1
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Pei W, Hou L, Yang J, Zhou S, Zhao J. Doping-mediated excited state dynamics of diphosphine-protected M@Au 12 (M = Au, Ir) superatom nanoclusters. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:14081-14088. [PMID: 39004999 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr02051k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Doping heterometal atoms into ligand-protected gold superatom nanoclusters (Aun NCs) is proposed to further diversify their geometrical and electronic structures and enhance their photoluminescence properties, which is attributed to the mixing and effects between atoms. However, the fundamental principles that govern the optoelectronic properties of the doped Aun NCs remain elusive. Herein, we systematically explored two prototypical 8-electron Aun (n = 11 and 13) NCs with and without Ir dopant atoms using comprehensive ab initio calculations and real-time nonadiabatic molecular dynamics simulations. These doped Aun NCs maintain their parent geometrical structures and 8-electron superatomic configuration (1S21P6). Strong core-shell (Ir-Aun) electronic coupling significantly expands the energy gap, resulting in a weak nonadiabatic coupling matrix element, which in turn increases the carrier lifetime. This increase is mainly governed by the low-frequency vibration mode. We uncovered the relationship between electronic structures, electron-vibration, and carrier dynamics for these doped Aun NCs. These calculated results provide crucial insights for the atomically precise design of metal NCs with superior optoelectronic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Pei
- College of Physical Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Lei Hou
- College of Physical Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Jing Yang
- College of Physical Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Si Zhou
- Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Structure and Fundamental Interactions of Matter, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, School of Physics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Quantum Matter, Frontier Research Institute for Physics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jijun Zhao
- Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Structure and Fundamental Interactions of Matter, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, School of Physics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Quantum Matter, Frontier Research Institute for Physics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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2
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Li XT, Li J, Liu SQ, Du SH, Wang SJ, Chen J, Cheng SB. Dual External Field Strategy in Regulating the Superhalogen Characteristics of the Non-Noble Metal Constituted Tantalum Oxide Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:5298-5306. [PMID: 38917472 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c02089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
The identification of the non-noble metal constituted TaO cluster as a potential analogue to the noble metal Au is significant for the development of tailored materials. It leverages the superatom concept to engineer properties with precision. However, the impact of incrementally integrating TaO units on the electronic configurations and properties within larger TaO-based clusters remains to be elucidated. By employing the density functional theory calculations, the global minima and low-lying isomers of the TanOn (n = 2-5) clusters were determined, and their structural evolution was disclosed. In the cluster series, Ta5O5 was found to possess the highest electron affinity (EA) with a value of 2.14 eV, based on which a dual external field (DEF) strategy was applied to regulate the electronic property of the cluster. Initially, the electron-withdrawing CO ligand was affixed to Ta5O5, followed by the application of an oriented external electric field (OEEF). The CO ligation was found to be able to enhance the Ta5O5 cluster's electron capture capability by adjusting its electron energy levels, with the EA of Ta5O5(CO)4 peaking at 2.58 eV. Subsequently, the introduction of OEEF further elevated the EA of the CO-ligated cluster. Notably, OEEF, when applied along the +x axis, was observed to sharply increase the EA to 3.26 eV, meeting the criteria for superhalogens. The enhancement of EA in response to OEEF intensity can be quantified as a functional relationship. This finding highlights the advantage of OEEF over conventional methods, demonstrating its capacity for precise and continuous modulation of cluster EAs. Consequently, this research has adeptly transformed tantalum oxide clusters into superhalogen structures, underscoring the effectiveness of the DEF strategy in augmenting cluster EAs and its promise as a viable tool for the creation of superhalogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Tong Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Jun Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Si-Qi Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Shi-Hu Du
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Shi-Jun Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Jing Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Shi-Bo Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
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3
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Saito R, Isozaki K, Mizuhata Y, Nakamura M. Synthesis of N 2-Type Superatomic Molecules. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 38901036 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c05611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Exploration of multiple bonds between superatoms remains an uncharted territory. In this study, we present the synthesis and characterization of N2-type superatomic molecules featuring triple bonds between two superatoms. The successful synthesis of M2Au17 (M = Pd, Pt) nanoclusters hinged upon the photoinduced fusion of MAu12 superatoms, achieved through sequential electron transfer and detachment of [AuPR3]+ species. Solid-state structures were confirmed via X-ray crystallography, while their electronic structures were elucidated through density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Analysis of electronic absorption properties, coupled with time-dependent DFT calculations, unveiled a symmetry-dependent electron transition nature between superatomic molecular orbitals, akin to that observed in conventional molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei Saito
