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The Impact of Functionality and Porous System of Nanostructured Carriers Based on Metal–Organic Frameworks of UiO-66-Type on Catalytic Performance of Embedded Au Nanoparticles in Hydroamination Reaction. Catalysts 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13010133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
New methods for the preparation of metal–organic frameworks UiO-66 and NH2-UiO-66 with a hierarchical porous structure were developed using the MW-assisted technique under atmospheric pressure. The synthesized nanostructured meso-UiO-66 and meso-NH2-UiO-66 matrices were utilized as Au nanoparticle carriers. The resulting Au@meso-UiO-66 and Au@NH2-UiO-66 nanohybrids were studied in the reaction of phenylacetylene hydroamination with aniline into imine ([phenyl-(1-phenylethylydene)amine]) for the first time. Their catalytic behavior is significantly determined by a combination of factors, such as a small crystal size, micro–mesoporous structure, and functionality of the UiO-66 and NH2-UiO-66 carriers, as well as a high dispersion of embedded gold nanoparticles. The Au@meso-UiO-66 and Au@NH2-UiO-66 nanocatalysts demonstrate high activities (TOF), with conversion and selectivity values over 90. This excellent catalytic performance is comparable or even better than that demonstrated by heterogeneous systems based on conventional inorganic and inorganic supports known from the literature.
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Sun X, Huang W, Xu H, Qu Z, Wu J, Yan N. Insight into H2S Production from CS2 Hydrolysis for Heavy Metals Treatment: In-situ FT-IR and DFT Studies over Crystalline Phase-dependent ZrO2. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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3
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Ventura M, Puyol D, Melero J. The synergy of catalysis and biotechnology as a tool to modulate the composition of biopolymers (polyhydroxyalkanoates) with lignocellulosic wastes. Catal Today 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2021.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Penner S. How the in situ monitoring of bulk crystalline phases during catalyst activation results in a better understanding of heterogeneous catalysis. CrystEngComm 2021; 23:6470-6480. [PMID: 34602861 PMCID: PMC8474056 DOI: 10.1039/d1ce00817j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The present Highlight article shows the importance of the in situ monitoring of bulk crystalline compounds for a more thorough understanding of heterogeneous catalysts at the intersection of catalysis, materials science, crystallography and inorganic chemistry. Although catalytic action is widely regarded as a purely surface-bound phenomenon, there is increasing evidence that bulk processes can detrimentally or beneficially influence the catalytic properties of various material classes. Such bulk processes include polymorphic transformations, formation of oxygen-deficient structures, transient phases and the formation of a metal-oxide composite. The monitoring of these processes and the subsequent establishment of structure-property relationships are most effective if carried out in situ under real operation conditions. By focusing on synchrotron-based in situ X-ray diffraction as the perfect tool to follow the evolution of crystalline species, we exemplify the strength of the concept with five examples from various areas of catalytic research. As catalyst activation studies are increasingly becoming a hot topic in heterogeneous catalysis, the (self-)activation of oxide- and intermetallic compound-based materials during methanol steam and methane dry reforming is highlighted. The perovskite LaNiO3 is selected as an example to show the complex structural dynamics before and during methane dry reforming, which is only revealed upon monitoring all intermediate crystalline species in the transformation from LaNiO3 into Ni/La2O3/La2O2CO3. ZrO2-based materials form the second group, indicating the in situ decomposition of the intermetallic compound Cu51Zr14 into an epitaxially stabilized Cu/tetragonal ZrO2 composite during methanol steam reforming, the stability of a ZrO0.31C0.69 oxycarbide and the gas-phase dependence of the tetragonal-to-monoclinic ZrO2 polymorphic transformation. The latter is the key parameter to the catalytic understanding of ZrO2 and is only appreciated in full detail once it is possible to follow the individual steps of the transformation between the crystalline polymorphic structures. A selected example is devoted to how the monitoring of crystalline reactive carbon during methane dry reforming operation aids in the mechanistic understanding of a Ni/MnO catalyst. The most important aspect is the strict use of in situ monitoring of the structural changes occurring during (self-)activation to establish meaningful structure-property relationships allowing conclusions beyond isolated surface chemical aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Penner
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck Innrain 52c A-6020 Innsbruck Austria +4351250758003
