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Hole B, Luo Q, Garcia R, Xie W, Rudman E, Nguyen CLT, Dhakal D, Young HL, Thompson KL, Butterfield AG, Schaak RE, Plass KE. Temperature-Dependent Selection of Reaction Pathways, Reactive Species, and Products during Postsynthetic Selenization of Copper Sulfide Nanoparticles. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2023; 35:9073-9085. [PMID: 38027539 PMCID: PMC10653086 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c01772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Rational design of elaborate, multicomponent nanomaterials is important for the development of many technologies such as optoelectronic devices, photocatalysts, and ion batteries. Combination of metal chalcogenides with different anions, such as in CdS/CdSe structures, is particularly effective for creating heterojunctions with valence band offsets. Seeded growth, often coupled with cation exchange, is commonly used to create various core/shell, dot-in-rod, or multipod geometries. To augment this library of multichalcogenide structures with new geometries, we have developed a method for postsynthetic transformation of copper sulfide nanorods into several different classes of nanoheterostructures containing both copper sulfide and copper selenide. Two distinct temperature-dependent pathways allow us to select from several outcomes-rectangular, faceted Cu2-xS/Cu2-xSe core/shell structures, nanorhombuses with a Cu2-xS core, and triangular deposits of Cu2-xSe or Cu2-x(S,Se) solid solutions. These different outcomes arise due to the evolution of the molecular components in solution. At lower temperatures, slow Cu2-xS dissolution leads to concerted morphology change and Cu2-xSe deposition, while Se-anion exchange dominates at higher temperatures. We present detailed characterization of these Cu2-xS-Cu2-xSe nanoheterostructures by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), powder X-ray diffraction, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and scanning TEM-energy-dispersive spectroscopy. Furthermore, we correlate the selenium species present in solution with the roles they play in the temperature dependence of nanoheterostructure formation by comparing the outcomes of the established reaction conditions to use of didecyl diselenide as a transformation precursor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Hole
- Department
of Chemistry, Franklin & Marshall College, Lancaster, Pennsylvania 17604, United States
| | - Qi Luo
- Department
of Chemistry, Franklin & Marshall College, Lancaster, Pennsylvania 17604, United States
| | - Ronald Garcia
- Department
of Chemistry, Franklin & Marshall College, Lancaster, Pennsylvania 17604, United States
| | - Wanrui Xie
- Department
of Chemistry, Franklin & Marshall College, Lancaster, Pennsylvania 17604, United States
| | - Eli Rudman
- Department
of Chemistry, Franklin & Marshall College, Lancaster, Pennsylvania 17604, United States
| | - Chi Loi Thanh Nguyen
- Department
of Chemistry, Franklin & Marshall College, Lancaster, Pennsylvania 17604, United States
| | - Diya Dhakal
- Department
of Chemistry, Franklin & Marshall College, Lancaster, Pennsylvania 17604, United States
| | - Haley L. Young
- Department
of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Katherine L. Thompson
- Department
of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Auston G. Butterfield
- Department
of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Raymond E. Schaak
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials Research
Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Katherine E. Plass
- Department
of Chemistry, Franklin & Marshall College, Lancaster, Pennsylvania 17604, United States
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2
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Singh R, Akhil S, Dutt VGV, Mishra N. Shell thickness dependent photostability studies of green-emitting "Giant" quantum dots. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:6984-6991. [PMID: 36132372 PMCID: PMC9417657 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00663k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Highly efficient green-emitting core/shell giant quantum dots have been synthesized through a facile "one-pot" gradient alloy approach. Furthermore, an additional ZnS shell was grown using the "Successive Ionic Layer Adsorption and Reaction" (SILAR) method. Due to the faster reactivity of Cd and Se compared to an analogue of Zn and S precursors it is presumed that CdSe nuclei are initially formed as the core and gradient alloy shells simultaneously encapsulate the core in an energy-gradient manner and eventually thick ZnS shells were formed. Using this gradient alloy approach, we have synthesized four different sized green-emitting giant core-shell quantum dots to study their shell thickness-dependent photostability under continuous UV irradiation, and temperature-dependent PL properties of nanocrystals. There was a minimum effect of the UV light exposure on the photostability beyond a certain thickness of the shell. The QDs with a diameter of ≥8.5 nm show substantial improvement in photostability compared to QDs with a diameter ≤ 7.12 nm when continuously irradiated under strong UV light (8 W cm-2, 365 nm) for 48 h. The effect of temperature on the photoluminescence intensities was studied with respect to the shell thickness. There were no apparent changes in PL intensities observed for the QDs ≥ 8.5 nm, on the contrary, for example, QDs with <8.5 nm in diameter (for ∼7.12 nm) show a decrease in PL intensity at higher temperatures ∼ 90 °C. The synthesized green-emitting gradient alloy QDs with superior optical properties can be used for highly efficient green-emitters and are potentially applicable for the fabrication of green LEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Singh
- Department of Chemistry, SRM University-AP Amaravati, Neerukonda Guntur(Dt) Andhra Pradesh 522240 India
| | - Syed Akhil
- Department of Chemistry, SRM University-AP Amaravati, Neerukonda Guntur(Dt) Andhra Pradesh 522240 India
| | - V G Vasavi Dutt
- Department of Chemistry, SRM University-AP Amaravati, Neerukonda Guntur(Dt) Andhra Pradesh 522240 India