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Isozaki
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Mizuhata
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Masaharu Nakamura
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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4
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Rodríguez-Kessler PL, Muñoz-Castro A. Intermediate Intercluster Bond Orders. Electronic Communication in Au 38(SR) 24 Superatomic Molecules. Chemphyschem 2024:e202400183. [PMID: 38831496 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202400183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Ligand-protected gold clusters remain potential building blocks for envisaged molecular materials. The archetypal Au38(SR)24 cluster can be viewed as a robust template for the fusion of two Au25(SR)18 - cluster units, retaining a bi-icosahedral Au23 core. Via electrochemical properties, the overall charge state can be selectively tuned, enabling the access of 14 valence electron (ve) species featuring a single intercluster bond and nearby charge from -1 to +3, achieving related species bearing 15- to 11-ve with variable intercluster bond orders. Here, we explore the characteristics of intermediate intercluster bond orders in order to provide insights into the plausible electron communication between the constituent building blocks, with Au38(SR)24, as a representative template. Our results denote a small structural variation along -1 to +3 charge states, provided by the core-protecting ligand interaction, which is enhanced towards more oxidized species. The remaining unpaired electron from intermediate intercluster bond orders of 1.5 for Au38(SR)24 1-, 1.5 for Au38(SR)24 1+, and 2.5 for Au38(SR)24 3+, holds delocalized characteristics between the building block units, favoring electron communication for conductive and cooperative cluster aggregates. Such features are relevant for the formation of molecular electronic device applications, favoring the rationalization prior to engaging in explorative synthesis of larger ligand-protected cluster aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter L Rodríguez-Kessler
- Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C., Loma del Bosque 115, Col. Lomas del Campestre, León, Guanajuato, 37150, Mexico
| | - Alvaro Muñoz-Castro
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Arquitectura y Diseño, Universidad San Sebastián, Bellavista 7, Santiago, 8420524, Chile
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5
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Li S, Liu Y, Tang X, Xu Z, Lin L, Xie Z, Huo R, Nan ZA, Guan ZJ, Shen H, Zheng N. Chiroptical Activity Amplification of Chiral Metal Nanoclusters via Surface/Interface Solidification. ACS NANO 2024; 18:13675-13682. [PMID: 38752561 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c01309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
It remains a grand challenge to amplify the chiroptical activity of chiral metal nanoclusters (NCs) although it is desirable for fundamental research and practical application. Herein, we report a strategy of surface/interface solidification (SIS) for enhancing the chiroptical activity of gold NCs. Structural analysis of [Au19(2R,4R/2S,4S-BDPP)6Cl2]3+ (BDPP is 2,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)pentane) clusters reveals that one of the interfacial gold atoms is flexible between two sites and large space is present on the surface, thus hampering chirality transfer from surface chiral ligands to metal core and leading to low chiroptical activity. Following SIS by filling the flexible sites and replacing chlorides with thiolate ligands affords another pair of [Au20(2R,4R/2S,4S-BDPP)6(4-F-C6H4S)2]4+, which shows a more compact and organized structure and thus an almost 40-fold enhancement of chiroptical activity. This work not only provides an efficient approach for amplifying the chiroptical activity of metal nanoclusters but also highlights the significance of achiral components in shaping chiral nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simin Li
- College of Energy Materials and Chemistry, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Ying Liu
- College of Energy Materials and Chemistry, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Xiongkai Tang
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Preparation Technology of Nanomaterials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhen Xu
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Preparation Technology of Nanomaterials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Lushan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Zhenlang Xie
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Preparation Technology of Nanomaterials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Rong Huo
- College of Energy Materials and Chemistry, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Zi-Ang Nan
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Zong-Jie Guan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Hui Shen
- College of Energy Materials and Chemistry, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Nanfeng Zheng
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Preparation Technology of Nanomaterials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen 361102, China
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6
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Gao J, Zhou Y, Xu C, Cheng L. Superatomic Aromaticity in Cyclic Superatomic Molecules: Ligand-Protected Penta-Icosahedral [M@Au 11] 5 (M = Au, Pt) Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:2982-2988. [PMID: 38578691 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Pure or doped gold icosahedra, which can be generally viewed as superatoms, are promising candidates for cluster-assembled structures. As the first large-scale ring-like gold cluster, the report of [Au60Se2(Ph3P)10(SeR)15]+ has arisen much interest, where its Au60 core is composed of five vertex-sharing gold icosahedra in a cyclic way. From electronic characters, this Au60 core is a 40e cyclic penta-superatom network formed by five 8e closed-shell superatoms (S2P6). When more valence electrons are introduced into the penta-superatom network by atomic doping, global delocalized bonds are induced in its bonding framework. In the 42e Au60 core of the [Au60Se2Cl15]- cluster, two extra electrons occupy one delocalized π-bonding orbital formed by super D orbitals of five superatoms, resulting in superatomic π aromaticity. In the 46e [Pt@Au11]5 core of [(Pt@Au11)5Ga2Cl15] cluster, three delocalized super-π bonds are formed, which are organized in the similar way as the aromatic C5H5- molecule. The unveiling of superatomic aromaticity promotes our understanding of the stability of cyclic superatom assemblies and extends the family of superatomic bonding patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P. R. China
