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Shukla P, Saxena P, Madhwal D, Singh Y, Bhardwaj N, Samal R, Kumar V, Jain VK. Prototyping a wearable and stretchable graphene-on-PDMS sensor for strain detection on human body physiological and joint movements. Mikrochim Acta 2024; 191:301. [PMID: 38709350 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-024-06368-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
In the era of wearable electronic devices, which are quite popular nowadays, our research is focused on flexible as well as stretchable strain sensors, which are gaining humongous popularity because of recent advances in nanocomposites and their microstructures. Sensors that are stretchable and flexible based on graphene can be a prospective 'gateway' over the considerable biomedical speciality. The scientific community still faces a great problem in developing versatile and user-friendly graphene-based wearable strain sensors that satisfy the prerequisites of susceptible, ample range of sensing, and recoverable structural deformations. In this paper, we report the fabrication, development, detailed experimental analysis and electronic interfacing of a robust but simple PDMS/graphene/PDMS (PGP) multilayer strain sensor by drop casting conductive graphene ink as the sensing material onto a PDMS substrate. Electrochemical exfoliation of graphite leads to the production of abundant, fast and economical graphene. The PGP sensor selective to strain has a broad strain range of ⁓60%, with a maximum gauge factor of 850, detection of human physiological motion and personalized health monitoring, and the versatility to detect stretching with great sensitivity, recovery and repeatability. Additionally, recoverable structural deformation is demonstrated by the PGP strain sensors, and the sensor response is quite rapid for various ranges of frequency disturbances. The structural designation of graphene's overlap and crack structure is responsible for the resistance variations that give rise to the remarkable strain detection properties of this sensor. The comprehensive detection of resistance change resulting from different human body joints and physiological movements demonstrates that the PGP strain sensor is an effective choice for advanced biomedical and therapeutic electronic device utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Shukla
- Amity Institute of Advanced Research and Studies (Materials & Devices), Amity University, Sector-125, Noida, 201303, U.P, India.
| | - Pooja Saxena
- G. L. Bajaj Institute of Technology and Management, Greater Noida, 201306, U.P., India
| | - Devinder Madhwal
- Amity Institute of Advanced Research and Studies (Materials & Devices), Amity University, Sector-125, Noida, 201303, U.P, India
| | - Yugal Singh
- Amity Institute of Advanced Research and Studies (Materials & Devices), Amity University, Sector-125, Noida, 201303, U.P, India
| | - Nitin Bhardwaj
- Amity Institute of Advanced Research and Studies (Materials & Devices), Amity University, Sector-125, Noida, 201303, U.P, India
| | - Rajesh Samal
- Amity Institute of Advanced Research and Studies (Materials & Devices), Amity University, Sector-125, Noida, 201303, U.P, India
| | - Vivek Kumar
- Amity Institute of Advanced Research and Studies (Materials & Devices), Amity University, Sector-125, Noida, 201303, U.P, India
| | - V K Jain
- Amity Institute of Advanced Research and Studies (Materials & Devices), Amity University, Sector-125, Noida, 201303, U.P, India
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Yin B, Liu F, Chen Q, Liu M, Wang F. Flexible Strain Sensors Based on Bionic Parallel Vein-like Structures for Human Motion Monitoring. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:468. [PMID: 38257561 PMCID: PMC10819304 DOI: 10.3390/s24020468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, strain sensors have penetrated various fields. The capability of sensors to convert physical signals into electrical signals is of great importance in healthcare. However, it is still challenging to obtain sensors with high sensitivity, large operating range and low cost. In this paper, a stretchable strain sensor made of a double-layer conductive network, including a biomimetic multilayer graphene-Ecoflex (MLG-Ecoflex) substrate and a multilayer graphene-carbon nanotube (MLG-CNT) composite up-layer was developed. The combined action of the two layers led to an excellent performance with an operating range of up to 580% as well as a high sensitivity (gauge factor (GFmax) of 1517.94). In addition, a pressure sensor was further designed using the bionic vein-like structure with a multi-layer stacking of MLG-Ecoflex/MLG-CNT/MLG-Ecoflex to obtain a relatively high deformation along the direction of thickness. The device presented a high sensing performance (up to a sensitivity of 0.344 kPa-1) capable of monitoring small movements of the human body such as vocalizations and gestures. The good performance of the sensors together with a simple fabrication procedure (flip-molding) make it of potential use for some applications, for example human health monitoring and other areas of human interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boshuo Yin
- Key Laboratory of Trans-Scale Laser Manufacturing (Beijing University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100124, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laser Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Furong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Trans-Scale Laser Manufacturing (Beijing University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100124, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laser Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Qingyuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Trans-Scale Laser Manufacturing (Beijing University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100124, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laser Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Trans-Scale Laser Manufacturing (Beijing University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100124, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laser Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Feiying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Trans-Scale Laser Manufacturing (Beijing University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100124, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laser Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
