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Rangel MV, Bourguet FA, Hall CI, Weilhammer DR. Evaluation of Inactivation Methods for Rift Valley Fever Virus in Mouse Microglia. Pathogens 2024; 13:159. [PMID: 38392897 PMCID: PMC10892077 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13020159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever phlebovirus (RVFV) is a highly pathogenic mosquito-borne virus with bioweapon potential due to its ability to be spread by aerosol transmission. Neurological symptoms are among the worst outcomes of infection, and understanding of pathogenesis mechanisms within the brain is limited. RVFV is classified as an overlap select agent by the CDC and USDA; therefore, experiments involving fully virulent strains of virus are tightly regulated. Here, we present two methods for inactivation of live virus within samples derived from mouse microglia cells using commercially available kits for the preparation of cells for flow cytometry and RNA extraction. Using the flow cytometry protocol, we demonstrate key differences in the response of primary murine microglia to infection with fully virulent versus attenuated RVFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita V. Rangel
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA; (M.V.R.); (F.A.B.)
| | - Feliza A. Bourguet
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA; (M.V.R.); (F.A.B.)
| | - Carolyn I. Hall
- Environment, Safety & Health, Biosafety & Biogovernance Functional Area, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA;
| | - Dina R. Weilhammer
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA; (M.V.R.); (F.A.B.)
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Lilienberg J, Apáti Á, Réthelyi JM, Homolya L. Microglia modulate proliferation, neurite generation and differentiation of human neural progenitor cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:997028. [DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.997028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the primary immune cells of the brain, significantly influence the fate of neurons after neural damage. Depending on the local environment, they exhibit a wide range of phenotypes, including patrolling (naïve), proinflammatory, and anti-inflammatory characteristics, which greatly affects neurotoxicity. Despite the fact that neural progenitor cells (NPCs) and hippocampal neurons represent cell populations, which play pivotal role in neural regeneration, interaction between microglia and these cell types is poorly studied. In the present work, we investigated how microglial cells affect the proliferation and neurite outgrowth of human stem cell-derived NPCs, and how microglia stimulation with proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory agents modulates this interaction. We found that naïve microglia slightly diminish NPC proliferation and have no effect on neurite outgrowth. In contrast, proinflammatory stimulated microglia promote both proliferation and neurite generation, whereas microglia stimulated with anti-inflammatory cytokines augment neurite outgrowth leaving NPC proliferation unaffected. We also studied how microglia influence neurite development and differentiation of hippocampal dentate gyrus granule cells differentiated from NPCs. We found that proinflammatory stimulated microglia inhibit axonal development but facilitate dendrite generation in these differentiating neurons. Our results elucidate a fine-tuned modulatory effect of microglial cells on cell types crucial for neural regeneration, opening perspectives for novel regenerative therapeutic interventions.
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Ferreira ÉC, Oliveira ACDR, Garcia CG, Cossenza M, Gonçalves-de-Albuquerque CF, Castro-Faria-Neto HC, Giestal-de-Araujo E, Dos Santos AA. PMA treatment fosters rat retinal ganglion cell survival via TNF signaling. Neurosci Lett 2021; 763:136197. [PMID: 34437989 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
An insult can trigger a protective response or even cell death depending on different factors that include the duration and magnitude of the event and the ability of the cell to activate protective intracellular signals, including inflammatory cytokines. Our previous work showed that the treatment of Lister Hooded rat retinal cell cultures with 50 ng/mL phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), a protein kinase C activator, increases the survival of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) kept in culture for 48 h after axotomy. Here we aim to analyze how PMA modulates the levels of TNF-α and IL-1β (both key inflammatory mediators) and the impact of this modulation on RGCs survival. We hypothesize that the increase in RGCs survival mediated by PMA treatment depends upon modulation of the levels of IL-1β and TNF-α. The effect of PMA treatment was assayed on cell viability, caspase 3 activation, TNF-α and IL-1β release and TNF receptor type I (TNFRI) and TNF receptor type II (TNFRII) levels. PMA treatment increases IL-1β and TNF-α levels in 15 min in culture and increases the release of both cytokines after 30 min and 24 h, respectively. Both IL-1β and TNF-α levels decrease after 48 h of PMA treatment. PMA treatment also induces an increase in TNFRII levels while decreasing TNFRI after 24 h. PMA also inhibited caspase-3 activation, and decreased ROS production and EthD-1/calcein ratio in retinal cell cultures leading to an increase in cell viability. The neutralization of IL-1β (anti-IL1β 0,1ng/mL), the neutralization of TNF-α (anti-TNF-α 0,1ng/mL) and the TNF-α inhibition using a recombinant soluble TNFRII abolished PMA effect on RGCs survival. These data suggest that PMA treatment induces IL1β and TNF-α release and modulation of TNFRI/TNFRII expression promoting RGCs survival after axotomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Érica Camila Ferreira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Gustavo Garcia
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Universidade Anhanguera, Av. Visconde do Rio Branco, 123, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro CEP 24020-000, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Cossenza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Laboratório de Interações Neuroquímicas e Laboratório de Farmacologia Molecular, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro CEP: 24020-150, Brazil
| | - Cassiano Felippe Gonçalves-de-Albuquerque
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC/Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro CEP 21040900, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica - Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Biomédico, UNIRIO Rua Frei Caneca 94, Rio de Janeiro, RJ CEP 20211030, Brazil
| | - Hugo Caire Castro-Faria-Neto
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC/Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro CEP 21040900, Brazil; INCT-NIM - Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-FIOCRUZ, Manguinhos, RJ CEP:21040-360, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth Giestal-de-Araujo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Departamento de Neurobiologia, Laboratório de Cultura de Tecidos Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro CEP: 24020-140, Brazil; INCT-NIM - Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-FIOCRUZ, Manguinhos, RJ CEP:21040-360, Brazil
| | - Aline Araujo Dos Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Laboratório de Interações Neuroquímicas e Laboratório de Farmacologia Molecular, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro CEP: 24020-150, Brazil.