| | - Yichun Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P. R. China
| | - Chang Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P. R. China
| | - Longjiu Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P. R. China
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7
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Yang JS, Zhao YJ, Li XM, Dong XY, Si YB, Xiao LY, Hu JH, Yu Z, Zang SQ. Staggered Assembly of a Dimeric Au 13 Cluster: Impacts on Coupling of Geometric Isomerism. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318030. [PMID: 38308534 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
The specific states of aggregation of metal atoms in sub-nanometer-sized gold clusters are related to the different quantum confinement volumes of electrons, leading to novel optical and electronic properties. These volumes can be tuned by changing the relative positions of the gold atoms to generate isomers. Studying the isomeric gold core and the electron coupling between the basic units is fundamentally important for nanoelectronic devices and luminescence; however, appropriate cases are lacking. In this study, the structure of the first staggered di-superatomic Au25 -S was solved using single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The optical properties of Au25 -S were studied by comparing with eclipsed Au25 -E. From Au25 -E to Au25 -S, changes in the electronic structures occurred, resulting in significantly different optical absorptions originating from the coupling between the two Au13 modules. Au25 -S shows a longer electron decay lifetime of 307.7 ps before populating the lowest triplet emissive state, compared to 1.29 ps for Au25 -E. The experimental and theoretical results show that variations in the geometric isomerism lead to distinct photophysical processes owing to isomerism-dependent electronic coupling. This study offers new insights into the connection between the geometric isomerism of nanosized building blocks and the optical properties of their assemblies, opening new possibilities for constructing function-specific nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Sen Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, 454000, Jiaozuo, China
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yu-Jing Zhao
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xin-Mao Li
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Xi-Yan Dong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, 454000, Jiaozuo, China
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yu-Bing Si
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lu-Yao Xiao
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jia-Hua Hu
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhihao Yu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang-Quan Zang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, China
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8
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Rodríguez-Kessler PL, Muñoz-Castro A. Ligand-free supermolecules: [Pd 2@Ge 18] 4- and [Pd 2@Sn 18] 4- as multiple-bonded Zintl-ion clusters based on Pd@Ge 9 and Pd@Sn 9 assembled units. NANOSCALE 2024. [PMID: 38436401 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr00220b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Understanding intercluster bonding interactions is important in the rational synthesis of building blocks for molecular materials. Such characteristics have been developed for coinage metal clusters resembling single-, double-, and triple-bonded species, coined as supermolecules. Herein, we extend such an approach for understanding main-group clusters, thus evaluating [Pd2@E18]4- clusters (E = Ge, Sn) involving the fusion of parent spherical aromatic [Pd@E12]2- building units. Our results indicate intercluster bonding provided by contribution from 2P and 1G shells centered at each building motif, leading to an overall bond order of 2.70 and 2.31 for [Pd2@Ge18]4- and [Pd2@Sn18]4-, respectively. In addition, 119Sn-NMR patterns were evaluated to complement the experimental characterization of a single peak owing to the insolution fluxional behavior of [Pd2@Sn18]4- as three peaks owing to the three sets of unique Sn atoms within the structure. Magnetic response properties revealed that spherical aromatic characteristics from parent [Pd@E12]2- building units are retained in the overall [Pd2@E18]4- oblate cluster as two spherical aromatic units. Hence, the notion of superatomic molecules is extended to Zintl-ion clusters, favoring further rationalization for the fabrication of cluster-assembled solids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter L Rodríguez-Kessler
- Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C., Loma del Bosque 115, Col. Lomas del Campestre, León, Guanajuato, 37150, Mexico
| | - Alvaro Muñoz-Castro
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Arquitectura y Diseño, Universidad San Sebastián, Bellavista 7, Santiago, 8420524, Chile.
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9
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Muñoz-Castro A. Second-order superatoms: Au 52-PAP featuring a three-dimensional cluster-of-clusters core. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:17696-17700. [PMID: 37990872 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02693k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
The recent characterization of Au52-PAP cluster can be viewed as a three-dimensional arrangement featuring four Au13 motifs. As a result, a new set of superatomic orbitals are built up from the superatomic shell of each constituent unit, denoted by 1S'21P'62S'21D'102P'61F'6 and, thus, referred to as a second-order superatomic shell structure. This favors the rationalization of larger species toward the formation of cluster-assembled materials of different sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Muñoz-Castro
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Arquitectura y Diseño, Universidad San Sebastián, Bellavista 7, Santiago, 8420524, Chile.
