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Kong H, Liu WW, Zhang W, Zhang Q, Wang CH, Khan MI, Wang YX, Fan LY, Cao CX. Facile, Rapid, and Low-Cost Electrophoresis Titration of Thrombin by Aptamer-Linked Magnetic Nanoparticles and a Redox Boundary Chip. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:29549-29556. [PMID: 31259516 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b09598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
An aptamer-linked assay of a target biomarker (e.g., thrombin) is facing the challenges of long-term run, complex performance, and expensive instrument, unfitting clinical diagnosis in resource-limited areas. Herein, a facile chip electrophoresis titration (ET) model was proposed for rapid, portable, and low-cost assay of thrombin via aptamer-linked magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), redox boundary (RB), and horseradish peroxidase (HRP). In the electrophoresis titration-redox boundary (ET-RB) model, thrombin was chosen as a model biomarker, which could be captured within 15 min by MNP-aptamer 1 and HRP-aptamer 2, forming a sandwich complex of (MNP-aptamer 1)-thrombin-(HRP-aptamer 2). After MNP separation and chromogenic reaction of 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) within 10 min, an ET-RB run could be completed within 5 min based on the reaction between a 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine radical cation (TMB•+) and l-ascorbic acid in the ET channel. The systemic experiments based on the ET-RB method revealed that the sandwich complex could be formed and the thrombin content could be assayed via an ET-RB chip, demonstrating the developed model and method. In particular, the ET-RB method had the evident merits of simplicity, rapidity (less than 30 min), and low cost as well as portability and visuality, in contrast to the currently used thrombin assay. In addition, the developed method had high selectivity, sensitivity (limit of detection of 0.04 nM), and stability (intraday: 3.26%, interday: 6.07%) as well as good recovery (urine: 97-102%, serum: 94-103%). The developed model and method have potential to the development of a point-of-care testing assay in resource-constrained conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Kong
- Shanghai Sixth Peoples' Hospital East , Shanghai Jiao Tong University Medical School , Shanghai 201306 , China
| | - Wei-Wen Liu
- Shanghai Sixth Peoples' Hospital East , Shanghai Jiao Tong University Medical School , Shanghai 201306 , China
- Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information & Electrical Engineering , §State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology , ∥School of Physics and Astronomy , and ⊥Student Innovation Center , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240 , China
| | | | - Qiang Zhang
- Shanghai Sixth Peoples' Hospital East , Shanghai Jiao Tong University Medical School , Shanghai 201306 , China
- Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information & Electrical Engineering , §State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology , ∥School of Physics and Astronomy , and ⊥Student Innovation Center , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240 , China
| | - Cun-Huai Wang
- Shanghai Sixth Peoples' Hospital East , Shanghai Jiao Tong University Medical School , Shanghai 201306 , China
| | - Muhammad Idrees Khan
- Shanghai Sixth Peoples' Hospital East , Shanghai Jiao Tong University Medical School , Shanghai 201306 , China
| | | | | | - Cheng-Xi Cao
- Shanghai Sixth Peoples' Hospital East , Shanghai Jiao Tong University Medical School , Shanghai 201306 , China
- Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information & Electrical Engineering , §State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology , ∥School of Physics and Astronomy , and ⊥Student Innovation Center , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240 , China
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Kong FZ, Jahan S, Zhong R, Cao XY, Li WL, Wang YX, Xiao H, Liu WW, Cao CX. Electrophoresis Titration Model of a Moving Redox Boundary Chip for a Point-of-Care Test of an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. ACS Sens 2019; 4:126-133. [PMID: 30604605 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.8b01017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) have been widely used in clinical examination, food safety, and environmental analyses. However, they still face a great challenge in designing a device for a point-of-care test (POCT) due to its bulk optical detector and complexity. Herein an electrophoresis titration (ET) model of a moving redox boundary (MRB) was proposed for constructing an ET-ELISA chip of a POCT just with sextuplet electrode pairs and laminated cells. The chip had an anodic well, middle well, and cathode well which were connected by microchannels. The ELISA process was conducted in the bottom of the middle well, where horseradish peroxidase (HRP) catalyzed 3,3',5,5'-tetra-methyl benzidine (TMB) as a blue TMB dimer with two positive charges. Under an electrical field of 29 V, the TMB dimer migrated into the titration channel and reacted with the ascorbic acid, creating an MRB. The MRB motion was a function of antigen content, indicating a visual distance-based assay. As a proof of concept, a C-reactive protein was chosen as a model antigen. The experiments systemically validated the ET-ELISA model and method. Particularly, the chip was smartphone-detected, traditional power supply free, and did not use sulfuric acid used in typical ELISA, making the ET-ELISA method extremely simple, portable, and safe. The ET-ELISA has great potential to visual and portable ELISA in clinical medicine, the environment, and food safety immunoassay.