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Zhang X, Li N, Wang G, Zhang C, Zhang Y, Zeng F, Liu H, Yi G, Wang Z. Research status of polysiloxane-based piezoresistive flexible human electronic sensors. RSC Adv 2023; 13:16693-16711. [PMID: 37274402 PMCID: PMC10236448 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra03258b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Flexible human body electronic sensor is a multifunctional electronic device with flexibility, extensibility, and responsiveness. Piezoresistive flexible human body electronic sensor has attracted the extensive attention of researchers because of its simple preparation process, high detection sensitivity, wide detection range, and low power consumption. However, the wearability and affinity to the human body of traditional flexible human electronic sensors are poor, while polysiloxane materials can be mixed with other electronic materials and have good affinity toward the human body. Therefore, polysiloxane materials have become the first choice of flexible matrixes. In this study, the research progress and preparation methods of piezoresistive flexible human electronic sensors based on polysiloxane materials in recent years are summarized, the challenges faced in the development of piezoresistive flexible human electronic sensors are analyzed, and the future research directions are prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Province Cultivation Base for State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Science and Technology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University Changzhou 213164 China
| | - Ning Li
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Province Cultivation Base for State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Science and Technology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University Changzhou 213164 China
| | - Guorui Wang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Province Cultivation Base for State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Science and Technology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University Changzhou 213164 China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Province Cultivation Base for State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Science and Technology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University Changzhou 213164 China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Province Cultivation Base for State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Science and Technology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University Changzhou 213164 China
| | - Fanglei Zeng
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Province Cultivation Base for State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Science and Technology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University Changzhou 213164 China
| | - Hailong Liu
- Shandong Dongyue Silicone Material Co. ,Ltd. Zibo 256401 China
| | - Gang Yi
- Shandong Dongyue Silicone Material Co. ,Ltd. Zibo 256401 China
| | - Zhongwei Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology Qingdao 266590 China
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Zhang Y, Wu Z, Sun J, Sun Q, Chen F, Zhang M, Duan H. Synthesis and Sensing Performance of Chitin Fiber/MoS 2 Composites. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:nano13091567. [PMID: 37177112 PMCID: PMC10180960 DOI: 10.3390/nano13091567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, chitin fibers (CFs) were combined with molybdenum sulfide (MoS2) to develop high-performance sensors, and chitin carbon materials were innovatively introduced into the application of gas sensing. MoS2/CFs composites were synthesized via a one-step hydrothermal method. The surface properties of the composites were greatly improved, and the fire resistance effect was remarkable compared with that of the chitin monomer. In the gas-sensitive performance test, the overall performance of the MoS2/CFs composite was more than three times better than that of the MoS2 monomer and showed excellent long-term stability, with less than 10% performance degradation in three months. Extending to the field of strain sensing, MoS2/CFs composites can realize real-time signal conversion in tensile and motion performance tests, which can help inspectors make analytical judgments in response to the analysis results. The extensive application of sensing materials in more fields is expected to be further developed. Based on the recycling of waste chitin textile materials, this paper expands the potential applications of chitin materials in the fields of gas monitoring, biomedicine, behavioral discrimination and intelligent monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhi Zhang
- School of Physics Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Solid State Physics and Devices, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Zhaofeng Wu
- School of Physics Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Solid State Physics and Devices, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Jun Sun
- School of Physics Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Solid State Physics and Devices, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Qihua Sun
- School of Physics Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Solid State Physics and Devices, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Fengjuan Chen
- School of Physics Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Solid State Physics and Devices, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Min Zhang
- School of Physics Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Solid State Physics and Devices, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Haiming Duan
- School of Physics Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Solid State Physics and Devices, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
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5
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Goel S, Amreen K. Laser induced graphanized microfluidic devices. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2022; 16:061505. [PMID: 36483020 PMCID: PMC9726225 DOI: 10.1063/5.0111867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
With the advent of cyber-physical system-based automation and intelligence, the development of flexible and wearable devices has dramatically enhanced. Evidently, this has led to the thrust to realize standalone and sufficiently-self-powered miniaturized devices for a variety of sensing and monitoring applications. To this end, a range of aspects needs to be carefully and synergistically optimized. These include the choice of material, micro-reservoir to suitably place the analytes, integrable electrodes, detection mechanism, microprocessor/microcontroller architecture, signal-processing, software, etc. In this context, several researchers are working toward developing novel flexible devices having a micro-reservoir, both in flow-through and stationary phases, integrated with graphanized zones created by simple benchtop lasers. Various substrates, like different kinds of cloths, papers, and polymers, have been harnessed to develop laser-ablated graphene regions along with a micro-reservoir to aptly place various analytes to be sensed/monitored. Likewise, similar substrates have been utilized for energy harvesting by fuel cell or solar routes and supercapacitor-based energy storage. Overall, realization of a prototype is envisioned by integrating various sub-systems, including sensory, energy harvesting, energy storage, and IoT sub-systems, on a single mini-platform. In this work, the diversified work toward developing such prototypes will be showcased and current and future commercialization potential will be projected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanket Goel
