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Hartmann H, Liebscher J. Formation and Reactions of Brønsted and Lewis Acid Adducts with Electron-Rich Heteroaromatic Compounds. Molecules 2024; 29:3151. [PMID: 38999101 PMCID: PMC11243428 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29133151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Electron-rich heteroaromatics, such as furan, thiophene and pyrrole, as well as their benzo-condensed derivatives, are of great interest as components of natural products and as starting substances for various products including high-tech materials. Although their reactions with Brønsted and Lewis acids play important roles, in particular as the primary step of various transformations, they are often disregarded and mechanistically not understood. The present publication gives a first overview about this chemistry focusing on the parent compounds. It comprises reactions with strong Brønsted acids forming adducts that can undergo intramolecular proton and/or substituent transfer reactions, ring openings or ring transformations into other heterocycles, depending on their structure. Interactions with weak Brønsted acids usually initiate oligomerizations/polymerizations. A similar behaviour is observed in reactions of these heteroaromatics with Lewis acids. Special effects are achieved when the Lewis acids are activated through primary protonation. Deuterated Brønsted acids allow straight forward deuteration of electron-rich heteroaromatics. Mercury salts as extremely weak Lewis acids cause direct metalation in a straight forward way replacing ring H-atoms yielding organomercury heterocycles. This review will provide comprehensive information about the chemistry of adducts of such heterocycles with Brønsted and Lewis acids enabling chemists to understand the mechanisms and the potential of this field and to apply the findings in future syntheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horst Hartmann
- Fakultät Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jürgen Liebscher
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies INCDTIM, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Institute of Chemistry, Humboldt-University of Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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Mamidi N, Delgadillo RMV. Squaramide-Immobilized Carbon Nanoparticles for Rapid and High-Efficiency Elimination of Anthropogenic Mercury Ions from Aquatic Systems. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:35789-35801. [PMID: 35881879 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c09232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Water pollution due to environmental remediation and poor waste administration in certain areas of the globe signifies a serious problem in acquiring safe and clean drinking water. This problem is especially critical in rural areas, where advanced water purification techniques are deficient, and it remains a daunting task for ecosystem and public health protection. This critical task can be addressed herein by developing scalable poly squaramide-phenyl methacrylamide (PSQ)-functionalized carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) (PSQ-CNPs) with densely populated chelating sites with strong Hg2+-binding capacity. The PSQ-CNPs have shown high efficiency in removing Hg2+ from aqueous solution, providing a Hg2+ capacity of 2840 mg g-1, surpassing all the amine and thiol-based adsorbents reported hitherto. More significantly, the adsorbent reveals the largest distribution coefficient value (Kd) of 9.09 × 1010 mL g-1, which allows it to reduce Hg2+ content from 10 ppm to less than 0.011 ppb, well below the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) limits for drinking water standards (2 ppb). The adsorption measurements of the adsorbent followed the Langmuir isotherm model and pseudo-second order. The practical applicability of PSQ-CNPs was verified with the real samples (the lake, river, and industrial wastewater) and has been proven to be excellent. The adsorbent could still retain its Hg2+ removal efficacy even after 12 sorption cycles. It is attributed that the remarkable performance of PSQ-CNPs arises from the high-density chelating sites and pores on the surface of CNPs. The present work shows a new benchmark for Hg2+-removal adsorbents and presents a novel practical approach for decontaminating Hg2+ and other heavy metal ions from wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narsimha Mamidi
- Department of Chemistry and Nanotechnology, School of Engineering and Science, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon 64849, Mexico
| | - Ramiro Manuel Velasco Delgadillo
- Department of Chemistry and Nanotechnology, School of Engineering and Science, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon 64849, Mexico
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3
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Sánchez-Férez F, Solans-Monfort X, Calvet T, Font-Bardia M, Pons J. A Hg( i) corrugated sheet assembled by auxiliary dioxole groups and Hg⋯π interactions. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ce00347c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Comproportionation between Hg0 and Hg2+ resulted in the formation of [Hg2(Pip)2] supported by Hg⋯Odioxole and Hg⋯π interactions. Structural and computational assessment determined the tendency of Hg(i) to partake in Hg⋯π interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Sánchez-Férez
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193-Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Solans-Monfort
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193-Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Calvet
- Departament de Mineralogia, Petrologia i Geologia Aplicada, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercè Font-Bardia
- Unitat de Difracció de Raig-X, Centres Científics i Tecnològics de la Universitat de Barcelona (CCiTUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Solé i Sabarís, 1-3, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josefina Pons
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193-Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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Manceau A, Nagy KL, Glatzel P, Bourdineaud JP. Acute Toxicity of Divalent Mercury to Bacteria Explained by the Formation of Dicysteinate and Tetracysteinate Complexes Bound to Proteins in Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:3612-3623. [PMID: 33629845 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c05202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria are the most abundant organisms on Earth and also the major life form affected by mercury (Hg) poisoning in aquatic and terrestrial food webs. In this study, we applied high energy-resolution X-ray absorption near edge structure (HR-XANES) spectroscopy to bacteria with intracellular concentrations of Hg as low as 0.7 ng/mg (ppm) for identifying the intracellular molecular forms and trafficking pathways of Hg in bacteria at environmentally relevant concentrations. Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis and Gram-negative Escherichia coli were exposed to three Hg species: HgCl2, Hg-dicysteinate (Hg(Cys)2), and Hg-dithioglycolate (Hg(TGA)2). In all cases, Hg was transformed into new two- and four-coordinate cysteinate complexes, interpreted to be bound, respectively, to the consensus metal-binding CXXC motif and zinc finger domains of proteins, with glutathione acting as a transfer ligand. Replacement of zinc cofactors essential to gene regulatory proteins with Hg would inhibit vital functions such as DNA transcription and repair and is suggested to be a main cause of Hg genotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Manceau
