-vanadium oxide cluster anions of Rh2 VO1-3 - . Both the oxidation of methane and reduction of H2 O/CO2 can take place efficiently in the dark while the pivotal step to govern syngas selectivity is photo-excitation of the reaction intermediates Rh2 VO2,3 CH2 - to specific electronically excited states that can selectively produce CO and H2 . Electronic excitation over Rh2 VO2,3 CH2 - to control the syngas selectivity is further confirmed from the comparison with the thermal excitation of Rh2 VO2,3 CH2 - , which leads to diversity of products. The atomic-level mechanism obtained from the well-controlled cluster reactions provides insight into the process of selective syngas production from the photocatalytic SRM and DRM reactions over supported metal oxide catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Xia Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and CAS Research/Education Centre of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Bin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and CAS Research/Education Centre of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Fang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and CAS Research/Education Centre of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Qing-Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and CAS Research/Education Centre of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Guang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and CAS Research/Education Centre of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Jun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and CAS Research/Education Centre of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Sheng-Gui He
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and CAS Research/Education Centre of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
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15
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Zhao Y, Yang B, Li H, Zhang Y, Yang Y, Liu Q, Xu H, Zheng W, He S. Photoassisted Selective Steam and Dry Reforming of Methane to Syngas Catalyzed by Rhodium–Vanadium Bimetallic Oxide Cluster Anions at Room Temperature. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan‐Xia Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and CAS Research/Education Centre of Excellence in Molecular Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Bin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and CAS Research/Education Centre of Excellence in Molecular Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Hai‐Fang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Yuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and CAS Research/Education Centre of Excellence in Molecular Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Qing‐Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and CAS Research/Education Centre of Excellence in Molecular Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Hong‐Guang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and CAS Research/Education Centre of Excellence in Molecular Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Wei‐Jun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and CAS Research/Education Centre of Excellence in Molecular Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Sheng‐Gui He
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and CAS Research/Education Centre of Excellence in Molecular Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
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16
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Zhou HY, Wang M, Ding YQ, Ma JB. Nb2BN2− cluster anions reduce four carbon dioxide molecules: reactivity enhancement by ligands. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:14081-14087. [DOI: 10.1039/d0dt02680h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The thermal gas-phase reactions of Nb2BN2− cluster anions with carbon dioxide have been explored by using the art of time-of-flight mass spectrometry and density functional theory calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing
| | - Ming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing
| | - Yong-Qi Ding
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing
| | - Jia-Bi Ma
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing
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17
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Muramatsu S, Tsukuda T. Reductive Activation of Small Molecules by Anionic Coinage Metal Atoms and Clusters in the Gas Phase. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:3763-3772. [PMID: 31553821 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201901156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Metal atoms and clusters exhibit chemical properties that are significantly different or totally absent in comparison to their bulk counterparts. Such peculiarity makes them potential building units for the generation of novel catalysts. Investigations of the gas-phase reactions between size- and charge-selected atoms/clusters and small molecules have provided fundamental insights into their intrinsic reactivity, thus leading to a guiding principle for the rational design of the single-atom and cluster-based catalysts. Especially, recent gas-phase studies have elucidated that small molecules such as O2 , CO2 , and CH3 I can be catalytically activated by negatively-charged atoms/clusters via donation of a partial electronic charge. This Minireview showcases typical examples of such "reductive activation" processes promoted by anions of metal atoms and clusters. Here, we focus on anionic atoms/clusters of coinage metals (Cu, Ag, and Au) owing to the simplicity of their electronic structures. The determination of a correlation between their activation modes and the electronic structures might be helpful for the future development of innovative coinage metal catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Muramatsu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima-shi, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Tsukuda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
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18
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Gas‐Phase Dehydrogenation of Alkanes: C−H Activation by a Graphene‐Supported Nickel Single‐Atom Catalyst Model. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201907487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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19