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5
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Watschinger M, Ploner K, Winkler D, Kunze-Liebhäuser J, Klötzer B, Penner S. Operando Fourier-transform infrared-mass spectrometry reactor cell setup for heterogeneous catalysis with glovebox transfer process to surface-chemical characterization. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2021; 92:024105. [PMID: 33648094 DOI: 10.1063/5.0041437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We describe a new type of operando Fourier transform infrared (FTIR)-mass spectrometry setup for surface-chemical and reactivity characterization of heterogeneous catalysts. On the basis of a sophisticated all-quartz FTIR reactor cell, capable of operating between room temperature and 1000 °C in reactive gas atmospheres, the setup offers a unique opportunity to simultaneously collect and accordingly correlate FTIR surface-chemical adsorption data of the active catalyst state and FTIR gas phase data with complementary reactivity data obtained via mass spectrometry in situ. The full set of catalytic operation modes (recirculating static and flow reactor conditions) is accessible and can be complemented with a variety of temperature-programmed reaction modes or thermal desorption. Due to the unique transfer process involving a home-built portable glovebox to avoid air exposure, a variety of complementary quasi in situ characterization methods for the pre- and post-reaction catalyst states become accessible. We exemplify the capabilities for additional x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy characterization of surface-chemical states, highlighting the unique strength of combining adsorption, electronic structure, and reactivity data to gain detailed insight into the reactive state of a Cu/ZrO2 heterogeneous catalyst during methanol steam reforming operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Watschinger
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kevin Ploner
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Daniel Winkler
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Julia Kunze-Liebhäuser
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bernhard Klötzer
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Simon Penner
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Ploner K, Watschinger M, Kheyrollahi Nezhad PD, Götsch T, Schlicker L, Köck EM, Gurlo A, Gili A, Doran A, Zhang L, Köwitsch N, Armbrüster M, Vanicek S, Wallisch W, Thurner C, Klötzer B, Penner S. Mechanistic insights into the catalytic methanol steam reforming performance of Cu/ZrO2 catalysts by in situ and operando studies. J Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2020.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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7
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Penner S, Götsch T, Klötzer B. Increasing Complexity Approach to the Fundamental Surface and Interface Chemistry on SOFC Anode Materials. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:1811-1821. [PMID: 32786330 PMCID: PMC7497703 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
In this Account, we demonstrate an increasing
complexity approach
to gain insight into the principal aspects of the surface and interface
chemistry and catalysis of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) anode and
electrolyte materials based on selected oxide, intermetallic, and
metal–oxide systems at different levels of material complexity,
as well as into the fundamental microkinetic reaction steps and intermediates
at catalytically active surface and interface sites. To dismantle
the complexity, we highlight our deconstructing step-by-step approach,
which allows one to deduce synergistic properties of complex composite
materials from the individual surface catalytic properties of the
single constituents, representing the lowest complexity level: pure
oxides and pure metallic materials. Upon mixing and doping the latter,
directly leading to formation of intermetallic compounds/alloys in
the case of metals and oxygen ion conductors/mixed ionic and electronic
conductors for oxides, a second complexity level is reached. Finally,
the introduction of an (inter)metall(ic)–(mixed) oxide interface
leads to the third complexity level. A shell-like model featuring
three levels of complexity with the unveiled surface and interface
chemistry at its core evolves. As the shift to increased complexity
decreases the number of different materials, the interconnections
between the studied materials become more convoluted, but the resulting
picture of surface chemistry becomes clearer. The materials featured
in our investigations are all either already used technologically
important or prospective components of SOFCs (such as yttria-stabilized
zirconia, perovskites, or Ni–Cu alloys) or their basic constituents
(e.g., ZrO2), or they are formed by reactions of other
compounds (for instance, pyrochlores are thought to be formed at the
YSZ/perovskite phase boundary). We elaborate three representative
case studies based on ZrO2, Y2O3,
and Y-doped ZrO2 in detail from all three complexity levels.
