1
|
Tan F, Yu B, Wang Y, Bai Q, Zhang Z. Hierarchically Structured Nanoporous Palladium with Ordered/Disordered Channels for Ultrahigh and Fast Strain. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:505-513. [PMID: 36630150 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Metallic actuators have increasingly shown the potential to replace conventional piezoelectric ceramics and conducting polymers. However, it is still a great challenge to achieve strain amplitudes over 4% while maintaining fast strain responses. Herein, we fabricated bulk nanoporous palladium (NP-Pd) with microsheet-array-like hierarchically nanoporous (MAHNP) structure by dealloying a eutectic Al-Pd precursor. The hierarchical structure consists of array-like microsized channels/sheets and disordered nanosized networks. The locally ordered channels play a critical role in fast mass transport while nanoligaments accumulate a large surface area for hydrogen adsorption/absorption and desorption. Therefore, the MAHNP-Pd not only obtains a fast strain rate with the maximum value close to 1 × 10-4 s-1 but also exhibits an ultrahigh strain amplitude of 4.68%, exceeding all reported values for bulk electrochemical metallic actuators to date. Additionally, the superiority of the MAHNP structure is demonstrated in transport kinetics as benchmarked with the scenario of unimodal NP-Pd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fuquan Tan
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jingshi Road 17923, Jinan250061, P. R. China
| | - Bin Yu
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jingshi Road 17923, Jinan250061, P. R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, West Road of Nan Xinzhuang 336, Jinan250022, P. R. China
| | - Qingguo Bai
- School of Applied Physics and Materials, Wuyi University, Dongcheng Village 22, Jiangmen529020, P. R. China
| | - Zhonghua Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jingshi Road 17923, Jinan250061, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Preparation and Modification Technology Analysis of Ionic Polymer-Metal Composites (IPMCs). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073522. [PMID: 35408883 PMCID: PMC8998928 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
As a new type of flexible smart material, ionic polymer-metal composite (IPMC) has the advantages of being lightweight and having fast responses, good flexibility, and large deformation ranges. However, IPMC has the disadvantages of a small driving force and short lifespan. Based on this, this paper firstly analyzes the driving mechanism of IPMC. Then, it focuses on the current preparation technology of IPMC from the aspects of electroless plating and mechanical plating. The advantages and disadvantages of various preparation methods are analyzed. Due to the special driving mechanism of IPMC, there is a problem of short non-aqueous working time. Therefore, the modification research of IPMC is reviewed from the aspects of the basement membrane, working medium, and electrode materials. Finally, the current challenges and future development prospects of IPMC are discussed.
Collapse
|
3
|
Rozhentsev DA, Shurov NI, Tkachev NK. Synthesis of a Pd 2In-Pd 3In bi-continuous nanoporous structure by electrochemical dealloying in molten salts. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:16720-16725. [PMID: 34761785 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03034e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A study of the high-temperature electrochemical selective dissolution of PdIn intermetallics in molten mixtures of alkali chlorides with the formation of nanoporous structures has been carried out to obtain a coherent structure consisting of Pd2In and Pd3In intermetallics. The smallest pore size (approximately 100 nanometers) with a bi-continuous structure of Pd2In-Pd3In is obtained from the PdIn intermetallic phase at a temperature of 450 °C and a current density of 50 mA cm-2 in a molten LiCl-KCl eutectic. It has been shown that the temperature of the anodic dissolution process is the most important factor in controlling the pore size and structural morphology. The morphology of pores and ligaments in the sample at 600 °C is a 3D hierarchy with pore sizes from several hundred nanometers to a micron-scale but with the same Pd2In-Pd3In (2 : 1) composition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D A Rozhentsev
- Institute of High-Temperature Electrochemistry, Ural Branch of RAS, Russian Federation.
| | - N I Shurov
- Institute of High-Temperature Electrochemistry, Ural Branch of RAS, Russian Federation.
| | - N K Tkachev
- Institute of High-Temperature Electrochemistry, Ural Branch of RAS, Russian Federation.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bai Q, Zhang C, Tan F, Wu F, Zhang Z. Nanoporous copper as an inexpensive electrochemical actuator responsive to sub-volt voltages. Electrochem commun 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2021.106940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
|
5
|
Han Z, Qi Z, Wei Q, Deng Q, Wang K. The Mechanical Effect of MnO 2 Layers on Electrochemical Actuation Performance of Nanoporous Gold. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10102056. [PMID: 33081009 PMCID: PMC7603228 DOI: 10.3390/nano10102056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the electrochemical actuation behavior of nanoporous material during the capacitive process. The length change of nanoporous gold (npg) was in situ investigated in a liquid environment using the dilatometry technique. The mechanical effect of MnO2 layers was introduced in this work to improve the actuation characteristics of the npg samples. Our work found that the actuation behavior of npg sample could be significantly modulated with a covering of MnO2 layers. The electrochemical actuation amplitude was efficiently improved and strongly dependent on the thickness of MnO2 layers covered. Aside from the amplitude, the phase relation between the length change and the electrode potential was inverted when covering the MnO2 layer on the npg samples. This means the expansion of the npg samples and the contraction of samples covered with the MnO2 layer when electrochemical potential sweeps positively. A simple finite element model was built up to understand the effect of the MnO2 layer. The agreement between the simulation result and the experimental data indicates that the sign-inverted actuation-potential response of nanoporous gold contributes to the mechanical effect of MnO2. It is believed that our work could offer a deep understanding on the effect of the MnO2 layer on the electrochemical actuation and then provide a useful strategy to modulate the actuation performance of nanoporous metal materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhifei Han
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Porous Materials, Institute for New Energy Materials & Low-Carbon Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China;
| | - Zhengpan Qi
- Research Institute for Structure Technology of Advanced Equipment, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China; (Z.Q.); (Q.W.)