| | - Nimai Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, SRM University-AP Amaravati, Neerukonda Guntur(Dt) Andhra Pradesh 522240 India
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Xing W, Zhang S, An R, Bi W, Geng C, Xu S. Low-temperature synthesis of tetrapod CdSe/CdS quantum dots through a microfluidic reactor. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:19474-19483. [PMID: 34792063 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr04070g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Tetrapod CdSe/CdS quantum dots (QDs) have attracted extensive research interest in light-emitting applications due to their anisotropic optical properties and large absorption cross-section. Traditional synthesis methods for tetrapod CdSe/CdS QDs usually employ fatty phosphonic acid ligands to induce the growth of wurtzite CdS arms on cubic CdSe QDs at high temperatures (350-380 °C). Here, a low temperature (120 °C) route was developed for the synthesis of tetrapod CdSe/CdS QDs using mixed amine ligands instead of phosphonic acid ligands. A study of the growth mechanism reveals that the amine ligands induce the orientation growth of cubic CdS arms on wurtzite CdSe QDs through a pyramid-shaped intermediate structure. The low reaction temperature facilitates the growth control of the tetrapod CdSe/CdS QDs through a microfluidic reactor. This study substantially simplifies the synthetic chemistry for the anisotropic growth of CdS on CdSe QDs, paving the way for green and economic production of tetrapod CdSe/CdS QDs towards efficient light-emitting applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weishuo Xing
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Electronic Materials and Devices, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, 5340 Xiping Road, Tianjin 300401, P. R. China.
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Electronic Materials and Devices, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, 5340 Xiping Road, Tianjin 300401, P. R. China.
| | - Ruoting An
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Electronic Materials and Devices, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, 5340 Xiping Road, Tianjin 300401, P. R. China.
| | - Wengang Bi
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Electronic Materials and Devices, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, 5340 Xiping Road, Tianjin 300401, P. R. China.
| | - Chong Geng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Electronic Materials and Devices, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, 5340 Xiping Road, Tianjin 300401, P. R. China.
| | - Shu Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Electronic Materials and Devices, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, 5340 Xiping Road, Tianjin 300401, P. R. China.
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Shuklov IA, Mikhel IS, Nevidimov AV, Birin KP, Dubrovina NV, Lizunova AA, Razumov VF. Mechanistic Insights into the Synthesis of Telluride Colloidal Quantum Dots with Trioctylphosphine‐Tellurium. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202002711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan A. Shuklov
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (Ntl. Res. Univ.) Institutskii per. 9 141700 Dolgoprudny Russia
| | - Igor S. Mikhel
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky Prospect 31/4 119071 Moscow Russia
| | - Alexander V. Nevidimov
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics Russian Academy of Sciences Ac. Semenov avenue 1 142432 Chernogolovka Russia
| | - Kirill P. Birin
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky Prospect 31/4 119071 Moscow Russia
| | | | - Anna A. Lizunova
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (Ntl. Res. Univ.) Institutskii per. 9 141700 Dolgoprudny Russia
| | - Vladimir F. Razumov
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (Ntl. Res. Univ.) Institutskii per. 9 141700 Dolgoprudny Russia
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky Prospect 31/4 119071 Moscow Russia
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Li D, Huang S, Zhang X, Nazir Z, Li Y, Zhang J, Chen Y, Zhong H. Colloidal Cd xM 1-xTe Nanowires from the Visible to the Near Infrared Region: N, N-Dimethylformamide-Mediated Precise Cation Exchange. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:7-13. [PMID: 31821758 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b03122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cation exchange has been a successful methodology for tuning the bandgaps of nanomaterials, while the most popular protocol in the toluene/methanol system lacks precise compositional control due to its inherent poor solvent compatibility. We herein report an alternative cation exchange route in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) solvent for converting preformed colloidal CdTe nanowires into CdxM1-xTe (M = Pb2+, Zn2+, Ag+, Hg2+) nanowires with good batch-to-batch reproducibility. The resulting CdxM1-xTe nanowires show a tunable bandgap from 2.26 to 0.63 eV, and the energy levels of these nanowires can be finely tuned. Furthermore, a comparative study for the cation exchange of CdTe nanowires with Pb2+ ions in toluene/methanol and DMF illustrated that the reduction of Cd2+ extraction and the Pb2+ introduction barrier accounts for precise compositional control. The cation exchange reaction in the DMF phase provides an efficient way to obtain nanomaterials with precise composition control. Moreover, these available high-quality colloidal semiconductor nanowires also pave the way for near-infrared device exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Li
- MIIT Key Laboratory for Low-dimensional Quantum Structure and Devices, School of Materials Science & Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , China
| | - Sheng Huang
- MIIT Key Laboratory for Low-dimensional Quantum Structure and Devices, School of Materials Science & Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- MIIT Key Laboratory for Low-dimensional Quantum Structure and Devices, School of Materials Science & Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , China
| | - Zahid Nazir