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Borrome M, Gronert S. Gas‐Phase Dehydrogenation of Alkanes: C−H Activation by a Graphene‐Supported Nickel Single‐Atom Catalyst Model. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:14906-14910. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201907487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Borrome
- Department of Chemistry Virginia Commonwealth University 1001 W. Main St. Richmond VA 23284 USA
| | - Scott Gronert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee 3210 N Cramer St Milwaukee WI 53211 USA
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20
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Zhao Y, Wang M, Zhang Y, Ding X, He S. Activity of Atomically Precise Titania Nanoparticles in CO Oxidation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201902008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan‐Xia Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and CAS Research Education Centre of Excellence in Molecular Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Meng‐Meng Wang
- Department of Mathematics and Physics North China Electric Power University Beijing 102206 China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Mathematics and Physics North China Electric Power University Beijing 102206 China
| | - Xun‐Lei Ding
- Department of Mathematics and Physics North China Electric Power University Beijing 102206 China
| | - Sheng‐Gui He
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and CAS Research Education Centre of Excellence in Molecular Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
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21
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Zhao Y, Wang M, Zhang Y, Ding X, He S. Activity of Atomically Precise Titania Nanoparticles in CO Oxidation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:8002-8006. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201902008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan‐Xia Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and CAS Research Education Centre of Excellence in Molecular Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Meng‐Meng Wang
- Department of Mathematics and Physics North China Electric Power University Beijing 102206 China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Mathematics and Physics North China Electric Power University Beijing 102206 China
| | - Xun‐Lei Ding
- Department of Mathematics and Physics North China Electric Power University Beijing 102206 China
| | - Sheng‐Gui He
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and CAS Research Education Centre of Excellence in Molecular Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
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22
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Abstract
The increasing supply of natural gas has created a strong demand for developing efficient catalytic processes to upgrade methane, the most stable alkane molecule, into value-added chemicals. Currently, methane conversion in laboratory and industry is mostly performed under high-temperature conditions. A lot of effort has been devoted to exploring chemical entities that are able to activate the C-H bond of methane at lower temperatures, preferably room temperature. Gas phase atomic clusters with limited numbers of atoms are ideal models of active sites on heterogeneous catalysts. The cluster systems are being actively studied to activate methane under room-temperature conditions. State-of-the-art mass spectrometry, photoelectron imaging spectroscopy, and quantum chemistry calculations have been combined in our laboratory to reveal the molecular-level mechanisms of methane activation by atomic clusters. In this Account, we summarize our recent progress on thermal methane activation by metal oxide clusters doped with noble-metal atoms (Au, Pt, and Rh) as well as by oxygen-free species including carbides and borides of base metals (V, Ta, Mo, and Fe). In contrast to the generations of CH3• free radicals in many of the previously reported cluster reactions with methane, the generations of stable products such as formaldehyde, acetylene, and syngas as well as closed-shell species AuCH3 and B3CH3 have been identified for the cluster reaction systems herein. Besides the well recognized mechanisms of methane activation by the O-• radicals through hydrogen atom abstraction and by metal atoms through oxidative addition, the new mechanisms of synergistic methane activation by Lewis acid-base pairs (such as Auδ+-Oδ- and Bδ+-Bδ-) and by dinuclear metal centers (such as Ta-Ta) have been recently revealed. In the reactions between methane and oxide clusters doped with noble-metal atoms, the oxide cluster "supports" can accept the H atoms and the CH x species delivered through the noble-metal atoms and then transform methane into stable oxygenated compounds. The product selectivity (such as formaldehyde versus syngas) can be controlled by different noble-metal atoms (such as Pt versus Rh). The electronic structures of base metal centers can be engineered through carburization so that the low-spin states can be accessible to reduce the C-H bond of methane. Such active base metal centers in low-spin states resemble related noble-metal atoms in methane activation. The boron clusters (such as B3 in VB3+) can be polarized by the metal cations to form the Lewis acid-base pair Bδ+-Bδ- to cleave the C-H bond of methane very easily. These molecular-level mechanisms may well be operative in related heterogeneous catalysis and can be a fundamental basis to design efficient catalysts for activation and conversion of methane under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Xia Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- Beijing National
Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center of
Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Zi-Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- Beijing National
Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center of
Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- Beijing National
Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center of
Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Sheng-Gui He
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- Beijing National
Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center of
Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
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23
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Chen YM, Wang LN, Chen JJ, Chen Q, Jiang LX, Zhao YX, Ding XL, He SG. Mechanistic Variants in Methane Activation Mediated by Gold(I) Supported on Silicon Oxide Clusters. Chemistry 2018; 24:17506-17512. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201803432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry, of Unstable and Stable Species; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- Department of Mathematics and Physics; North China Electric Power University; Beinong Road 2, Huilongguan Beijing 102206 P. R. China