By interconnection of results, we are able to derive common principles
of the influence of surface and interface chemistry on the catalytic
operation of SOFC anode materials. In situ measurements
of the reactivity of water and carbon surface species on ZrO2- and Y2O3-based materials represent levels
1 and 2. The highest degree of complexity at level 3 is exemplified
by combined surface science and catalytic studies of metal–oxide
systems, oxidatively derived from intermetallic Cu–Zr and Pd–Zr
compounds and featuring a large number of phases and interfaces. We
show that only by appreciating insight into the basic building blocks
of the catalyst materials at lower levels, a full understanding of
the catalytic operation of the most complex materials at the highest
level is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Penner
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Götsch
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4−6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Heterogeneous Reactions, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34−36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Bernhard Klötzer
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Hauser D, Nenning A, Opitz AK, Klötzer B, Penner S. Spectro-electrochemical setup for in situ and operando mechanistic studies on metal oxide electrode surfaces. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2020; 91:084104. [PMID: 32872960 DOI: 10.1063/5.0007435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This work shows a combined setup of Diffuse Reflectance FT-IR Spectroscopy (DRIFTS) and electrochemical characterization by AC and DC methods for in situ and operando investigations of surface species during CO2 electrolysis on metal oxide electrodes and their correlation with electrochemical activity. A high-temperature reaction chamber enables conducting DRIFTS and electrochemical experiments simultaneously at temperatures up to 1000 °C in both reductive and oxidative reaction atmospheres and under anodic and cathodic polarization conditions. A dedicated gas- and electrical feedthrough solution is presented, which is the key element required for recording electrochemical AC and DC characteristics using an electrochemical cell, which is simultaneously studied by DRIFTS experiments under realistic operation conditions. Selected results, obtained on a gadolinium doped ceria model solid oxide electrolysis cell upon different polarization states, demonstrate the basic functionality and capabilities of the setup and show how the simultaneous DRIFT-spectroscopic and electrochemical investigation of the surface and bulk chemistry on electrode materials leads to increased insight in the population of potential intermediates during CO2 electrolysis. With infrared spectroscopy and impedance spectroscopy as common and complementary spectroscopic methods in material science, the setup is considered to exhibit a huge potential in a wide field of fundamental and applied mechanistic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hauser
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Nenning
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, A-1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander K Opitz
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, A-1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Klötzer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Simon Penner
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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9
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Raveendran S, Alam MM, Khan MIK, Dhayalan A, Kannan S. In situ formation, structural, mechanical and in vitro analysis of ZrO 2/ZnFe 2O 4 composite with assorted composition ratios. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 108:110504. [PMID: 31924019 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The investigation underline the in situ formation of ZrO2/ZnFe2O4 composites and the resultant structural, morphological, mechanical and magnetic properties. The characterization results ensured the crystallization of tetragonal ZrO2 (t-ZrO2) and ZnFe2O4 phases at 900 °C. Depending on Zn2+/Fe3+ content, the composite system revealed a gradual increment in the phase yield of ZnFe2O4. The significance of monoclinic ZrO2 (m-ZrO2) is also evident in all the systems at 900 °C; however, the incremental heat treatment to 1300 °C indicated its corresponding loss, thus indicating the reverse m- → t-ZrO2 transition. The crystallization of ZnFe2O4 as a secondary phase in the t-ZrO2 matrix is also affirmed from the morphological analysis. Mechanical studies accomplished good uniformity in all the investigated compositions despite the variation in the phase content of ZnFe2O4 in composite system. All the t-ZrO2/ZnFe2O4 composites ensured strong ferrimagnetic features and moreover better biocompatibility and non-toxicity characteristics were displayed from in vitro tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subina Raveendran
- Centre for Nanoscience and Technology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605 014, India
| | - M Mushtaq Alam
- Centre for Nanoscience and Technology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605 014, India
| | - Mohd Imran K Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605 014, India
| | - Arunkumar Dhayalan
- Department of Biotechnology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605 014, India
| | - S Kannan
- Centre for Nanoscience and Technology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605 014, India.