- MIIT Key Laboratory for Low-dimensional Quantum Structure and Devices, School of Materials Science & Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , China
| | - Yunchao Li
- College of Chemistry , Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875 , China
| | - Jiatao Zhang
- MIIT Key Laboratory for Low-dimensional Quantum Structure and Devices, School of Materials Science & Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , China
| | - Yu Chen
- MIIT Key Laboratory for Low-dimensional Quantum Structure and Devices, School of Materials Science & Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , China
| | - Haizheng Zhong
- MIIT Key Laboratory for Low-dimensional Quantum Structure and Devices, School of Materials Science & Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , China
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Lee S, Yoon DE, Kim D, Shin DJ, Jeong BG, Lee D, Lim J, Bae WK, Lim HK, Lee DC. Direct cation exchange of CdSe nanocrystals into ZnSe enabled by controlled binding between guest cations and organic ligands. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:15072-15082. [PMID: 31372629 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr05195c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Zn chalcogenides are suitable candidates for blue-emitting fluorophores in light-emitting devices. In particular, the efforts to grow ZnSe nanocrystals (NCs) with fine control over size and shape via bottom-up approaches have faced challenges because of the slow decomposition of Zn precursors. In this study, we report direct cation exchange from CdSe NCs to ZnSe. Absorption spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT) analysis reveal that the reactivity of cation exchange depends on the degree of complexation between organic ligands and Zn halides. We controlled the binding strength of Zn complexes by changing the organic ligands and halogen species that bind with Zn. Appropriate binding strength allows for the release of Zn ions and their facile incorporation into CdSe seed NCs. Under our experimental conditions, trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO)-ZnI2 drives the efficient cation exchange reaction whereas TOPO-ZnCl2 induces no cation exchange of CdSe NCs. In addition, functional groups vary the binding strength between Zn and ligands. Oleylamine (OLAm)-ZnI2, which has a weaker ligand-ZnI2 binding than TOPO-ZnI2, breaks down the original morphologies of host CdSe NCs due to the very fast exchange rate. On the other hand, the TOPO-ZnI2 complex induces a mild exchange rate, leading to transformation into various morphologies such as CdSe nanorods (NRs) and nanoplatelets (NPLs) into CdSe/ZnSe heterostructures inaccessible via other synthesis methods. The incorporation of Zn into various morphologies of CdSe results in tunable optical transitions in blue-UV regions. The synthesis of heterostructured NCs in an elongated morphology is possible, opening opportunities in photocatalysis, light emitting diodes, and luminescent solar concentrators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sooho Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21+ Program), KAIST Institute for the Nanocentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
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7
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Zhang C, Fu X, Peng Z, Gao J, Xia Y, Zhang J, Luo W, Li H, Wang Y, Zhang D. Phosphine-free synthesis and optical stabilities of composition-tuneable monodisperse ternary PbSe1−xSx alloyed nanocrystals via cation exchange. CrystEngComm 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ce02114c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Composition-tunable monodisperse PbSe1−xSx alloyed NCs were synthesized by employing the cation exchange method, which demonstrated excellent air stability.
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8
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Gottapu S, Velpuri VR, Muralidharan K. Surfactant free metal chalcogenides microparticles consisting of nano size crystallites: room temperature synthesis driven by the supersaturated condition. J CHEM SCI 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-017-1381-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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9
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Gariano G, Lesnyak V, Brescia R, Bertoni G, Dang Z, Gaspari R, De Trizio L, Manna L. Role of the Crystal Structure in Cation Exchange Reactions Involving Colloidal Cu 2Se Nanocrystals. J Am Chem Soc 2017. [PMID: 28644018 PMCID: PMC6105078 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b03706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Stoichiometric Cu2Se nanocrystals were synthesized in either cubic or hexagonal (metastable) crystal structures and used as the host material in cation exchange reactions with Pb2+ ions. Even if the final product of the exchange, in both cases, was rock-salt PbSe nanocrystals, we show here that the crystal structure of the starting nanocrystals has a strong influence on the exchange pathway. The exposure of cubic Cu2Se nanocrystals to Pb2+ cations led to the initial formation of PbSe unselectively on the overall surface of the host nanocrystals, generating Cu2Se@PbSe core@shell nanoheterostructures. The formation of such intermediates was attributed to the low diffusivity of Pb2+ ions inside the host lattice and to the absence of preferred entry points in cubic Cu2Se. On the other hand, in hexagonal Cu2Se nanocrystals, the entrance of Pb2+ ions generated PbSe stripes "sandwiched" in between hexagonal Cu2Se domains. These peculiar heterostructures formed as a consequence of the preferential diffusion of Pb2+ ions through specific (a, b) planes of the hexagonal Cu2Se structure, which are characterized by almost empty octahedral sites. Our findings suggest that the morphology of the nanoheterostructures, formed upon partial cation exchange reactions, is intimately connected not only to the NC host material, but also to its crystal structure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vladimir Lesnyak
- Physical Chemistry, TU Dresden , Bergstr. 66b, 01062 Dresden, Germany
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