1
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Kayani A, Raza A, Si J, Dutta D, Zhou Q, Ge Z. Polymersome Membrane Engineering with Active Targeting or Controlled Permeability for Responsive Drug Delivery. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:4622-4645. [PMID: 37870458 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Polymersomes have been extensively investigated for drug delivery as nanocarriers for two decades due to a series of advantages including high stability under physiological conditions, simultaneous encapsulation of hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs inside inner cavities and membranes, respectively, and facile adjustment of membrane and surface properties, as well as controlled drug release through incorporation of stimuli-responsive components. Despite these features, polymersome nanocarriers frequently suffer from nontargeting delivery and poor membrane permeability. In recent years, polymersomes have been functionalized for more efficient drug delivery. The surface shells were explored to be modified with diverse active targeting groups to improve disease-targeting delivery. The membrane permeability of the polymersomes was adjusted by incorporation of the stimuli-responsive components for smart controlled transportation of the encapsulated drugs. Therefore, being the polymersome-biointerface, tailorable properties can be introduced by its carefully modulated engineering. This review elaborates on the role of polymersome membranes as a platform to incorporate versatile features. First, we discuss how surface functionalization facilitates the directional journey to the targeting sites toward specific diseases, cells, or intracellular organelles via active targeting. Moreover, recent advances in the past decade related to membrane permeability to control drug release are also summarized. We finally discuss future development to promote polymersomes as in vivo drug delivery nanocarriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anum Kayani
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Arsalan Raza
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Jiale Si
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, China
| | - Debabrata Dutta
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qinghao Zhou
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhishen Ge
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, China
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2
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Gouveia MG, Wesseler JP, Ramaekers J, Weder C, Scholten PBV, Bruns N. Polymersome-based protein drug delivery - quo vadis? Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:728-778. [PMID: 36537575 PMCID: PMC9890519 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00106c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Protein-based therapeutics are an attractive alternative to established therapeutic approaches and represent one of the fastest growing families of drugs. While many of these proteins can be delivered using established formulations, the intrinsic sensitivity of proteins to denaturation sometimes calls for a protective carrier to allow administration. Historically, lipid-based self-assembled structures, notably liposomes, have performed this function. After the discovery of polymersome-based targeted drug-delivery systems, which offer manifold advantages over lipid-based structures, the scientific community expected that such systems would take the therapeutic world by storm. However, no polymersome formulations have been commercialised. In this review article, we discuss key obstacles for the sluggish translation of polymersome-based protein nanocarriers into approved pharmaceuticals, which include limitations imparted by the use of non-degradable polymers, the intricacies of polymersome production methods, and the complexity of the in vivo journey of polymersomes across various biological barriers. Considering this complex subject from a polymer chemist's point of view, we highlight key areas that are worthy to explore in order to advance polymersomes to a level at which clinical trials become worthwhile and translation into pharmaceutical and nanomedical applications is realistic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micael G Gouveia
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, UK
| | - Justus P Wesseler
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, UK
| | - Jobbe Ramaekers
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, UK
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Philip B V Scholten
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Nico Bruns
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, UK
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
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3
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Ray M, Brancolini G, Luther DC, Jiang Z, Cao-Milán R, Cuadros AM, Burden A, Clark V, Rana S, Mout R, Landis RF, Corni S, Rotello VM. High affinity protein surface binding through co-engineering of nanoparticles and proteins. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:2411-2418. [PMID: 35089292 PMCID: PMC8941649 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr07497k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Control over supramolecular recognition between proteins and nanoparticles (NPs) is of fundamental importance in therapeutic applications and sensor development. Most NP-protein binding approaches use 'tags' such as biotin or His-tags to provide high affinity; protein surface recognition provides a versatile alternative strategy. Generating high affinity NP-protein interactions is challenging however, due to dielectric screening at physiological ionic strengths. We report here the co-engineering of nanoparticles and protein to provide high affinity binding. In this strategy, 'supercharged' proteins provide enhanced interfacial electrostatic interactions with complementarily charged nanoparticles, generating high affinity complexes. Significantly, the co-engineered protein-nanoparticle assemblies feature high binding affinity even at physiologically relevant ionic strength conditions. Computational studies identify both hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions as drivers for these high affinity NP-protein complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moumita Ray