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Shakibi Nia N, Hauser D, Schlicker L, Gili A, Doran A, Gurlo A, Penner S, Kunze-Liebhäuser J. Zirconium Oxycarbide: A Highly Stable Catalyst Material for Electrochemical Energy Conversion. Chemphyschem 2019; 20:3067-3073. [PMID: 31247128 PMCID: PMC6900196 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201900539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Metal carbides and oxycarbides have recently gained considerable interest due to their (electro)catalytic properties that differ from those of transition metals and that have potential to outperform them as well. The stability of zirconium oxycarbide nanopowders (ZrO0.31C0.69), synthesized via a hybrid solid‐liquid route, is investigated in different gas atmospheres from room temperature to 800 °C by using in‐situ X‐ray diffraction and in‐situ electrical impedance spectroscopy. To feature the properties of a structurally stable Zr oxycarbide with high oxygen content, a stoichiometry of ZrO0.31C0.69 has been selected. ZrO0.31C0.69 is stable in reducing gases with only minor amounts of tetragonal ZrO2 being formed at high temperatures, whereas it decomposes in CO2 and O2 gas atmosphere. From online differential electrochemical mass spectrometry measurements, the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) onset potential is determined at −0.4 VRHE. CO2 formation is detected at potentials as positive as 1.9 VRHE as ZrO0.31C0.69 decomposition product, and oxygen is anodically formed at 2.5 VRHE, which shows the high electrochemical stability of this material in acidic electrolyte. This peopwery makes the material suited for electrocatalytic reactions at anodic potentials, such as CO and alcohol oxidation reactions, in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niusha Shakibi Nia
- Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, Innrain 52c (Josef-Möller-Haus), A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Daniel Hauser
- Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, Innrain 52c (Josef-Möller-Haus), A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lukas Schlicker
- Fachgebiet Keramische Werkstoffe/Chair of Advanced Ceramic Materials, Institut für Werkstoffwissenschaften und -technologien, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstr. 40, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Albert Gili
- Fachgebiet Keramische Werkstoffe/Chair of Advanced Ceramic Materials, Institut für Werkstoffwissenschaften und -technologien, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstr. 40, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrew Doran
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence National Laboratory Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Aleksander Gurlo
- Fachgebiet Keramische Werkstoffe/Chair of Advanced Ceramic Materials, Institut für Werkstoffwissenschaften und -technologien, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstr. 40, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Simon Penner
- Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, Innrain 52c (Josef-Möller-Haus), A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Julia Kunze-Liebhäuser
- Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, Innrain 52c (Josef-Möller-Haus), A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
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11
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Finsel M, Hemme M, Döring S, Rüter JSV, Dahl GT, Krekeler T, Kornowski A, Ritter M, Weller H, Vossmeyer T. Synthesis and thermal stability of ZrO 2@SiO 2 core-shell submicron particles. RSC Adv 2019; 9:26902-26914. [PMID: 35528597 PMCID: PMC9070609 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra05078g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
ZrO2@SiO2 core-shell submicron particles are promising candidates for the development of advanced optical materials. Here, submicron zirconia particles were synthesized using a modified sol-gel method and pre-calcined at 400 °C. Silica shells were grown on these particles (average size: ∼270 nm) with well-defined thicknesses (26 to 61 nm) using a seeded-growth Stöber approach. To study the thermal stability of bare ZrO2 cores and ZrO2@SiO2 core-shell particles they were calcined at 450 to 1200 °C. After heat treatments, the particles were characterized by SEM, TEM, STEM, cross-sectional EDX mapping, and XRD. The non-encapsulated, bare ZrO2 particles predominantly transitioned to the tetragonal phase after pre-calcination at 400 °C. Increasing the temperature to 600 °C transformed them to monoclinic. Finally, grain coarsening destroyed the spheroidal particle shape after heating to 800 °C. In striking contrast, SiO2-encapsulation significantly inhibited grain growth and the t → m transition progressed considerably only after heating to 1000 °C, whereupon the particle shape, with a smooth silica shell, remained stable. Particle disintegration was observed after heating to 1200 °C. Thus, ZrO2@SiO2 core-shell particles are suited for high-temperature applications up to ∼1000 °C. Different mechanisms are considered to explain the markedly enhanced stability of ZrO2@SiO2 core-shell particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maik Finsel