| | - Qiang Wei
- Research Institute for Structure Technology of Advanced Equipment, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China; (Z.Q.); (Q.W.)
| | - Qibo Deng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Porous Materials, Institute for New Energy Materials & Low-Carbon Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China;
- Research Institute for Structure Technology of Advanced Equipment, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China; (Z.Q.); (Q.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- Correspondence: (Q.D.); (K.W.)
| | - Ke Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
- Correspondence: (Q.D.); (K.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
An C, Dong C, Shao LH, Deng Q. Monitoring the length change of Ni@C composite electrodes during charging/discharging processes. Electrochem commun 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2019.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
|
7
|
Wang C, Xu W, Qin Z, Mintova S. Spontaneous galvanic deposition of nanoporous Pd on microfibrous-structured Al-fibers for CO oxidative coupling to dimethyl oxalate. CATAL COMMUN 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2018.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|
8
|
Gößler M, Steyskal EM, Stütz M, Enzinger N, Würschum R. Hydrogen-induced plasticity in nanoporous palladium. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 9:3013-3024. [PMID: 30591849 PMCID: PMC6296432 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.9.280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical strain response of nanoporous palladium (npPd) upon electrochemical hydrogenation using an in situ dilatometric technique is investigated. NpPd with an average ligament diameter of approximately 20 nm is produced via electrochemical dealloying. A hydrogen-induced phase transition from PdHβ to PdHα is found to enable internal-stress plasticity (or transformation-mismatch plasticity) in nanoporous palladium, which leads to exceptionally high strains without fracture as a result of external forces. The high surface stress in the nanoporous structure in combination with the internal-stress plasticity mechanism leads to a peculiar strain response upon hydrogen sorption and desorption. Critical potentials for the formation of PdHα and PdHβ in npPd are determined. The theoretical concepts to assess the plastic strain response of nanoporous samples are elucidated, taking into account characteristics of structure and deformation mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Gößler
- Institute of Materials Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Eva-Maria Steyskal
- Institute of Materials Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Markus Stütz
- Institute of Materials Science, Joining and Forming, Graz University of Technology, Kopernikusgasse 24/I, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Norbert Enzinger
- Institute of Materials Science, Joining and Forming, Graz University of Technology, Kopernikusgasse 24/I, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Roland Würschum
- Institute of Materials Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
|
10
|
Michl A, Weissmüller J, Müller S. Electrocapillary Coupling at Metal Surfaces from First Principles: On the Impact of Excess Charge on Surface Stress and Relaxation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:4920-4928. [PMID: 29638137 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b04261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We study the response of the surface stress to excess charge via ab initio simulation of metal surfaces in an external electric field. We focus on "simple" sp-bonded metals to gain insight into the mechanisms underlying electrocapillary coupling. Both the direct effect on the surface stress via charging of the bonds and the indirect effect resulting from the charge-induced relaxation are analyzed and discussed in relation to the trends of the coupling coefficients, which-owing to a Maxwell relation-are determined in terms of the response of the work function to strain. Al(111), Mg(0001), and Na(110) are investigated as prototypical sp-bonded metal surfaces with positive, vanishing, and negative coupling parameters, respectively. Mg(0001) and Al(111) exhibit an inward relaxation of the first atomic layer upon negative charging, whereas an outward relaxation occurs for Na(110). The indirect contribution of the relaxation to the coupling coefficient has the same sign as the total response and makes up about 30% of its magnitude for Al(111) and Na(110). Our study highlights that even the response behavior of the so-called simple metals is by no means readily captured within simple models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jörg Weissmüller
- Institute of Materials Research, Materials Mechanics , Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht , D-21502 Geesthacht , Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Deng Z, Detsi E. Enhancing the free corrosion dealloying rate with a catalytically driven reaction. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:11858-11863. [PMID: 28799611 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr04611a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite its high popularity, chemical dealloying that is widely used for the fabrication of nanoporous metals is a relatively slow process: dealloying a few milligrams of bulk material may take from several hours up to a few days, depending on the material system. Raising the temperature of the corroding medium is a common approach to speed up the dealloying process. However, high temperatures cause undesired ligament growth in dealloyed materials. Here we report for the first time the use of a catalytically driven reaction to speed up the dealloying process at ambient temperature and pressure. To demonstrate the concept, we show that the free corrosion dealloying of a silver-aluminum alloy is significantly faster with the help of a platinum catalyst. More importantly, the corresponding characteristic nanostructured size is much smaller than that without a catalyst. Our finding is expected to play a central role in scaling up the dealloying process from the laboratory to the industrial scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziling Deng