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | - Giorgia Brancolini
- Center S3, CNR Institute of Nanoscience, via Campi 213/A, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - David C Luther
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | - Ziwen Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | - Roberto Cao-Milán
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | - Alejandro M Cuadros
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | - Andrew Burden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | - Vincent Clark
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | - Subinoy Rana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | - Rubul Mout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | - Ryan F Landis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | - Stefano Corni
- Center S3, CNR Institute of Nanoscience, via Campi 213/A, 41125 Modena, Italy
- Department of Chemical Science, University of Padova, Via Francesco Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Vincent M Rotello
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
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4
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Hamelmann NM, Paats JWD, Paulusse JMJ. Cytosolic Delivery of Single-Chain Polymer Nanoparticles. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:1443-1449. [PMID: 35549017 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cytosolic delivery of therapeutic agents is key to improving their efficacy, as the therapeutics are primarily active in specific organelles. Single-chain polymer nanoparticles (SCNPs) are a promising nanocarrier platform in biomedical applications due to their unique size range of 5-20 nm, modularity, and ease of functionalization. However, cytosolic delivery of SCNPs remains challenging. Here, we report the synthesis of active ester-functional SCNPs of approximately 10 nm via intramolecular thiol-Michael addition cross-linking and their functionalization with increasing amounts of tertiary amines 0 to 60 mol % to obtain SCNPs with increasing positive surface charges. No significant cytotoxicity was detected in bEND.3 cells for the SCNPs, except when SCNPs with high amounts of tertiary amines were incubated over prolonged periods of time at high concentrations. Cellular uptake of the SCNPs was analyzed, presenting different uptake behavior depending on the degree of functionalization. Confocal microscopy revealed successful cytosolic delivery of SCNPs with high degrees of functionalization (45%, 60%), while SCNPs with low amounts (0% to 30%) of tertiary amines showed high degrees of colocalization with lysosomes. This work presents a strategy to direct the intracellular location of SCNPs by controlled surface modification to improve intracellular targeting for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi M. Hamelmann
- Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology and TechMed Institute for Health and Biomedical Technologies, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jan-Willem D. Paats
- Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology and TechMed Institute for Health and Biomedical Technologies, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jos M. J. Paulusse
- Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology and TechMed Institute for Health and Biomedical Technologies, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen,
P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
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5
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Le Saux S, Aubert‐Pouëssel A, Ouchait L, Mohamed KE, Martineau P, Guglielmi L, Devoisselle J, Legrand P, Chopineau J, Morille M. Nanotechnologies for Intracellular Protein Delivery: Recent Progress in Inorganic and Organic Nanocarriers. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202100009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Le Saux
- ICGM Universite Montpellier ENSCM, CNRS Montpellier France
| | | | - Lyria Ouchait
- ICGM Universite Montpellier ENSCM, CNRS Montpellier France
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Joël Chopineau
- ICGM Universite Montpellier ENSCM, CNRS Montpellier France
| | - Marie Morille
- ICGM Universite Montpellier ENSCM, CNRS Montpellier France
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6
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Development of Nanoparticles as a Vaccine Platform. Bioanalysis 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-78338-9_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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7
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Goswami R, Jeon T, Nagaraj H, Zhai S, Rotello VM. Accessing Intracellular Targets through Nanocarrier-Mediated Cytosolic Protein Delivery. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2020; 41:743-754. [PMID: 32891429 PMCID: PMC7502523 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2020.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Protein-based therapeutics have unique therapeutic potential due to their specificity, potency, and low toxicity. The vast majority of intracellular applications of proteins require access to the cytosol. Direct entry to the cytosol is challenging due to the impermeability of the cell membrane to proteins. As a result, multiple strategies have focused on endocytic uptake of proteins. Endosomally entrapped cargo, however, can have very low escape efficiency, with protein degradation occurring in acidic endolysosomal compartments. In this review, we briefly discuss endosomal escape strategies and review the strategy of cell membrane fusion, a recent strategy for direct delivery of proteins into the cell cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritabrita Goswami
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Taewon Jeon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Harini Nagaraj
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Shumei Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Vincent M Rotello
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
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8