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10
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Hou B, Zheng H, Zhang K, Wu Q, Qin C, Sun C, Pan Q, Kang Z, Wang X, Su Z. Electron delocalization of robust high-nuclear bismuth-oxo clusters for promoted CO 2 electroreduction. Chem Sci 2023; 14:8962-8969. [PMID: 37621429 PMCID: PMC10445447 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02924g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The integration of high activity, selectivity and stability in one electrocatalyst is highly desirable for electrochemical CO2 reduction (ECR), yet it is still a knotty issue. The unique electronic properties of high-nuclear clusters may bring about extraordinary catalytic performance; however, construction of a high-nuclear structure for ECR remains a challenging task. In this work, a family of calix[8]arene-protected bismuth-oxo clusters (BiOCs), including Bi4 (BiOC-1/2), Bi8Al (BiOC-3), Bi20 (BiOC-4), Bi24 (BiOC-5) and Bi40Mo2 (BiOC-6), were prepared and used as robust and efficient ECR catalysts. The Bi40Mo2 cluster in BiOC-6 is the largest metal-oxo cluster encapsulated by calix[8]arenes. As an electrocatalyst, BiOC-5 exhibited outstanding electrochemical stability and 97% Faraday efficiency for formate production at a low potential of -0.95 V vs. RHE, together with a high turnover frequency of up to 405.7 h-1. Theoretical calculations reveal that large-scale electron delocalization of BiOCs is achieved, which promotes structural stability and effectively decreases the energy barrier of rate-determining *OCHO generation. This work provides a new perspective for the design of stable high-nuclear clusters for efficient electrocatalytic CO2 conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoshan Hou
- Key Lab of Polyoxometalate Science of Ministry of Education, National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Power Battery Institution, Northeast Normal University Changchun Jilin 130024 China
| | - Haiyan Zheng
- Key Lab of Polyoxometalate Science of Ministry of Education, National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Power Battery Institution, Northeast Normal University Changchun Jilin 130024 China
| | - Kunhao Zhang
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility 239 Zhangheng Road, Pudong New District Shanghai 200120 China
| | - Qi Wu
- Key Lab of Polyoxometalate Science of Ministry of Education, National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Power Battery Institution, Northeast Normal University Changchun Jilin 130024 China
| | - Chao Qin
- Key Lab of Polyoxometalate Science of Ministry of Education, National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Power Battery Institution, Northeast Normal University Changchun Jilin 130024 China
| | - Chunyi Sun
- Key Lab of Polyoxometalate Science of Ministry of Education, National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Power Battery Institution, Northeast Normal University Changchun Jilin 130024 China
| | - Qinhe Pan
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources, Ministry of Education, Hainan University Haikou 570228 China
| | - Zhenhui Kang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University Suzhou 215123 Jiangsu China
| | - Xinlong Wang
- Key Lab of Polyoxometalate Science of Ministry of Education, National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Power Battery Institution, Northeast Normal University Changchun Jilin 130024 China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources, Ministry of Education, Hainan University Haikou 570228 China
| | - Zhongmin Su
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources, Ministry of Education, Hainan University Haikou 570228 China
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11
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Liu Z, Gao Y, Yu F, Liu Z, Li J, Zhang RQ, Xue Y, Wang Z. Self-isomerization of nearly planar superatoms formed by actinide embedded gold clusters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:1612-1615. [PMID: 36597985 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05118d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
First-principles calculations show a self-isomerization process of the nearly planar superatom, in which the maximum energy difference between different extreme points is below 0.1 eV and a crossing between singlet and triplet states is also involved. Further UV-Vis spectra reveal a correlation between the spectra and structures caused by self-isomerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Liu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Yang Gao
- Center Énergie Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Canada
| | - Famin Yu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Jiarui Li
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Rui-Qin Zhang
- Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Yan Xue
- College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Zhigang Wang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China. .,College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
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12
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Liu J, Li Y, Chen Z, Liu N, Zheng L, Shi W, Wang X. Polyoxometalate Cluster-Incorporated High Entropy Oxide Sub-1 nm Nanowires. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:23191-23197. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junli Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Rare Earth Materials, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
| | - Yuqi Li
- Key Laboratory for Renewable Energy, Beijing Key Laboratory for New Energy Materials and Devices, Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Electron Microscopy, Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, China
| | - Zhao Chen
- Key Laboratory for Renewable Energy, Beijing Key Laboratory for New Energy Materials and Devices, Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Electron Microscopy, Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, China
| | - Nan Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
| | - Lirong Zheng
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Wenxiong Shi
- Institute for New Energy Materials and Low Carbon Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin300387, China
| | - Xun Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Rare Earth Materials, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
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13