| | - Li-Na Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry, of Unstable and Stable Species; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 P. R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS; Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences; Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Jiao-Jiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry, of Unstable and Stable Species; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 P. R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS; Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences; Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Qiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry, of Unstable and Stable Species; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS; Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences; Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Li-Xue Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry, of Unstable and Stable Species; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 P. R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS; Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences; Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Yan-Xia Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry, of Unstable and Stable Species; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS; Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences; Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Xun-Lei Ding
- Department of Mathematics and Physics; North China Electric Power University; Beinong Road 2, Huilongguan Beijing 102206 P. R. China
| | - Sheng-Gui He
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry, of Unstable and Stable Species; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 P. R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS; Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences; Beijing 100190 P. R. China
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24
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Cui JT, Zhao Y, Hu JC, Ma JB. Direct hydroxylation of benzene to phenol mediated by nanosized vanadium oxide cluster ions at room temperature. J Chem Phys 2018; 149:074308. [PMID: 30134679 DOI: 10.1063/1.5038175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gas-phase vanadium oxide cluster cations and anions are prepared by laser ablation. The small cluster ions (<1000 amu) are mass-selected using a quadrupole mass filter and reacted with benzene in a linear ion trap reactor; large clusters (>1000 amu) with no mass selection are reacted with C6H6 in a fast flow reactor. Rich product variety is encountered in these reactions, and the reaction channels for small cationic and anionic systems are different. For large clusters, the reactivity patterns of (V2O5) n+ (n = 6-25) and (V2O5) n O- (n = 6-24) cluster series are very similar to each other, indicating that the charge state has little influence on the oxidation of benzene. In sharp contrast to the dramatic changes of reactivity of small clusters, a weakly size dependent reaction behavior of large (V2O5)6-25+ and (V2O5)6-24O- clusters is observed. Therefore, the charge state and the size are not the major factors influencing the reactivity of nanosized vanadium oxide cluster ions toward C6H6, which is not common in cluster science. In the reactions with benzene, the small and large reactive vanadium oxide cations show similar reactivity of hydroxyl radicals (OH•) toward C6H6 at higher and lower temperatures, respectively; different numbers of vibrational degrees of freedom and the released energy during the formation of adduct complexes can explain this intriguing correlation. The reactions investigated herein might be used as the models of how to realize the partial oxidation of benzene to phenol in a single step, and the observed mechanisms are helpful to understand the corresponding heterogeneous reactions, such as those over vanadium oxide aerosols and vanadium oxide catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Tong Cui
- The Institute for Chemical Physics, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 102488 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Zhao
- The Institute for Chemical Physics, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 102488 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji-Chuang Hu
- The Institute for Chemical Physics, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 102488 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Bi Ma
- The Institute for Chemical Physics, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 102488 Beijing, People's Republic of China
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25
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Jiang LX, Li XN, Li ZY, Li HF, He SG. H2 dissociation by Au1-doped closed-shell titanium oxide cluster anions. CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2018. [DOI: 10.1063/1674-0068/31/cjcp1805107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li-xue Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xiao-na Li
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zi-yu Li
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Hai-fang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Sheng-gui He
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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26
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Li HF, Jiang LX, Zhao YX, Liu QY, Zhang T, He SG. Formation of Acetylene in the Reaction of Methane with Iron Carbide Cluster Anions FeC 3- under High-Temperature Conditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:2662-2666. [PMID: 29359384 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201712463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The underlying mechanism for non-oxidative methane aromatization remains controversial owing to the lack of experimental evidence for the formation of the first C-C bond. For the first time, the elementary reaction of methane with atomic clusters (FeC3- ) under high-temperature conditions to produce C-C coupling products has been characterized by mass spectrometry. With the elevation of temperature from 300 K to 610 K, the production of acetylene, the important intermediate proposed in a monofunctional mechanism of methane aromatization, was significantly enhanced, which can be well-rationalized by quantum chemistry calculations. This study narrows the gap between gas-phase and condensed-phase studies on methane conversion and suggests that the monofunctional mechanism probably operates in non-oxidative methane aromatization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Fang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/ Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China.,Present address: Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P.R. China