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Bonaterra GA, Mierau O, Hofmann J, Schwarzbach H, Aziz-Kalbhenn H, Kolb C, Kinscherf R. In Vitro Effects of St. John's Wort Extract Against Inflammatory and Oxidative Stress and in the Phagocytic and Migratory Activity of Mouse SIM-A9 Microglia. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:603575. [PMID: 33628177 PMCID: PMC7898673 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.603575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Herbal medicinal plants as Hypericum perforatum L., known as St. John’s wort (SJW) have been in use for a long time. SJW that is specifically used for the treatment of depressive disorders. Inflammatory cytokines derived from microglia play an important role in the regulation of the synthesis and reuptake of glutamate and influence synaptic function, morphology and neuronal plasticity. The present study was performed to investigate, whether STW3-VI, a special SJW extract has protective effects on mouse SIM-A9 microglia against cytotoxic and proinflammatory effects of ROS, glutamate, NMDA or cortisol. Additionally, we investigated the effects of SJW on migratory and phagocytic properties of microglia. Results: Pre-treatment (48 h) of microglia with STW3-VI (5 or 10 μg/ml)—in contrast to desipramine—inhibited the H2O2-induced TNF-α release by 20–40%. Pre-treatment (48 h) of microglia with STW3-VI (5 or 10 μg/ml) delayed the 3 or 4 mM H2O2-induced intracellular ROS level by 26.9 and 44.4%, respectively. Furthermore, pre-treatment (48 h) of microglia with STW3-VI (5 μg/ml) - in contrast to desipramine - lowered the glutamate-induced cytotoxicity by 13.2%. Besides, pre-treatment (48 h) of microglia with STW3-VI (5 or 10 μg/ml) or desipramine (5 µM) inhibited the NMDA-induced decrease of the viability by 16.5–28.8% or 12%, respectively. Finally, pre-treatment (48 h) of microglia with STW3-VI (5 or 10 μg/ml)—in contrast to desipramine - reduced the cortisol-induced cytotoxicity by 15.5 and 12.9%. Treatment of microglia with STW3-VI (10 or 100 μg/ml) increased the migratory and the phagocytic capacities by 100 and 40%. Conclusion: Our data provide evidence that STW3-VI—in contrast to desipramine - protects microglia from oxidative stress, NMDA- or glutamate-induced cytotoxicity, and has anti-inflammatory properties that are accompanied by improvement of their migratory and phagocytic capacity. These protective (particularly the anti-inflammatory) properties may be beneficial in the treatment of depressive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel A Bonaterra
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Olga Mierau
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Johanna Hofmann
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Hans Schwarzbach
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Heba Aziz-Kalbhenn
- Bayer Consumer Health Division, Phytomedicines Supply and Development Center, Steigerwald Arzneimittelwerk GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Christiane Kolb
- Bayer Consumer Health Division, Phytomedicines Supply and Development Center, Steigerwald Arzneimittelwerk GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Ralf Kinscherf
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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Wen SJ, Zheng XM, Liu LF, Li NN, Mao HA, Huang L, Yuan QL. Effects of primary microglia and astrocytes on neural stem cells in in vitro and in vivo models of ischemic stroke. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:1677-1685. [PMID: 33510055 PMCID: PMC8328755 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.306093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of neural stem cells (NSCs) can protect neurons in animal stroke models; however, their low rates of survival and neuronal differentiation limit their clinical application. Glial niches, an important location of neural stem cells, regulate survival, proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells. However, the effects of activated glial cells on neural stem cells remain unclear. In the present study, we explored the effects of activated astrocytes and microglia on neural stem cells in vitro stroke models. We also investigated the effects of combined transplantation of neural stem cells and glial cells after stroke in rats. In a Transwell co-culture system, primary cultured astrocytes, microglia or mixed glial cells were exposed to glutamate or H2O2 and then seeded in the upper inserts, while primary neural stem cells were seeded in the lower uncoated wells and cultured for 7 days. Our results showed that microglia were conducive to neurosphere formation and had no effects on apoptosis within neurospheres, while astrocytes and mixed glial cells were conducive to neurosphere differentiation and reduced apoptosis within neurospheres, regardless of their pretreatment. In contrast, microglia and astrocytes induced neuronal differentiation of neural stem cells in differentiation medium, regardless of their pretreatment, with an exception of astrocytes pretreated with H2O2. Rat models of ischemic stroke were established by occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. Three days later, 5 × 105 neural stem cells with microglia or