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Liu Q, Wang X. Fabricating sub-nanometer materials through cluster assembly. Chem Sci 2022; 13:12280-12289. [PMID: 36382289 PMCID: PMC9629133 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc03813g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The self-assembly of clusters provides a feasible approach for the bottom-up fabrication of functional materials with tailored properties. Sub-nanometer cluster assembly with a well-defined construction presents a precisely controllable structure and extraordinary properties, which provides an ideal model for the investigation of structures and properties at the molecular level. Non-covalent interactions between clusters may dominate the assembly behavior, appearing as tunable structures different from their nano-counterparts. Interactions between clusters and their superatom orbitals can significantly influence the electronic structures, because of which exceptional properties may emerge. In this paper, recent progress on cluster-based assemblies is introduced, including sub-nanometer building blocks of noble metal and polyoxometalate (POM) clusters. The structures, formation mechanism and properties of these cluster assemblies are discussed from experimental and theoretical aspects. This perspective aims to provide a new insight into the design and manufacture of sub-nanometer materials based on clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingda Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Xun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
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14
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Liu Q, He S, Yu B, Cheng X, Shi W, Wang X. Visible Light Induced Ag-Polyoxometalate Coassembly into Single-Cluster Nanowires. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2206178. [PMID: 35999714 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202206178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
1D superlattices with long-ranged periodicity present extraordinary application properties due to their unique electronic structures. Here, the visible light driven synthesis of 1D single-cluster chains constructed by polyoxometalate (POM) and Ag clusters is reported, where two types of clusters align alternatively along the nanowire. Low symmetrical POM clusters of [P2 W17 O61 ]10- , [P2 W15 O56 ]12- , and [EuW10 O36 ]9- can be used as building blocks. The directly bonding cluster units result in interactive electronic structures of Ag and POM clusters, as well as the greatly promoted electron transfer during the redox reaction. The Ag-P2 W17 nanowires perform significantly enhanced activities in both electrochemical sensing and catalytic gasoline desulfurization compared with individual building blocks, demonstrating the extraordinary application properties and promising potentials of cluster-based heteroconstructions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingda Liu
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Shiqing He
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Biao Yu
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xijun Cheng
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Wenxiong Shi
- Institute for New Energy Materials and Low Carbon Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Xun Wang
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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15
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Yu F, Li J, Liu Z, Wang R, Zhu Y, Huang W, Liu Z, Wang Z. From Atomic Physics to Superatomic Physics. J CLUST SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-022-02354-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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16
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Liu Q, Zhang Q, Shi W, Hu H, Zhuang J, Wang X. Self-assembly of polyoxometalate clusters into two-dimensional clusterphene structures featuring hexagonal pores. Nat Chem 2022; 14:433-440. [PMID: 35145248 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-00889-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) structures have been shown to possess interesting and potentially useful properties. Because of their isotropic structure, however, clusters tend to assemble into 3D architectures. Here we report the assembly of polyoxometalate clusters into layered structures that feature uniform hexagonal pores and in-plane electron delocalization properties. Because these structures are 2D and visually reminiscent of graphene, they are referred to as 'clusterphenes'. A series of multilayer and monolayer clusterphenes have been constructed with 13 types of polyoxometalate cluster. The resulting clusterphenes were shown to exhibit substantially improved stability and catalytic efficiency towards olefin epoxidation reactions, with a turnover frequency of 4.16 h-1, which is 76.5 times that of the unassembled clusters. The catalytic activity of the clusterphenes derives from the electron delocalization between identical clusters within the 2D layer, which efficiently reduces the activation energy of the catalytic reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingda Liu
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxiong Shi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tiangong University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hanshi Hu
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhuang
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xun Wang
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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17
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Basu S, Paul A, Antoine R. Controlling the Chemistry of Nanoclusters: From Atomic Precision to Controlled Assembly. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 12:62. [PMID: 35010012 PMCID: PMC8746821 DOI: 10.3390/nano12010062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Metal nanoclusters have gained prominence in nanomaterials sciences, owing to their atomic precision, structural regularity, and unique chemical composition. Additionally, the ligands stabilizing the clusters provide great opportunities for linking the clusters in higher order dimensions, eventually leading to the formation of a repertoire of nanoarchitectures. This makes the chemistry of atomic clusters worth exploring. In this mini review, we aim to focus on the chemistry of nanoclusters. Firstly, we summarize the important strategies developed so far for the synthesis of atomic clusters. For each synthetic strategy, we highlight the chemistry governing the formation of nanoclusters. Next, we discuss the key techniques in the purification and separation of nanoclusters, as the chemical purity of clusters is deemed important for their further chemical processing. Thereafter which we provide an account of the chemical reactions of nanoclusters. Then, we summarize the chemical routes to the spatial organization of atomic clusters, highlighting the importance of assembly formation from an application point of view. Finally, we raise some fundamentally important questions with regard to the chemistry of atomic clusters, which, if addressed, may broaden the scope of research pertaining to atomic clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srestha Basu
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel;
| | - Anumita Paul
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Rodolphe Antoine
- Institut Lumière Matière UMR 5306, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
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18
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Li CM, Wu D, Tian X, Yu D, Li Y, Chen W. Probing the effect of carbon doping on structures, properties, and stability of magnesium clusters. Theor Chem Acc 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-021-02810-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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19