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Uyar TB, Wu K, He M, Khan I, Royzen M, Yigit MV. Switchable Fluorescence of Doxorubicin for Label-Free Imaging of Bioorthogonal Drug Release. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:988-994. [PMID: 32216081 PMCID: PMC7397846 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring the release and activation of prodrug formulations provides essential information about the outcome of a therapy. While the prodrug delivery can be confirmed by using different imaging techniques, confirming the release of active payload by using imaging is a challenge. Here, we have discovered that the switchable fluorescence of doxorubicin can validate drug release upon its uncaging reaction with a highly specific chemical partner. We have observed that the conjugation of doxorubicin with a trans-cyclooctene (TCO) diminishes its fluorescence at 595 nm. This quenched fluorescence of the doxorubicin prodrug is recovered upon its bond-cleaving reaction with tetrazine. Clinically assessed iron oxide nanoparticles were used to formulate a doxorubicin nanodrug. The release of doxorubicin from the nanodrug was studied under various experimental conditions. A fivefold increase in doxorubicin fluorescence is observed after complete release. The studies were carried out in vitro in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. An increase in Dox signal was observed upon tetrazine administration. This switchable fluorescence mechanism of Dox could be employed for fundamental studies, that is, the reactivity of various tetrazine and TCO linker types under different experimental conditions. In addition, the system could be instrumental for translational research where the release and activation of doxorubicin prodrug payloads can be monitored by using optical imaging systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taha Bilal Uyar
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Kui Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Muhan He
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Irfan Khan
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Maksim Royzen
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY 12222, USA
- The RNA Institute University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Mehmet V Yigit
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY 12222, USA
- The RNA Institute University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY 12222, USA
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9
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Sloand JN, Nguyen TT, Zinck SA, Cook EC, Zimudzi TJ, Showalter SA, Glick AB, Simon JC, Medina SH. Ultrasound-Guided Cytosolic Protein Delivery via Transient Fluorous Masks. ACS NANO 2020; 14:4061-4073. [PMID: 32134630 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b08745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The inability to spatiotemporally guide proteins in tissues and efficiently deliver them into cells remains a key barrier to realizing their full potential in precision medicine. Here, we report ultrasound-sensitive fluoro-protein nanoemulsions which can be acoustically tracked, guided, and activated for on-demand cytosolic delivery of proteins, including antibodies, using clinically relevant diagnostic ultrasound. This advance is accessed through the discovery of a family of fluorous tags, or FTags, that transiently mask proteins to mediate their efficient dispersion into ultrasound-sensitive liquid perfluorocarbons, a phenomenon akin to dissolving an egg in liquid Teflon. We identify the biochemical basis for protein fluorous masking and confirm FTag coatings are shed during delivery, without disrupting the protein structure or function. Harnessing the ultrasound sensitivity of fluorous emulsions, real-time imaging is used to simultaneously monitor and activate FTag-protein complexes to enable controlled cytosolic antibody delivery in vitro and in vivo. These findings may advance the development of image-guided, protein-based biosensing and therapeutic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janna N Sloand
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Theodore T Nguyen
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Scott A Zinck
- Graduate Program in Acoustics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Erik C Cook
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Tawanda J Zimudzi
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Scott A Showalter
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Adam B Glick
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Julianna C Simon
- Graduate Program in Acoustics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Scott H Medina
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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10
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Zhang S, Cheng Y. Boronic acid-engineered gold nanoparticles for cytosolic protein delivery. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:3741-3750. [DOI: 10.1039/d0bm00679c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Boronic acid-engineered gold nanoparticles for effective cytosolic protein delivery with the help of hypertonicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Zhang
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology
- School of Molecular Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
| | - Yiyun Cheng
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology
- School of Molecular Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
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11
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Wang L, Zhang C, Li T, Duan M, Xia F, Li X, Song C, Pan S, Liu B, Cui D. A modular approach for cytosolic protein delivery: metal ion-induced self-assembly of gold nanoclusters as a general platform. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:22237-22242. [PMID: 31740916 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr07334e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We developed a versatile and modular method for cytosolic protein delivery through metal ion-induced co-assembly of gold nanoclusters and proteins into supramolecular assemblies. The versatility and high efficiency of this strategy to assemble and deliver various proteins into living cells were demonstrated. Importantly, the activity of proteins was maintained during the delivery. This modular approach provides an exciting and promising new nano-platform for cytosolic protein delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lirui Wang
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Centre for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, PR China.