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Hamburg Grindelallee 117 D-20146 Hamburg Germany
| | - Maria Hemme
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Hamburg Grindelallee 117 D-20146 Hamburg Germany
| | - Sebastian Döring
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Hamburg Grindelallee 117 D-20146 Hamburg Germany
| | - Jil S V Rüter
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Hamburg Grindelallee 117 D-20146 Hamburg Germany
| | - Gregor T Dahl
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Hamburg Grindelallee 117 D-20146 Hamburg Germany
| | - Tobias Krekeler
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Hamburg University of Technology Eißendorfer Straße 42 D-21073 Hamburg Germany
| | - Andreas Kornowski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Hamburg Grindelallee 117 D-20146 Hamburg Germany
| | - Martin Ritter
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Hamburg University of Technology Eißendorfer Straße 42 D-21073 Hamburg Germany
| | - Horst Weller
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Hamburg Grindelallee 117 D-20146 Hamburg Germany
| | - Tobias Vossmeyer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Hamburg Grindelallee 117 D-20146 Hamburg Germany
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Götsch T, Wernig EM, Klötzer B, Schachinger T, Kunze-Liebhäuser J, Penner S. An ultra-flexible modular high vacuum setup for thin film deposition. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2019; 90:023902. [PMID: 30831745 DOI: 10.1063/1.5065786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A modular high vacuum chamber dedicated to thin film deposition is presented. We detail the vacuum and gas infrastructure required to operate two highly flexible chambers simultaneously, with a focus on evaporation techniques (thermal and electron beam) and magnetron sputtering, including baking equipment to remove residual water from the chamber. The use of O-ring-sealed flat flanges allows a tool-free assembly process, in turn enabling rapid changes of the whole setup. This leads to a high flexibility regarding the deposition techniques as the chamber can be adapted to different sources within minutes, permitting the formation of multilayer systems by consecutive depositions onto the same substrate. The central piece of the chamber is a flat flange ground glass tube or cross. The glass recipient permits optical monitoring of the deposition process. Further equipment, such as for the introduction of gases, additional pressure gauges, or evaporators, can be incorporated via specifically designed stainless steel/aluminum interconnectors and blank flanges. In the end, we demonstrate the preparation of an unsupported thin film system consisting of electron-beam-evaporated platinum nanoparticles embedded in magnetron-sputtered zirconia (ZrO2), deposited onto NaCl single crystals, which subsequently can be removed by dissolution. These films are further analyzed by means of transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Götsch
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Eva-Maria Wernig
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bernhard Klötzer
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Schachinger
- University Service Center for Transmission Electron Microscopy, TU Wien, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8-10, A-1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Kunze-Liebhäuser
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Simon Penner
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Schlicker L, Doran A, Schneppmüller P, Gili A, Czasny M, Penner S, Gurlo A. Transmission in situ and operando high temperature X-ray powder diffraction in variable gaseous environments. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:033904. [PMID: 29604747 DOI: 10.1063/1.5001695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This work describes a device for time-resolved synchrotron-based in situ and operando X-ray powder diffraction measurements at elevated temperatures under controllable gaseous environments. The respective gaseous sample environment is realized via a gas-tight capillary-in-capillary design, where the gas flow is achieved through an open-end 0.5 mm capillary located inside a 0.7 mm capillary filled with a sample powder. Thermal mass flow controllers provide appropriate gas flows and computer-controlled on-the-fly gas mixing capabilities. The capillary system is centered inside an infrared heated, proportional integral differential-controlled capillary furnace allowing access to temperatures up to 1000 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Schlicker
- Fachgebiet Keramische Werkstoffe / Chair of Advanced Ceramic Materials, Institut für Werkstoffwissenschaften- und Technologien, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstr. 40, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrew Doran
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Peter Schneppmüller
- Fachgebiet Keramische Werkstoffe / Chair of Advanced Ceramic Materials, Institut für Werkstoffwissenschaften- und Technologien, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstr. 40, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Albert Gili