astrocytes were injected into the right lateral ventricle. Neural stem cell/astrocyte-treated rats displayed better improvement of neurological deficits than neural stem cell only-treated rats at 4 days after cell transplantation. Moreover, neural stem cell/microglia-, and neural stem cell/astrocyte-treated rats showed a significant decrease in ischemic volume compared with neural stem cell-treated rats. These findings indicate that microglia and astrocytes exert different effects on neural stem cells, and that co-transplantation of neural stem cells and astrocytes is more conducive to the recovery of neurological impairment in rats with ischemic stroke. The study was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Tongji University School of Medicine, China (approval No. 2010-TJAA08220401) in 2010.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Jun Wen
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi-Min Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Fen Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Na-Na Li
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai-An Mao
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Huang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiong-Lan Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Characterization of the SIM-A9 cell line as a model of activated microglia in the context of neuropathic pain. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231597. [PMID: 32287325 PMCID: PMC7156095 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Resident microglia of the central nervous system are being increasingly recognized as key players in diseases such as neuropathic pain. Biochemical and behavioral studies in neuropathic pain rodent models have documented compelling evidence of the critical role of ATP mediated-P2X4R-brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling pathway in the initiation and maintenance of pain hypersensitivity, a feature driving neuropathic pain-related behavior. The goal of this study was to develop and characterize an in vitro cell line model of activated microglia that can be subsequently utilized for screening neuropathic pain therapeutics. In the present study, we characterized the SIM-A9 microglia cell line for key molecules in the P2X4R-BDNF signaling axis using a combination of biochemical techniques and developed an ATP-activated SIM-A9 microglia model. We present three novel findings: first, SIM-A9 cells expressed P2X4R and BDNF proteins, second, ATP, but not LPS, was cytocompatible with SIM-A9 cells and third, exposure of cells to optimized ATP concentrations for defined periods increased intracellular expression of Iba1 and BDNF proteins. Increased Iba1 levels confirmed microglia activation and increased BDNF expression confirmed ATP-mediated stimulation of the P2X4R signaling pathway. We propose that this ATP-activated SIM-A9 cell line model system can be utilized for screening both small- as well as macro-molecular neuropathic pain therapeutics targeting BDNF and/or P2X4R knockdown.
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Zhang L, Zhang J, You Z. Switching of the Microglial Activation Phenotype Is a Possible Treatment for Depression Disorder. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:306. [PMID: 30459555 PMCID: PMC6232769 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common emotional cognitive disorder that seriously affects people’s physical and mental health and their quality of life. Due to its clinical and etiological heterogeneity, the molecular mechanisms underpinning MDD are complex and they are not fully understood. In addition, the effects of traditional drug therapy are not ideal. However, postmortem and animal studies have shown that overactivated microglia can inhibit neurogenesis in the hippocampus and induce depressive-like behaviors. Nonetheless, the molecular mechanisms by which microglia regulate nerve regeneration and determine depressive-like behaviors remain unclear. As the immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), microglia could influence neurogenesis through the M1 and M2 subtypes, and these may promote depressive-like behaviors. Microglia may be divided into four main states or phenotypes. Under stress, microglial cells are induced into the M1 type, releasing inflammatory factors and causing neuroinflammatory responses. After the inflammation fades away, microglia shift into the alternative activated M2 phenotypes that play a role in neuroprotection. These activated M2 subtypes consist of M2a, M2b and M2c and their functions are different in the CNS. In this article, we mainly introduce the relationship between microglia and MDD. Importantly, this article elucidates a plausible mechanism by which microglia regulate inflammation and neurogenesis in ameliorating MDD. This could provide a reliable basis for the treatment of MDD in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Zhang
- Center for Informational Biology, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinqiang Zhang
- Center for Informational Biology, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Zili You
- Center for Informational Biology, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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