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12
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Qin X, Yu C, Wei J, Li L, Zhang C, Wu Q, Liu J, Yao SQ, Huang W. Rational Design of Nanocarriers for Intracellular Protein Delivery. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1902791. [PMID: 31496027 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201902791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Protein/antibody therapeutics have exhibited the advantages of high specificity and activity even at an extremely low concentration compared to small molecule drugs. However, they are accompanied by unfavorable physicochemical properties such as fragile tertiary structure, large molecular size, and poor penetration of the membrane, and thus the clinical use of protein drugs is hindered by inefficient delivery of proteins into the host cells. To overcome the challenges associated with protein therapeutics and enhance their biopharmaceutical applications, various protein-loaded nanocarriers with desired functions, such as lipid nanocapsules, polymeric nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles, and peptides, are developed. In this review, the different strategies for intracellular delivery of proteins are comprehensively summarized. Their designed routes, mechanisms of action, and potential therapeutics in live cells or in vivo are discussed in detail. Furthermore, the perspective on the new generation of delivery systems toward the emerging area of protein-based therapeutics is presented as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Qin
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211800, P. R. China
| | - Changmin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211800, P. R. China
| | - Jing Wei
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211800, P. R. China
| | - Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211800, P. R. China
| | - Chengwu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211800, P. R. China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211800, P. R. China
| | - Jinhua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211800, P. R. China
| | - Shao Q Yao
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211800, P. R. China
- Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
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13
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Lee YW, Luther DC, Kretzmann JA, Burden A, Jeon T, Zhai S, Rotello VM. Protein Delivery into the Cell Cytosol using Non-Viral Nanocarriers. Theranostics 2019; 9:3280-3292. [PMID: 31244954 PMCID: PMC6567963 DOI: 10.7150/thno.34412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein delivery into cells is a potentially transformative tool for treating "undruggable" targets in diseases associated with protein deficiencies or mutations. The vast majority of these targets are accessed via the cytosol, a challenging prospect for proteins with therapeutic and diagnostic relevance. In this review we will present promising non-viral approaches for intracellular and ultimately cytosolic delivery of proteins using nanocarriers. We will also discuss the mechanistic properties that govern the efficacy of nanocarrier-mediated protein delivery, applications of nanomaterials, and key challenges and opportunities in the use of nanocarriers for intracellular protein delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Wei Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710 N. Pleasant St., Amherst, USA
| | - David C. Luther
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710 N. Pleasant St., Amherst, USA
| | - Jessica A. Kretzmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710 N. Pleasant St., Amherst, USA
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Andrew Burden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710 N. Pleasant St., Amherst, USA
| | - Taewon Jeon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710 N. Pleasant St., Amherst, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710 N. Pleasant St., Amherst, USA
| | - Shumei Zhai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710 N. Pleasant St., Amherst, USA
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China
| | - Vincent M. Rotello
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710 N. Pleasant St., Amherst, USA
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14
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Carboni V, Maaliki C, Alyami M, Alsaiari S, Khashab N. Synthetic Vehicles for Encapsulation and Delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 Gene Editing Machinery. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.201800085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Carboni
- Smart Hybrid Materials Laboratory (SHMs), Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials CenterKing Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955‐6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Carine Maaliki
