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Srivastava RP, Khang DY. Structuring of Si into Multiple Scales by Metal-Assisted Chemical Etching. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2005932. [PMID: 34013605 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202005932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Structuring Si, ranging from nanoscale to macroscale feature dimensions, is essential for many applications. Metal-assisted chemical etching (MaCE) has been developed as a simple, low-cost, and scalable method to produce structures across widely different dimensions. The process involves various parameters, such as catalyst, substrate doping type and level, crystallography, etchant formulation, and etch additives. Careful optimization of these parameters is the key to the successful fabrication of Si structures. In this review, recent additions to the MaCE process are presented after a brief introduction to the fundamental principles involved in MaCE. In particular, the bulk-scale structuring of Si by MaCE is summarized and critically discussed with application examples. Various approaches for effective mass transport schemes are introduced and discussed. Further, the fine control of etch directionality and uniformity, and the suppression of unwanted side etching are also discussed. Known application examples of Si macrostructures fabricated by MaCE, though limited thus far, are presented. There are significant opportunities for the application of macroscale Si structures in different fields, such as microfluidics, micro-total analysis systems, and microelectromechanical systems, etc. Thus more research is necessary on macroscale MaCE of Si and their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi P Srivastava
- Soft Electronic Materials and Devices Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Dahl-Young Khang
- Soft Electronic Materials and Devices Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
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Hang Y, Ma X, Liu C, Li S, Zhang S, Feng R, Shang Q, Liu Q, Ding Z, Zhang X, Yu L, Lu Q, Shao C, Chen H, Shi Y, He J, Kaplan DL. Blastocyst-Inspired Hydrogels to Maintain Undifferentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells. ACS NANO 2021; 15:14162-14173. [PMID: 34516077 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c10468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Stem cell fate is determined by specific niches that provide multiple physical, chemical, and biological cues. However, the hierarchy or cascade of impact of these cues remains elusive due to their spatiotemporal complexity. Here, anisotropic silk protein nanofiber-based hydrogels with suitable cell adhesion capacity are developed to mimic the physical microenvironment inside the blastocele. The hydrogels enable mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) to maintain stemness in vitro in the absence of both leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), two critical factors in the standard protocol for mESC maintenance. The mESCs on hydrogels can achieve superior pluripotency, genetic stability, developmental capacity, and germline transmission to those cultured with the standard protocol. Such biomaterials establish an improved dynamic niche through stimulating the secretion of autocrine factors and are sufficient to maintain the pluripotency and propagation of ESCs. The mESCs on hydrogels are distinct in their expression profiles and more resemble ESCs in vivo. The physical cues can thus initiate a self-sustaining stemness-maintaining program. In addition to providing a relatively simple and low-cost option for expansion and utility of ESCs in biological research and therapeutic applications, this biomimetic material helps gain more insights into the underpinnings of early mammalian embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Hang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoliang Ma
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunxiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Radiation Protection, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Siyuan Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Sixuan Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruyan Feng
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianwen Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Radiation Protection, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaozhao Ding
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyi Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Liyin Yu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Lu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Changshun Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Radiation Protection, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Yufang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Radiation Protection, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiuyang He
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Nanozyme, Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceutical, Institute Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - David L Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
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Spiteri C, Caprettini V, Chiappini C. Biomaterials-based approaches to model embryogenesis. Biomater Sci 2021; 8:6992-7013. [PMID: 33136109 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm01485k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Understanding, reproducing, and regulating the cellular and molecular processes underlying human embryogenesis is critical to improve our ability to recapitulate tissues with proper architecture and function, and to address the dysregulation of embryonic programs that underlies birth defects and cancer. The rapid emergence of stem cell technologies is enabling enormous progress in understanding embryogenesis using simple, powerful, and accessible in vitro models. Biomaterials are playing a central role in providing the spatiotemporal organisation of biophysical and biochemical signalling necessary to mimic, regulate and dissect the evolving embryonic niche in vitro. This contribution is rapidly improving our understanding of the mechanisms underlying embryonic patterning, in turn enabling the development of more effective clinical interventions for regenerative medicine and oncology. Here we highlight how key biomaterial approaches contribute to organise signalling in human embryogenesis models, and we summarise the biological insights gained from these contributions. Importantly, we highlight how nanotechnology approaches have remained largely untapped in this space, and we identify their key potential contributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantelle Spiteri
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, UK.
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McGuire AF, Santoro F, Cui B. Interfacing Cells with Vertical Nanoscale Devices: Applications and Characterization. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2018; 11:101-126. [PMID: 29570360 PMCID: PMC6530470 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061417-125705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of the intracellular state of mammalian cells often require probes or molecules to breach the tightly regulated cell membrane. Mammalian cells have been shown to grow well on vertical nanoscale structures in vitro, going out of their way to reach and tightly wrap the structures. A great deal of research has taken advantage of this interaction to bring probes close to the interface or deliver molecules with increased efficiency or ease. In turn, techniques have been developed to characterize this interface. Here, we endeavor to survey this research with an emphasis on the interface as driven by cellular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allister F McGuire
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA;
| | - Francesca Santoro
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA;
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 80125 Naples, Italy;
| | - Bianxiao Cui
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA;
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Lee JH, Kwon HK, Shin HJ, Nam GH, Kim JH, Choi S. Quasi-Stem Cells Derived from Human Somatic Cells by Chemically Modified Carbon Nanotubes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:8417-8425. [PMID: 29286621 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b12914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Surface modification of micro- and nanotopography was employed to alter the surface properties of scaffolds for controlling cell attachment, proliferation, and differentiation. This study reports a method for generating multinucleated colonies as evidenced by spherical colony formation through nanotopography-induced expression of reprogramming factors in human dermal fibroblasts. Colony formation was achieved by subjecting the cells to specific environments such as culturing with single-walled carbon nanotubes and poly-l-lysine (PLL-SWCNTs). We obtained encouraging results showing that PLL-SWCNT treatment transformed fibroblast cells, and the transformed cells expressed the pluripotency-associated factors OCT4, NANOG, and SOX2 in addition to TRA-1-60 and SSEA-4, which are characteristic stem cell markers. Downregulation of lamin A/C, HDAC1, HDAC6, Bcl2, cytochrome c, p-FAK, p-ERK, and p-JNK and upregulation of H3K4me3 and p-p38 were confirmed in the generated colonies, indicating reprogramming of cells. This protocol increases the possibility of successfully reprogramming somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), thereby overcoming the difficulties in iPSC generation such as genetic mutations, carcinogenesis, and undetermined risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hyeok Lee
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology , Ajou University , Suwon 443-749 , Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Northwestern University , 2220 Campus Drive , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
- Predictive Model Research Center , Korea Institute of Toxicology , Daejeon 34114 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuck-Kwon Kwon
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology , Ajou University , Suwon 443-749 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Jun Shin
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology , Ajou University , Suwon 443-749 , Republic of Korea
| | - Gwang-Hyeon Nam
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology , Ajou University , Suwon 443-749 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology , Ajou University , Suwon 443-749 , Republic of Korea
| | - Sangdun Choi
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology , Ajou University , Suwon 443-749 , Republic of Korea
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