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Muñoz‐Castro A. Au
70
S
20
(PPh
3
)
12
as Superatomic Analog to 18‐electron Transition‐Metal Complexes. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.202100134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Muñoz‐Castro
- Grupo de Química Inorgánica y Materiales Moleculares Facultad de Ingenieria Universidad Autonoma de Chile El Llano Subercaseaux 2801 Santiago Chile
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20
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Gam F, Liu CW, Kahlal S, Saillard JY. Electron counting and bonding patterns in assemblies of three and more silver-rich superatoms. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:20308-20316. [PMID: 33001105 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr05179a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
DFT calculations were carried out on a series of cluster cores, the framework of which was made of the condensation of several Pt@Ag12-centered icosahedra. Icosahedral condensations through vertex-sharing, face-sharing, and interpenetration were considered and their favored electron counts were determined from their stable closed-shell configurations. A large number of the computed assemblies of n icosahedral superatomic units can be considered as isolobal analogs of stable, closed-shell n-atom molecules, most of them obeying the octet rule. The larger the degree of fusion between icosahedra, the stronger the interaction between them. For example, it was possible to design 3-icosahedral supermolecular cores analogous to CO2, SF2, or [I3]-, but also to the not-yet-isolated cyclic O3. Supermolecules equivalent to non-stable molecules can also be designed. Indeed, differences exist between atoms and superatoms, and original icosahedra assemblies with no "molecular" analogs are also likely to exist, especially with compact structures and/or systems made of a large number of fused superatoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Gam
- Université Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - C W Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, No. 1, Sec. 2, Da Hsueh Rd., Shoufeng, Hualien 974301, Taiwan
| | - Samia Kahlal
- Université Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
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21
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Structural and Electronic Properties of Nano-brass: CuxZny (x + y = 11 − 13) Clusters. J CLUST SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-019-01698-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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22
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Muñoz-Castro A. Triple 1D[triple bond, length as m-dash]1D superatomic bonding. Au 22(dppo) 6 as a Π 4- and Δ 2-triply bonded cluster based on Au 11 assembled units. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 22:1422-1426. [PMID: 31859297 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp05790k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
δ-Bonds have been intimately related to metal-metal bonds of d-elements since the archetypal d4-d4 [Re2Cl8]2- ion with a σ2π4δ2 bond. Currently, the notion of multiple superatom arrangements as initial steps toward molecular materials within the building-up approach is dominated by P-shell characteristics, as given in the well-described Au25(SR)18 ligand protected cluster. In this work we rationalize the Au22(dppo)6 cluster as a triple-bonded 22-valence electron (ve) supermolecule, featuring a bonding scheme based on 1D + 1D shell combinations, which largely contrasts with the 14-ve Au38(SR)24 with mainly 1P + 1P patterns mimicking a F2 molecule. The resulting Π4Δ2-bonding pattern shows an unprecedented superatomic counterpart of a d-shell based bond inherently related to transition-metal dimers, adding useful key aspects to the understanding of species based on cluster-assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Muñoz-Castro
- Grupo de Química Inorgánica y Materiales Moleculares, Facultad de Ingenieria, Universidad Autonoma de Chile, El Llano Subercaseaux 2801, Santiago, Chile.
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23
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Li J, Huang HC, Wang J, Zhao Y, Chen J, Bu YX, Cheng SB. Polymeric tungsten carbide nanoclusters: structural evolution, ligand modulation, and assembled nanomaterials. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:19903-19911. [PMID: 31599909 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr05613k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Seeking novel superatoms with tunable electronic and magnetic properties has attracted much interest due to their potential application in cluster assembly nanomaterials. By employing density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the recently observed superatomic WC cluster was adopted as the basic unit to construct larger polymeric clusters, namely (WC)n (n = 2-7), and their structural evolution was explored to understand the growth pattern of these superatomic clusters into nanoscale materials. An unusual odd-even pattern in structural evolution was disclosed, in which the (WC)2 unit is considered as the basic building block. Moreover, W4C4 is found to possess a cubic structure, based on which the CO and PH3 ligands were attached to examine their ligation effects on W4C4. Theoretical results show that the electronic properties of W4C4 can be dramatically altered during the ligation process. Intriguingly, the continuous attachment of CO and PH3 ligands strongly increases and decreases the electron affinities (EA) and ionization potentials (IP) of the ligated W4C4 clusters, respectively, leading to the formation of superhalogen and superalkali species with high magnetic moments. The observed ligand induced strategy highlighted here could serve as an effective way to tune the electronic and magnetic properties of clusters resulting in the formation of novel superatoms. Finally, studies on the geometrical and electronic structures of the W4C4 cluster solid unveil its special 3-D cubic honeycomb geometry and metallic properties with predominant contribution from the 5d of W, which may have potential applications in electro-catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Key Laboratory for Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hai-Cai Huang
- Key Laboratory for Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory for Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yang Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jing Chen
- Key Laboratory for Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China. and Suzhou Institute of Shandong University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Xiang Bu
- Key Laboratory for Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China. and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Bo Cheng
- Key Laboratory for Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China.