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Cao XY, Kong FZ, Zhang Q, Liu WW, Liu XP, Li GQ, Zhong R, Fan LY, Xiao H, Cao CX. iPhone-imaged and cell-powered electrophoresis titration chip for the alkaline phosphatase assay in serum by the moving reaction boundary. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:1758-1766. [PMID: 29780999 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00163d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
As a vital enzyme, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) has great clinical significance in diagnoses of bone or liver cancer, bone metastases, rickets, and extrahepatic biliary obstruction. However, there is still no really portable chip for the ALP assay in blood. Herein, a simple electrophoresis titration (ET) model was developed for ALP detection via a moving reaction boundary (MRB). In the model, ALP catalyzed the dephosphorylation of a 4-methylumbelliferyl phosphate disodium salt (4-MUP) substrate in the cathode well to 4-methylumbelliferone ([4-MU]-) with a negative charge and blue fluorescence under UV excitation. After the catalysis, an electric field was used between the cathode and the anode. Under the electric field, [4-MU]- moved into the channel and neutralized the acidic Tris-HCl buffer, resulting in the quenching of [4-MU]- and creating a MRB. The ET system just had an ET chip, a lithium cell, a UV LED and an iPhone used as a recorder, having no traditional expensive power supply and fluorescence detector. The relevant method was developed, and a series of experiments were conducted via the ET chip. The experiments showed: (i) a MRB could be formed between the [4-MU]- base and the acidic buffer, and the MRB motion had a linear relationship with the ALP activity, validating the ET model; (ii) the ET run was not impacted by many interferences, implying good selectivity; and (iii) the ET chip could be used for portable detection within 10 min, implying an on-site and rapid analysis. In addition, the ET method had a relatively good sensitivity (0.1 U L-1), linearity (V = 0.033A + 3.87, R2 = 0.9980), stability (RSD 2.4-6.8%) and recoveries (101-105%). Finally, the ET method was successfully used for ALP assays in real serum samples. All the results implied that the developed method was simple, rapid and low-cost, and had potential for POCT clinical ALP assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yu Cao
- Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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Li WL, Kong FZ, Zhang Q, Liu WW, Kong H, Liu XP, Khan MI, Wahid A, Saud S, Xiao H, Cao CX, Fan LY. Simple Chip Electrophoresis Titration of Neutralization Boundary with EDTA Photocatalysis for Distance-Based Sensing of Melamine in Dairy Products. Anal Chem 2018; 90:6710-6717. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Lin Li
- Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Fan-Zhi Kong
- Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Wei-Wen Liu
- Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hao Kong
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Liu
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Muhammad-Idrees Khan
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Amir Wahid
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Shah Saud
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hua Xiao
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Cheng-Xi Cao
- Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Liu-Yin Fan
- Student Innovation Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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Pratush A, Zhang Q, Cao YR, Zhang LX, Li GQ, Liu XP, Li J, Jahan S, Cong F, Xiao H, Fan LY, Cao CX. A simple, openable and electroosmotic flow-free PMMA chip for electrophoretic titration of moving reaction boundary. Microchem J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2016.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Zhang Q, Fan LY, Li WL, Cong FS, Zhong R, Chen JJ, He YC, Xiao H, Cao CX. A stable and convenient protein electrophoresis titration device with bubble removing system. Electrophoresis 2017; 38:1706-1712. [PMID: 28306175 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Moving reaction boundary titration (MRBT) has a potential application to immunoassay and protein content analysis with high selectivity. However, air bubbles often impair the accuracy of MRBT, and the leakage of electrolyte greatly decreases the safety and convenience of electrophoretic titration. Addressing these two issues a reliable MRBT device with modified electrolyte chamber of protein titration was designed. Multiphysics computer simulation was conducted for optimization according to two-phase flow. The single chamber was made of two perpendicular cylinders with different diameters. After placing electrophoretic tube, the resident air in the junction next to the gel could be eliminated by a simple fast electrolyte flow. Removing the electrophoretic tube automatically prevented electrolyte leakage at the junction due to the gravity-induced negative pressure within the chamber. Moreover, the numerical simulation and experiments showed that the improved MRBT device has following advantages: (i) easy and rapid setup of electrophoretic tube within 20 s; (ii) simple and quick bubble dissipates from the chamber of titration within 2 s; (iii) no electrolyte leakage from the two chambers: and (iv) accurate protein titration and safe instrumental operation. The developed technique and apparatus greatly improves the performance of the previous MRBT device, and providing a new route toward practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Laboratory of Bioseparation and Analytical Biochemistry, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Liu-Yin Fan
- Laboratory of Bioseparation and Analytical Biochemistry, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Lin Li
- Laboratory of Bioseparation and Analytical Biochemistry, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Feng-Song Cong
- Laboratory of Bioseparation and Analytical Biochemistry, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Ran Zhong
- Laboratory of Bioseparation and Analytical Biochemistry, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Jing Chen
- Laboratory of Bioseparation and Analytical Biochemistry, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Chen He
- Laboratory of Bioseparation and Analytical Biochemistry, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Hua Xiao
- Laboratory of Bioseparation and Analytical Biochemistry, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Cheng-Xi Cao
- Laboratory of Bioseparation and Analytical Biochemistry, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
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