- Smart Hybrid Materials Laboratory (SHMs), Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials CenterKing Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955‐6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Mram Alyami
- Smart Hybrid Materials Laboratory (SHMs), Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials CenterKing Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955‐6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahad Alsaiari
- Smart Hybrid Materials Laboratory (SHMs), Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials CenterKing Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955‐6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Niveen Khashab
- Smart Hybrid Materials Laboratory (SHMs), Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials CenterKing Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955‐6900 Saudi Arabia
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15
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Du S, Liew SS, Li L, Yao SQ. Bypassing Endocytosis: Direct Cytosolic Delivery of Proteins. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:15986-15996. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b06584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shubo Du
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 117543, Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore
| | - Si Si Liew
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, P.R. China
| | - Shao Q. Yao
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 117543, Singapore
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16
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Cheng L, Yang L, Meng F, Zhong Z. Protein Nanotherapeutics as an Emerging Modality for Cancer Therapy. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:e1800685. [PMID: 30240152 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201800685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Protein drugs are a unique and versatile class of biotherapeutics that have not only high biological activity but also superb specificity. This rapidly evolving biotechnology has rendered it possible to produce various proteins in a large scale and reproducible way. Many proteins have demonstrated striking anticancer activities and have emerged as advanced alternatives to cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents for cancer therapy. The clinical translation of anticancer proteins with intracellular targets is, nevertheless, severely hindered by their fast degradation in vivo, poor cell penetration, and inefficient intracellular transportation. The past few years have witnessed tremendous effort and progress in developing polymeric protein delivery nanosystems, ranging from nanoparticles, nanocapsules, nanogels, micelles, to polymersomes, for the treatment of different tumors such as lung tumors, breast tumors, ovarian cancers, and glioblastoma. These proof-of-concept studies point out that protein nanotherapeutics, with rationally designed nanovehicles, are able to overcome the extracellular barriers, cell membrane barriers, and intracellular barriers, and systemically deliver proteins into targeted cancer cells, resulting in effective cancer protein therapy. Protein nanotherapeutics appear to be a novel modality for safe and efficient cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Cheng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Liang Yang
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Fenghua Meng
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhong
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
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17
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Scaletti F, Hardie J, Lee YW, Luther DC, Ray M, Rotello VM. Protein delivery into cells using inorganic nanoparticle-protein supramolecular assemblies. Chem Soc Rev 2018. [PMID: 29537040 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00008e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The delivery of proteins into cells is a potential game changer for a wide array of therapeutic purposes, including cancer therapy, immunomodulation and treatment of inherited diseases. In this review, we present recently developed nanoassemblies for protein delivery that utilize strategies that range from direct assembly, encapsulation and composite formation. We will discuss factors that affect the efficacy of nanoassemblies for delivery from the perspective of both nanoparticles and proteins. Challenges in the field, particularly achieving effective cytosolar protein delivery through endosomal escape or evasion are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Scaletti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710 N. Pleasant St., Amherst, USA.