| | - Li-Xue Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/ Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Xia Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/ Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China
| | - Qing-Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/ Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China
| | - Ting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/ Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P.R. China
| | - Sheng-Gui He
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/ Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P.R. China
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27
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Li HF, Jiang LX, Zhao YX, Liu QY, Zhang T, He SG. Formation of Acetylene in the Reaction of Methane with Iron Carbide Cluster Anions FeC3
−
under High-Temperature Conditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201712463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Fang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 P.R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; CAS Research/ Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences; Beijing 100190 P.R. China
- Present address: Department of Precision Instrument; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 P.R. China
| | - Li-Xue Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 P.R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; CAS Research/ Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences; Beijing 100190 P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 P.R. China
| | - Yan-Xia Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 P.R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; CAS Research/ Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences; Beijing 100190 P.R. China
| | - Qing-Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 P.R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; CAS Research/ Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences; Beijing 100190 P.R. China
| | - Ting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 P.R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; CAS Research/ Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences; Beijing 100190 P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 P.R. China
| | - Sheng-Gui He
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 P.R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; CAS Research/ Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences; Beijing 100190 P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 P.R. China
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28
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Jiang LX, Liu QY, Li XN, He SG. Design and Application of a High-Temperature Linear Ion Trap Reactor. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 29:78-84. [PMID: 29080205 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1828-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A high-temperature linear ion trap reactor with hexapole design was homemade to study ion-molecule reactions at variable temperatures. The highest temperature for the trapped ions is up to 773 K, which is much higher than those in available reports. The reaction between V2O6- cluster anions and CO at different temperatures was investigated to evaluate the performance of this reactor. The apparent activation energy was determined to be 0.10 ± 0.02 eV, which is consistent with the barrier of 0.12 eV calculated by density functional theory. This indicates that the current experimental apparatus is prospective to study ion-molecule reactions at variable temperatures, and more kinetic details can be obtained to have a better understanding of chemical reactions that have overall barriers. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Xue Jiang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Yu Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Na Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China.
| | - Sheng-Gui He
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China.
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29
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Wang S, Zhao C, Li S, Sun Y. First principles prediction of CH 4 reactivities with Co 3O 4 nanocatalysts of different morphologies. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:30874-30882. [PMID: 29134989 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp04516f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Co3O4 nanocatalysts have been experimentally shown to have excellent performance in catalyzing CH4 combustion. These nanocatalysts of different morphologies, such as nanoparticle/nanocube, nanorod/nanobelt, and nanoplate/nanosheet, were previously synthesized and characterized to mainly expose the (001), (011), and (112) surfaces, respectively, with distinct reactivities. In this study, rigorous first principles calculations were performed to investigate CH4 reactivities of the above Co3O4 surfaces of different terminations. CH4 dissociation was predicted to occur at the Co-O pair site on these surfaces. For each surface, the most reactive Co-O pair site was identified based on calculated energy barriers of the different active sites, which should contribute most significantly to the reactivity of that surface. The lowest energy barriers for the (001), (011), and (112) surfaces were predicted to be 0.96, 0.90, and 0.79 eV, respectively, suggesting CH4 reactivity to increase in that order for the different Co3O4 surfaces, consistent with the trend found experimentally for Co3O4 nanocatalysts of different morphologies. Direct comparison between the estimated and experimental CH4 reaction rates per gram of the nanocatalysts at 325 °C further indicate that their relative ratios were well reproduced by considering three main factors: the effective energy barrier for CH4 dissociation, the surface area of the nanocatalyst, and the number of independent active sites per unit surface area. The important influence of surface area on CH4 reactivity is also demonstrated by the significant difference in the reactivities of the nanocatalysts when exposing the same facet but with distinct surface areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100 Haike Road, Shanghai 201210, China.