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24
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Ma M, Liu L, Zhu H, Lu J, Tan G. Structural evolution and ligand effects of (Au1L2)n, (Au2L3)n, and (Au3L4)n [n = 1–3, L = SCH3,P(CH3)2,PH2,Cl] clusters. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2019.1630736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Ma
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liren Liu
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hengjiang Zhu
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Mineral Luminescence Materials and Micro structures of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junzhe Lu
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Mineral Luminescence Materials and Micro structures of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guiping Tan
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi, People’s Republic of China
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25
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Liu Q, Xu C, Wu X, Cheng L. Electronic shells of a tubular Au 26 cluster: a cage-cage superatomic molecule based on spherical aromaticity. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:13227-13232. [PMID: 31287479 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr02617g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Gold clusters, which display a variety of unusual geometric structures due to their strong relativistic effects, have attracted much attention. Among them, Au26 has a high-symmetry tubular structure (D6d) with a large HOMO-LUMO energy gap, but its electronic stability still remains unclear. In this paper, the electronic nature of the Au26 cluster is investigated using the density functional theory method. Depending on the super valence bond model, the tubular Au26 cluster with 26 valence electrons could be viewed as a superatomic molecule composed of two open cages based on spherical aromaticity, and its molecule-like electronic shell closure is achieved via a super triple bond (σ, 2π) between the two cages. Based on this new cage-cage superatomic structural model, a series of similar tubular clusters are predicted from the Au26 skeleton. The two capped Au atoms are replaced by Cu, Ag and In atoms, respectively, to form tubular D6d Au24Cu2 and Au24Ag2 (26e) and Au24In2 (30e) clusters, where the super triple bonds also exist. Moreover, tubular D5d Au20In2 (26e) is obtained by replacing hexatomic Au6 rings in the bulk of Au24In2 with pentagonal Au5 rings. Chemical bonding analysis reveals that there is a super quintuple bond (σ, 2π, 2δ) between two open (Au10In) cages, in accordance with the 26e Li20Mg3 superatomic molecule composed of two icosahedral superatoms. Our study proposes the new cage-cage structural model of superatomic molecules based on spherical aromaticity, which extends the range of the super valence bonding pattern and gives inferences for further study of superatomic clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiman Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P. R. China.
| | - Chang Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P. R. China.
| | - Xia Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anqing Normal University, Anqing, 246011, P. R. China.
| | - Longjiu Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P. R. China. and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P. R. China
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26
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Yan L. Face-Sharing Homo- and Hetero-Bitetrahexahedral Superatomic Molecules M 1M 2@Li 20 (M 1/M 2 = Ti and W). J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:5517-5524. [PMID: 31140807 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b01855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Superatoms, being a class of clusters with chemical behavior similar to atoms, can be used as building blocks for constructing novel functional materials. Here, superatomic molecules M1M2@Li20 (M1/M2 = Ti and W) are built with our recently discovered tetrahexahedral superatoms Ti@Li14 and W@Li14. A low-energy face-sharing bi-tetrahexahedral structure with a high symmetry of D6 h is identified by global minimum structure search and frequency calculations. The number of shared Li atoms amounts to 6, which is rarely seen before. Molecular orbital and chemical bonding analyses reveal that although isolated superatoms Ti@Li14 and W@Li14 are nonmagnetic, Ti2@Li20 is an open-shell superatomic molecule with a magnetic moment of 2 μB, whereas for W2@Li20, the electronic shell remains closed. In both Ti2@Li20 and W2@Li20, a quadruple superbonding between superatoms is found. Interestingly, an assembly of two hetero-tetrahexahedral superatoms Ti@Li14 and W@Li14 also gives a face-sharing bi-tetrahexahedral structure but with a notable dipole moment. This study provides a basic understanding for the superatomic bonding of Ti@Li14 and W@Li14, which may aid their application in developing multi-superatom molecules or even bulk crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Yan
- College of Electronics & Information Engineering , Guangdong Ocean University , Zhanjiang 524088 , China
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27
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Muñoz-Castro A. Single, double, and triple intercluster bonds: analyses of M2Au36(SR)24 (M = Au, Pd, Pt) as 14-, 12- and 10-ve superatomic molecules. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:7307-7310. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc02970b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Single, double, and triple-bonds can be found in fused superatomic clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Muñoz-Castro
- Instituto de Ciencias Químicas Aplicadas
- Grupo de Química Inorgánica y Materiales Moleculares
- Facultad de Ingeniería
- Universidad Autonoma de Chile
- San Miguel
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28