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18
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Chiper M, Niederreither K, Zuber G. Transduction Methods for Cytosolic Delivery of Proteins and Bioconjugates into Living Cells. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:e1701040. [PMID: 29205903 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201701040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The human organism and its constituting cells rely on interplay between multiple proteins exerting specific functions. Progress in molecular biotechnologies has facilitated the production of recombinant proteins. When administrated to patients, recombinant proteins can provide important healthcare benefits. To date, most therapeutic proteins must act from the extracellular environment, with their targets being secreted modulators or extracellular receptors. This is because proteins cannot passively diffuse across the plasma membrane into the cytosol. To expand the scope of action of proteins for cytosolic targets (representing more than 40% of the genome) effective methods assisting protein cytosolic entry are being developed. To date, direct protein delivery is extremely tedious and inefficient in cultured cells, even more so in animal models of pathology. Novel techniques are changing this limitation, as recently developed in vitro methods can robustly convey large amount of proteins into cell cultures. Moreover, advances in protein formulation or protein conjugates are slowly, but surely demonstrating efficiency for targeted cytosolic entry of functional protein in vivo in tumor xenograft models. In this review, various methods and recently developed techniques for protein transport into cells are summarized. They are put into perspective to address the challenges encountered during delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Chiper
- Molecular and Pharmaceutical Engineering of Biologics CNRS—Université de Strasbourg UMR 7242 Boulevard Sebastien Brant F‐67412 Illkirch France
- Faculté de Pharmacie—Université de Strasbourg 74 Route du Rhin F‐67400 Illkirch France
| | - Karen Niederreither
- Developmental Biology and Stem Cells Department Institute of Genetics and Molecular and Cellular Biology (IGBMC) F‐67412 Illkirch France
- Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire Université de Strasbourg CNRS UMR 7104, INSERM U 964 F‐67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Guy Zuber
- Molecular and Pharmaceutical Engineering of Biologics CNRS—Université de Strasbourg UMR 7242 Boulevard Sebastien Brant F‐67412 Illkirch France
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19
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Ding T, Wang L, Zhang J, Xing Y, Cai K. Interfacially active polydopamine for nanoparticle stabilized nanocapsules in a one-pot assembly strategy toward efficient drug delivery. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:1754-1763. [DOI: 10.1039/c7tb03008h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Polydopamine (PDA) nanoparticle stabilized nanocapsules possess great potential for drug delivery via the non-endocytotic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ding
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University
- Chongqing 400044
- China
| | - Liucan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University
- Chongqing 400044
- China
| | - Jixi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University
- Chongqing 400044
- China
| | - Yuxin Xing
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University
- Chongqing 400044
- China
| | - Kaiyong Cai
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University
- Chongqing 400044
- China
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20
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Robertson NM, Yang Y, Khan I, LaMantia VE, Royzen M, Yigit MV. Single-trigger dual-responsive nanoparticles for controllable and sequential prodrug activation. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:10020-10030. [PMID: 28682403 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr04138a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Here we have developed a novel approach where two synergistically acting drugs were completely inactivated upon chemical immobilization on a nanoparticle template and activated in response to a chemical stimulus. The activation rate of each drug payload is controlled using a biologically inert bioorthogonal chemistry approach. By exploiting the subtle differences in the 'click-to-release' bioorthogonal reaction, we engineered a single delivery platform capable of releasing the payloads in a time-staggered manner in response to a single dose of a highly specific, yet reactive, small molecule. Incorporation of both di-axial, 'fast release', and di-equatorial, 'slow release', TCO linkers into our nanodrug assembly inhibited the activity of the drug molecules and enabled us to control the timing and activation of each payload. This single-trigger dual-responsive nanoparticle construct and its release kinetics were characterized using two molecular fluorescent probes and tested in vitro for efficient delivery of molecular payloads. In this manuscript we show that this approach was also successful in the treatment of triple negative BT-20 breast cancer cells. Our nanodrug loaded with the slow-releasing doxorubicin and fast-releasing PAC-1 prodrugs displayed a greater therapeutic response than the nanodrug which released both payloads simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil M Robertson
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, USA.
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21
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Mout R, Ray M, Tay T, Sasaki K, Tonga GY, Rotello VM. General Strategy for Direct Cytosolic Protein Delivery via Protein-Nanoparticle Co-engineering. ACS NANO 2017; 11:6416-6421. [PMID: 28614657 PMCID: PMC5766003 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b02884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Endosomal entrapment is a key hurdle for most intracellular protein-based therapeutic strategies. We report a general strategy for efficient delivery of proteins to the cytosol through co-engineering of proteins and nanoparticle vehicles. The proteins feature an oligo(glutamate) sequence (E-tag) that binds arginine-functionalized gold nanoparticles, generating hierarchical spherical nanoassemblies. These assemblies fuse with cell membranes, releasing the E-tagged protein directly into the cytosol. Five different proteins with diverse charges, sizes, and functions were effectively delivered into cells, demonstrating the generality of our method. Significantly, the engineered proteins retained activity after cytosolic delivery, as demonstrated through the delivery of active Cre recombinase, and granzyme A to kill cancer cells.