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30
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Chen JJ, Zhang T, Zhang MQ, Liu QY, Li XN, He SG. Size-Dependent Reactivity of Nano-Sized Neutral Manganese Oxide Clusters toward Ethylene. Chemistry 2017; 23:15820-15826. [PMID: 28925004 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Neutral manganese oxide clusters with the general composition Mn2 N O3 N+x (N=2-22; x=-1, 0, 1) with dimensions up to a nanosize were prepared by laser ablation and reacted with C2 H4 in a fast flow reactor. The size-dependent reactivity of C2 H4 adsorption on these clusters was experimentally identified and the adsorption reactivity decreases generally with an increase of the cluster size. Density functional theory calculations were performed to study the geometrical and electronic structures of the Mn2 N O3 N (N=1-6) clusters. The calculated results indicated that the coordination number and the charge distribution of the metal centers are responsible for the experimentally observed size-dependent reactivity. The highly charged Mn atoms with low coordination are preferential to adsorb C2 H4 . In contrast, the neutral manganese oxide clusters are completely inert toward the saturated hydrocarbon molecule C2 H6 . This work provides new perspectives to design related materials in the separation of hydrocarbon molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao-Jiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P.R. China
| | - Ting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P.R. China
| | - Mei-Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P.R. China
| | - Qing-Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Na Li
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China
| | - Sheng-Gui He
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P.R. China
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31
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Zhou S, Firouzbakht M, Schlangen M, Kaupp M, Schwarz H. On the Electronic Origin of Remarkable Ligand Effects on the Reactivities of [NiL] + Complexes (L=C 6 H 5 , C 5 H 4 N, CN) towards Methane. Chemistry 2017; 23:14430-14433. [PMID: 28865112 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The gas-phase reactions of [NiL]+ (L=C6 H5 , C5 H4 N, CN) with methane have been explored by using electrospray-ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) complemented by quantum chemical calculations. Though the phenyl Ni complex [Ni(C6 H5 )]+ exclusively abstracts one hydrogen atom from methane at ambient conditions, the cyano Ni complex [Ni(CN)]+ brings about both H-atom abstraction and ligand exchange to generate [Ni(CH3 )]+ . In contrast, the complex 2-pyridinyl Ni [Ni(C5 H4 N)]+ is inert towards this substrate. The presence of the empty 4s(Ni) orbital dominates the proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) processes for the investigated systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaodong Zhou
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Marjan Firouzbakht
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Schlangen
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Kaupp
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Helmut Schwarz
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
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32
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Li XN, Zou XP, He SG. Metal-mediated catalysis in the gas phase: A review. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(17)62782-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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33
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Zhang Y, Li ZY, Zhao YX, Li HF, Ding XL, Zhang HY, He SG. H2 Oxidation Mediated by Au1-Doped Vanadium Oxide Cluster Cation AuV2O5+: A Comparative Study with AuCe2O4+. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:4069-4075. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b02435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department
of Mathematics and Physics, North China Electric Power University, Beinong Road 2, Huilongguan, Beijing 102206, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zi-Yu Li
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory
for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute
of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan-Xia Zhao
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory
for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute
of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hai-Fang Li
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory
for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute
of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xun-Lei Ding
- Department
of Mathematics and Physics, North China Electric Power University, Beinong Road 2, Huilongguan, Beijing 102206, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hua-Yong Zhang
- Department
of Mathematics and Physics, North China Electric Power University, Beinong Road 2, Huilongguan, Beijing 102206, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Gui He
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory
for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute
of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
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34
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Zhang MQ, Zhao YX, Liu QY, Li XN, He SG. Does Each Atom Count in the Reactivity of Vanadia Nanoclusters? J Am Chem Soc 2016; 139:342-347. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b10839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Qi Zhang
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for
Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of
Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan-Xia Zhao
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for
Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of
Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing-Yu Liu
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for
Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of
Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Na Li
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for
Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of
Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Gui He
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for
Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of
Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
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