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6272, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Cheng C, Lührs L, Krekeler T, Ritter M, Weissmüller J. Semiordered Hierarchical Metallic Network for Fast and Large Charge-Induced Strain. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:4774-4780. [PMID: 28737931 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b01526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Nanoporous metallic actuators for artificial muscle applications are distinguished by combining the low operating voltage, which is otherwise reserved for polymer-based actuators with interesting values of strain amplitude, strength, and stiffness that are comparable of those of piezoceramics. We report a nanoporous metal actuator with enhanced strain amplitude and accelerated switching. Our 3D macroscopic metallic muscle has semiordered and hierarchical nanoporous structure, in which μm-sized tubes align perpendicular with the sample surface, while nm-sized ligaments consist of the tube walls. This nanoarchitecture combines channels for fast ion transportation with large surface area for charge storage and strain generation. The result is a record reversible strain amplitude of 1.59% with a strain rate of 8.83 × 10-6 s-1 in the field of metallic based actuators. A passive hydroxide layer is self-grown on the metal surface, which not only contributes a supercapacitive layer, but also stabilizes the nanoporous structure against coarsening, which guarantees sustainable actuation beyond ten-thousand cycles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jörg Weissmüller
- Institute of Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht , 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Benson DM, Tsang CF, Sugar JD, Jagannathan K, Robinson DB, El Gabaly F, Cappillino PJ, Stickney JL. Enhanced Kinetics of Electrochemical Hydrogen Uptake and Release by Palladium Powders Modified by Electrochemical Atomic Layer Deposition. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:18338-18345. [PMID: 28449579 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b03005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical atomic layer deposition (E-ALD) is a method for the formation of nanofilms of materials, one atomic layer at a time. It uses the galvanic exchange of a less noble metal, deposited using underpotential deposition (UPD), to produce an atomic layer of a more noble element by reduction of its ions. This process is referred to as surface limited redox replacement and can be repeated in a cycle to grow thicker deposits. It was previously performed on nanoparticles and planar substrates. In the present report, E-ALD is applied for coating a submicron-sized powder substrate, making use of a new flow cell design. E-ALD is used to coat a Pd powder substrate with different thicknesses of Rh by exchanging it for Cu UPD. Cyclic voltammetry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicate an increasing Rh coverage with increasing numbers of deposition cycles performed, in a manner consistent with the atomic layer deposition (ALD) mechanism. Cyclic voltammetry also indicated increased kinetics of H sorption and desorption in and out of the Pd powder with Rh present, relative to unmodified Pd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David M Benson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Chu F Tsang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Joshua D Sugar
- Sandia National Laboratories , Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Kaushik Jagannathan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - David B Robinson
- Sandia National Laboratories , Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Farid El Gabaly
- Sandia National Laboratories , Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Patrick J Cappillino
- Sandia National Laboratories , Livermore, California 94550, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth , North Dartmouth, Massachusetts 02747, United States
| | - John L Stickney
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhang J, Wang Y, Si C, Bai Q, Ma W, Gao H, Zhang Z. Electrochemical actuation behaviors of bulk nanoporous palladium in acid and alkaline solutions. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.10.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
15
|
Effect of Dealloying Condition on the Formation of Nanoporous Structure in Melt-Spun Al60Ge30Mn10Alloy. Appl Microsc 2016. [DOI: 10.9729/am.2016.46.3.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
|
16
|
Steyskal EM, Wiednig C, Enzinger N, Würschum R. In situ characterization of hydrogen absorption in nanoporous palladium produced by dealloying. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 7:1197-1201. [PMID: 27826493 PMCID: PMC5082345 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.7.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Palladium is a frequently used model system for hydrogen storage. During the past few decades, particular interest was placed on the superior H-absorption properties of nanostructured Pd systems. In the present study nanoporous palladium (np-Pd) is produced by electrochemical dealloying, an electrochemical etching process that removes the less noble component from a master alloy. The volume and electrical resistance of np-Pd are investigated in situ upon electrochemical hydrogen loading and unloading. These properties clearly vary upon hydrogen ad- and absorption. During cyclic voltammetry in the hydrogen regime the electrical resistance changes reversibly by almost 10% upon absorbing approximately 5% H/Pd (atomic ratio). By suitable loading procedures, hydrogen concentrations up to almost 60% H/Pd were obtained, along with a sample thickness increase of about 5%. The observed reversible actuation clearly exceeds the values found in the literature, which is most likely due to the unique structure of np-Pd with an extraordinarily high surface-to-volume ratio.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Steyskal
- Institute of Materials Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christopher Wiednig
- Institute of Materials Science and Welding, Graz University of Technology, Kopernikusgasse 24, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Norbert Enzinger
- Institute of Materials Science and Welding, Graz University of Technology, Kopernikusgasse 24, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Roland Würschum
- Institute of Materials Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|