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22
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Tang R, Wang M, Ray M, Jiang Y, Jiang Z, Xu Q, Rotello VM. Active Targeting of the Nucleus Using Nonpeptidic Boronate Tags. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:8547-8551. [PMID: 28598151 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b02801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Active intracellular transport is a central mechanism in cell biology, directed by a limited set of naturally occurring signaling peptides. Here, we report the first nonpeptide moiety that recruits intracellular transport machinery for nuclear targeting. Proteins synthetically modified with a simple aromatic boronate motif are actively trafficked to the nucleus via the importin α/β pathway. Significantly, proteins too large to passively diffuse through nuclear pores were readily imported into the nucleus through this boronate-mediated pathway. The use of this simple motif to provide active intracellular targeting provides a promising strategy for directing subcellular localization for therapeutic and fundamental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Tang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts , 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Ming Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University , 4 Colby Street, Medford, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Moumita Ray
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts , 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Ying Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts , 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Ziwen Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts , 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Qiaobing Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University , 4 Colby Street, Medford, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Vincent M Rotello
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts , 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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23
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Ray M, Lee YW, Scaletti F, Yu R, Rotello VM. Intracellular delivery of proteins by nanocarriers. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2017; 12:941-952. [PMID: 28338410 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2016-0393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular delivery of proteins is potentially a game-changing approach for therapeutics. However, for most applications, the protein needs to access the cytosol to be effective. A wide variety of strategies have been developed for protein delivery, however access of delivered protein to the cytosol without acute cytotoxicity remains a critical issue. In this review we discuss recent trends in protein delivery using nanocarriers, focusing on the ability of these strategies to deliver protein into the cytosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moumita Ray
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Yi-Wei Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Federica Scaletti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Ruijin Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.,College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Vincent M Rotello
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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24
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Wang T, Tang Y, He X, Yan J, Wang C, Feng X. Self-Assembled Raspberry-Like Core/Satellite Nanoparticles for Anti-Inflammatory Protein Delivery. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:6902-6907. [PMID: 28155269 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b16277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Functional proteins are very promising for protein therapeutics; however, effective delivery of therapeutic proteins remains challenging. Herein, we developed novel core/satellite nanoparticles by tethering therapeutic proteins to the core/shell polymeric particle surface through cucurbit[8]uril (CB[8])-mediated host-guest interactions. The effectiveness of the core/satellite nanoparticles as protein carrier was demonstrated through the intra-articular delivery of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra). We showed that IL-1Ra can effectively self-assemble onto the surface of the polymeric nanoparticles and maintained good protein bioactivity by inhibiting IL-1-mediated signaling. More importantly, in vivo results revealed that IL-1Ra-bounded core/satellite nanoparticles could significantly increase the retention time of IL-1Ra in the rat stifle joint compared to soluble IL-1Ra, which could greatly improve the efficacy of IL-1Ra. These results indicate that the facile host-guest self-assembly can be exploited as an effective approach for realizing the therapeutic potential of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Wang
- Innovative Drug Research Centre and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University , Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Yaqin Tang
- Innovative Drug Research Centre and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University , Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Xiao He
- Innovative Drug Research Centre and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University , Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Ju Yan
- Innovative Drug Research Centre and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University , Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Chenhui Wang
- Innovative Drug Research Centre and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University , Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Xuli Feng
- Innovative Drug Research Centre and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University , Chongqing 401331, China
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25
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Bollhorst T, Rezwan K, Maas M. Colloidal capsules: nano- and microcapsules with colloidal particle shells. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:2091-2126. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00632a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This review provides a comprehensive overview of the synthesis strategies and the progress made so far of bringing colloidal capsules closer to technical and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Bollhorst
- Advanced Ceramics
- Department of Production Engineering & MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes
- University of Bremen
- 28359 Bremen
- Germany
| | - Kurosch Rezwan
- Advanced Ceramics
- Department of Production Engineering & MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes
- University of Bremen
- 28359 Bremen
- Germany
| | - Michael Maas
- Advanced Ceramics
- Department of Production Engineering & MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes
- University of Bremen
- 28359 Bremen
- Germany
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