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Zheng Q, Xu C, Wu X, Cheng L. Evidence for the Superatom-Superatom Bonding from Bond Energies. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:14423-14430. [PMID: 31458128 PMCID: PMC6644579 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Metal clusters with specific number of valence electrons are described as superatoms. Super valence bond (SVB) model points out that superatoms could form the superatomic molecules through SVBs by sharing nucleus and electrons. The existence of superatom-superatom bonding was verified by the shape of their orbitals in former studies. In this paper, another important evidence-bond energy is studied as the criterion for the SVBs using the density functional theory method. In order to get the reliable values of bond energies, the series of Zn-Cu and Mg-Li superatomic molecules composed of two tetrahedral superatoms which do not share their nucleus are designed. Considering the number of the valence electrons in one tetrahedral superatomic unit, (Zn4)2/(Mg4)2, (Zn3Cu)2/(Mg3Li)2, (Zn2Cu2)2/(Mg2Li2)2, and (ZnCu3)2/(MgLi3)2 clusters are 8e-8e, 7e-7e, 6e-6e, and 5e-5e binary superatomic molecules with super nonbond, single bond, double bond, and triple bond, respectively, which are verified by chemical bonding analysis depending on the SVB model. Further calculations reveal that the bond energies increase and the bond lengths decrease along with the bond orders in Zn-Cu and Mg-Li systems which is in accordance with the classical nonbond, single bond, double bond, and triple bond in C-H systems. Thus, these values of bond energies confirm the existence of the SVBs. Moreover, electron localization function analysis is also carried on to describe the similarity between the superatomic bonds and atomic bonds in simple molecules directly. This study reveals the new evidence for the existence of the superatom-superatom bonding depending on the bond energies, which gives the new insight for the further investigation of the superatomic clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qijian Zheng
- Department
of Chemistry, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Chang Xu
- Department
of Chemistry, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Xia Wu
- AnHui
Province Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetism Functional
Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anqing Normal University, Anqing 246011, PR China
| | - Longjiu Cheng
- Department
of Chemistry, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, People’s Republic
of China
- AnHui
Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid
Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P. R. China
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29
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Jena P, Sun Q. Super Atomic Clusters: Design Rules and Potential for Building Blocks of Materials. Chem Rev 2018; 118:5755-5870. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Puru Jena
- Physics Department, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2000, United States
| | - Qiang Sun
- Physics Department, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2000, United States
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30
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Ma M, Liu L, Zhu H, Lu J, Tan G. Structural evolution and properties of small-size thiol-protected gold nanoclusters. Mol Phys 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2018.1457804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Ma
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liren Liu
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hengjiang Zhu
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Mineral Luminescence Materials and Micro structures of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junzhe Lu
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Mineral Luminescence Materials and Micro structures of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guiping Tan
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi, People’s Republic of China
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31
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Liu L, Yuan J, Cheng L, Yang J. New insights into the stability and structural evolution of some gold nanoclusters. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:856-861. [PMID: 27995234 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr07878h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Revealing the stability and structural patterns is important for precisely synthesizing or assembling ligand protected nanoclusters, and even their applications as functional nanomaterials. Investigations on structural evolutional patterns and structural stability are very challenging, because structures change with the nanocluster size and the structural stability depends on both the electron structures of cores and ligand type. Herein, we propose a hybrid superatom network (hSAN) model to understand the stability of some gold nanoclusters with different kinds of ligands. In this model, 4c-2e superatom Au4 can form conjugated superatom networks by vertex sharing, and ligands further connect the conjugated superatom networks together to form a bigger complex network, i.e. a hSAN. The stability of the clusters, including [Au24(C[triple bond, length as m-dash]CPh)14(PPh3)4]2+, Au28(S-c-C6H11)20, Au36(SCH2Ph-tBu)8Cl20, Au40(O-MBT)24 and Au52(TBBT)32 can be explained uniformly by the hSAN model. Beyond that, a new heuristic structural pattern named the Au13 topological rule is proposed. In the light of this heuristic rule, every Au7 bi-tetrahedral kernel is included in an Au13 structure with quasi-Oh symmetry, i.e. as long as the Au7 bi-tetrahedral kernel is formed, it will be surrounded by six Au atoms to form an Au13 structure topologically. According to this understanding, a new nanocluster [Au44(C[triple bond, length as m-dash]CH3)26(PCH3)4]2+ and a new nanowire with the structural evolutional formula [Au(20n+4)(C[triple bond, length as m-dash]CH3)(12n+2)(PCH3)4]2+ (n = 1, 2, 3, 4, …) are predicted. Both the understanding of the stability and the structure rule are free from the type of ligand, and will be useful for the structural predictions and determinations of ligand protected gold nanoclusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liren Liu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China.
| | - Jinyun Yuan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China.
| | - Longjiu Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230039, P. R. China
| | - Jinlong Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China.
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32
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Cui Y, Cheng L. The nature of the multicenter bonding in π-[TCNE] 22− dimer: 4c/2e, 12c/2e, or 20c/2e? RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra09023d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Composition of the 20c–2e bonding orbital in the π-[TCNE]22− dimer, and the partial occupancy numbers C1, C2 and N in the 20c–2e bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Cui
- Department of Chemistry
- Anhui University
- Hefei
- P. R. China
| | - Longjiu Cheng
- Department of Chemistry
- Anhui University
- Hefei
- P. R. China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials
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Muñoz-Castro A. D
6h
-Au42
Isomer: A Golden Aromatic Toroid Involving Superatomic π-Orbitals that Follow the Hückel (4n
+2)π rule. Chemphyschem 2016; 17:3204-3208. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201600864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Muñoz-Castro
- Grupo de Química Inorgánica y Materiales Moleculares; Universidad Autonoma de Chile; El Llano Subercaseaux 2801 Santiago Chile
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