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, ISTerre, CS 40700, 38058 Grenoble, France
| | - Kathryn L Nagy
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, MC-186, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Pieter Glatzel
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), 71 Rue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Paul Bourdineaud
- Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie, Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, UMR 5234, 2 rue Escarpit, 33607 Pessac, France
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Kraithong S, Panchan W, Charoenpanich A, Sirirak J, Sahasithiwat S, Swanglap P, Promarak V, Thamyongkit P, Wanichacheva N. A method to detect Hg2+ in vegetable via a “Turn–ON” Hg2+–Fluorescent sensor with a nanomolar sensitivity. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2019.112224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Zhao J, Peng Q, Wang Z, Xu W, Xiao H, Wu Q, Sun HL, Ma F, Zhao J, Sun CJ, Zhao J, Li J. Proton mediated spin state transition of cobalt heme analogs. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2303. [PMID: 31127106 PMCID: PMC6534676 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10357-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The spin state transition from low spin to high spin upon substrate addition is one of the key steps in cytochrome P450 catalysis. External perturbations such as pH and hydrogen bonding can also trigger the spin state transition of hemes through deprotonated histidine (e.g. Cytochrome c). In this work, we report the isolated 2-methylimidazole Cobalt(II) [Co(TPP)(2-MeHIm)] and [Co(TTP)(2-MeHIm)], and the corresponding 2-methylimidazolate derivatives where the N−H proton of axial 2-MeHIm is removed. Interestingly, various spectroscopies including EPR and XAFS determine a high-spin state (S = 3/2) for the imidazolate derivatives, in contrast to the low-spin state (S = 1/2) of all known imidazole analogs. DFT assisted stereoelectronic investigations are applied to understand the metal-ligand interactions, which suggest that the dramatically displaced metal center allowing a promotion eg(dπ) → b1g(\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$d_{x^2 - y^2}$$\end{document}dx2-y2) is crucial for the occurrence of the spin state transition. Studying the electronic structures and spin transitions of synthetic heme analogs is crucial to advancing our understanding of heme enzyme mechanisms. Here the authors show that a Co(II) porphyrin complex undergoes an unexpected spin state transition upon deprotonation of its axial imidazole ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Zhao
- College of Materials Science and Opto-electronic Technology, CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, & Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yanqi Lake, Huairou District, 101408, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Peng
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, China
| | - Zijian Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Institute of High Energy Physics & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyan Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Wu
- College of Materials Science and Opto-electronic Technology, CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, & Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yanqi Lake, Huairou District, 101408, Beijing, China
| | - Hao-Ling Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, Beijing Normal University, 100875, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, Beijing Normal University, 100875, Beijing, China
| | - Jiyong Zhao
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Cheng-Jun Sun
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, West Campus, 2 Ling-Gong Road, 116024, Dalian, China
| | - Jianfeng Li
- College of Materials Science and Opto-electronic Technology, CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, & Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yanqi Lake, Huairou District, 101408, Beijing, China.
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Bourdineaud JP, Gonzalez-Rey M, Rovezzi M, Glatzel P, Nagy KL, Manceau A. Divalent Mercury in Dissolved Organic Matter Is Bioavailable to Fish and Accumulates as Dithiolate and Tetrathiolate Complexes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:4880-4891. [PMID: 30719924 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b06579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The freshwater cyprinid Tanichthys albonubes was used to assess the bioavailability of divalent mercury (Hg(II)) complexed in dissolved organic matter (DOM) to fish. The fish acquired 0.3 to 2.2 μg Hg/g dry weight after 8 weeks in aquaria containing DOM from a Carex peat with complexed mercury at initial concentrations of 14 nM to 724 nM. Changes in the relative proportions of dithiolate Hg(SR)2 and nanoparticulate β-HgS in the DOM, as quantified by high energy-resolution XANES (HR-XANES) spectroscopy, indicate that Hg(SR)2 complexes either produced by microbially induced dissolution of nanoparticulate β-HgS in the DOM or present in the original DOM were the forms of mercury that entered the fish. In the fish with 2.2 μg Hg/g, 84 ± 8% of Hg(II) was bonded to two axial thiolate ligands and one or two equatorial N/O electron donors (Hg[(SR)2+(N/O)1-2] coordination), and 16% had a Hg(SR)4 coordination, as determined by HR-XANES. For comparison, fish exposed to Hg2+ from 40 nM HgCl2 contained 10.4 μg Hg/g in the forms of dithiolate (20 ± 10%) and tetrathiolate (23 ± 10%) complexes, and also Hg xS y clusters (57 ± 15%) having a β-HgS-type local structure and a dimension that exceeded the size of metallothionein clusters. There was no evidence of methylmercury in the fish or DOM within the 10% uncertainty of the HR-XANES. Together, the results indicate that inorganic Hg(II) bound to DOM is a source of mercury to biota with dithiolate Hg(SR)2 complexes as the immediate species bioavailable to fish, and that these complexes transform in response to cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul Bourdineaud
- Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie, Université de Bordeaux, CNRS , 2 rue Escarpit , 33607 Pessac , France
| | - Maria Gonzalez-Rey
- Laboratoire EPOC , Université de Bordeaux, CNRS , 33120 Arcachon , France
| | - Mauro Rovezzi
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) , 71 Rue des Martyrs , 38000 Grenoble , France
| | - Pieter Glatzel
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) , 71 Rue des Martyrs , 38000 Grenoble , France
| | - Kathryn L Nagy
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences , University of Illinois at Chicago , MC-186, 845 West Taylor Street , Chicago , Illinois 60607 , United States
| | - Alain Manceau
- ISTerre, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS , 38000 Grenoble , France
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