- Fachgebiet Keramische Werkstoffe / Chair of Advanced Ceramic Materials, Institut für Werkstoffwissenschaften- und Technologien, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstr. 40, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mathias Czasny
- Fachgebiet Keramische Werkstoffe / Chair of Advanced Ceramic Materials, Institut für Werkstoffwissenschaften- und Technologien, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstr. 40, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Simon Penner
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Aleksander Gurlo
- Fachgebiet Keramische Werkstoffe / Chair of Advanced Ceramic Materials, Institut für Werkstoffwissenschaften- und Technologien, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstr. 40, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
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14
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Götsch T, Schlicker L, Bekheet MF, Doran A, Grünbacher M, Praty C, Tada M, Matsui H, Ishiguro N, Gurlo A, Klötzer B, Penner S. Structural investigations of La 0.6Sr 0.4FeO 3-δ under reducing conditions: kinetic and thermodynamic limitations for phase transformations and iron exsolution phenomena. RSC Adv 2018; 8:3120-3131. [PMID: 35541190 PMCID: PMC9077552 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra12309d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The crystal structure changes and iron exsolution behavior of a series of oxygen-deficient lanthanum strontium ferrite (La0.6Sr0.4FeO3-δ , LSF) samples under various inert and reducing conditions up to a maximum temperature of 873 K have been investigated to understand the role of oxygen and iron deficiencies in both processes. Iron exsolution occurs in reductive environments at higher temperatures, leading to the formation of Fe rods or particles at the surface. Utilizing multiple ex situ and in situ methods (in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD), in situ thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES)), the thermodynamic and kinetic limitations are accordingly assessed. Prior to the iron exsolution, the perovskite undergoes a nonlinear shift of the diffraction peaks to smaller 2θ angles, which can be attributed to a rhombohedral-to-cubic (R3̄c to Pm3̄m) structural transition. In reducing atmospheres, the cubic structure is stabilized upon cooling to room temperature, whereas the transition is suppressed under oxidizing conditions. This suggests that an accumulation of oxygen vacancies in the lattice stabilize the cubic phase. The exsolution itself is shown to exhibit a diffusion-limited Avrami-like behavior, where the transport of iron to the Fe-depleted surface-near region is the rate-limiting step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Götsch
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck A-6020 Innsbruck Austria +43 512 507 58003
| | - Lukas Schlicker
- Fachgebiet Keramische Werkstoffe, Institut für Werkstoffwissenschaften und technologien, Technical University Berlin 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Maged F Bekheet
- Fachgebiet Keramische Werkstoffe, Institut für Werkstoffwissenschaften und technologien, Technical University Berlin 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Andrew Doran
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley California 94720 USA
| | - Matthias Grünbacher
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck A-6020 Innsbruck Austria +43 512 507 58003
| | - Corsin Praty
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck A-6020 Innsbruck Austria +43 512 507 58003
| | - Mizuki Tada
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8601 Japan
| | - Hirosuke Matsui
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8601 Japan
| | | | - Aleksander Gurlo
- Fachgebiet Keramische Werkstoffe, Institut für Werkstoffwissenschaften und technologien, Technical University Berlin 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Bernhard Klötzer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck A-6020 Innsbruck Austria +43 512 507 58003
| | - Simon Penner
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck A-6020 Innsbruck Austria +43 512 507 58003
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15
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Grünbacher M, Götsch T, Opitz AK, Klötzer B, Penner S. CO2
Reduction on the Pre-reduced Mixed Ionic-Electronic Conducting Perovskites La0.6
Sr-0.4
FeO3-δ
and SrTi0.7
Fe0.3
O3-δ. Chemphyschem 2017; 19:93-107. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201700970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Grünbacher
- University of Innsbruck; Institute of Physical Chemistry; Innrain 52c 6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - Thomas Götsch
- University of Innsbruck; Institute of Physical Chemistry; Innrain 52c 6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - Alexander K. Opitz
- TU Wien; Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics; Getreidemarkt 9/164-EC 1060 Vienna Austria
| | - Bernhard Klötzer
- University of Innsbruck; Institute of Physical Chemistry; Innrain 52c 6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - Simon Penner
- University of Innsbruck; Institute of Physical Chemistry; Innrain 52c 6020 Innsbruck Austria
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