- MEMS, Microfluidics and Nanoelectronics (MMNE) Lab, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Khairunnisa Amreen
- MEMS, Microfluidics and Nanoelectronics (MMNE) Lab, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India
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Li Q, Liu Y, Chen D, Miao J, Zhang C, Cui D. High-Sensitive Wearable Strain Sensors Based on the Carbon Nanotubes@Porous Soft Silicone Elastomer with Excellent Stretchability, Durability, and Biocompatibility. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:51373-51383. [PMID: 36326601 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c15968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Wearable strain sensors can transfer human physical motions into digital features and connect the real world to the virtual world. However, there is still a huge challenge to prepare breathable strain sensors with good sensitivity, stretchability, softness, durability, and biocompatibility, simultaneously. Herein, we employ the soft silicone elastomer as a highly stretchable substrate and propose a new strain sensor based on the carbon nanotubes@porous soft silicone elastomer (CNTs@PSSE) by salt-template-assisted and dip-coating methods. The CNTs (conductive fillers) are firmly embedded in the PSSE. The obtained sensors exhibit excellent sensitivity up to 2845.1 and a large sensing strain range of 186%. Notably, the CNTs@PSSE sensors also possess strong robustness, which can resist ultrasonic deterioration and carry out more than 10,000 high-frequency stretch-relax cycles in the presence of an obvious notch caused by the scissor. Moreover, the excellent biocompatibility indicates that the sensors can be safely attached to human skin for precisely detecting full-range human motions and being configured on smart wireless gloves for synchronous control of the bionic hand robot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qichao Li
- School of Sensing Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai200240, P. R. China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai200240, P. R. China
| | - Yamin Liu
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, P. R. China
| | - Di Chen
- School of Sensing Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai200240, P. R. China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai200240, P. R. China
| | - Jianmin Miao
- School of Sensing Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai200240, P. R. China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai200240, P. R. China
| | - Chunlei Zhang
- School of Sensing Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai200240, P. R. China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai200240, P. R. China
| | - Daxiang Cui
- School of Sensing Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai200240, P. R. China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai200240, P. R. China
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7
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Scalable Manufacturing Process and Multifunctional Performance of Cotton Fibre-Reinforced Poly(Lactic Acid) (PLA) Bio-Composites Coated by Graphene Oxide. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14193946. [PMID: 36235892 PMCID: PMC9573032 DOI: 10.3390/polym14193946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural fibre biopolymer composites with both fibres and matrix being derived from biomaterials are increasingly used in demanding applications, such as sensing, packaging, building, and transport, and require good electrical, thermal, and flame retardant properties. Herein, an investigation of the effectiveness of functionalising nonwoven cotton/poly(lactic acid) (PLA) fibre mats with graphene oxide nanosheets has been reported by using a facile dip-coating method followed by thermal reduction for enhancing the electric, thermal, and abrasion-resistance properties. The manufacturing processes for preparing biocomposites and introducing functionality are readily scalable. Experimental results reveal that with the addition of less than 0.5 wt% graphene nanoplatelets, the biocomposites showed significant improvements in abrasion resistance, electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and diffusivity. Furthermore, the composite shows excellent piezo-resistivity to act as strain sensors with a gauge factor of 2.59 at strains up to 1%.
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Yang Y, Shen H, Yang J, Gao K, Wang Z, Sun L. Synergistic effect of reduced graphene oxide/carbon nanotube hybrid papers on cross-plane thermal and mechanical properties. RSC Adv 2022; 12:19144-19153. [PMID: 35865578 PMCID: PMC9246462 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01723g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphene paper has attracted great attention as a heat dissipation material due to its excellent thermal conductivity and mechanical properties. However, the thermal conductivity of graphene paper in the normal direction is relatively poor. In this work, the cross-plane thermal conductivities (K⊥) and mechanical properties of the reduced graphene oxide/carbon nanotube papers with different CNT loadings were studied systematically. It was found that the K⊥ decreased from 0.0393 W m−1 K−1 for 0 wt% paper to 0.0250 W m−1 K−1 for 3 wt% paper, and then increased to 0.1199 W m−1 K−1 for 20 wt% paper. The papers demonstrated a maximum elastic modulus of 6.1 GPa with 10 wt% CNT loading. The CNTs acted as scaffolds to restrain the graphene sheets from corrugating and to reinforce the mechanical properties of the hybrid papers. The more CNTs that filled the gaps between graphene sheets, the greater the number of channels of the transmission of phonons and the looser the structure in the cross-plane direction. Further mechanism analysis revealed the synergistic effects of CNT loadings and graphene sheets on enhancing the thermal and mechanical performance of the papers. The top-view SEM images for (a) rGO, (b) rGO/CNT-3%, (c) rGO/CNTs-20% and the corresponding schematic diagram of photon transmission with different spacer CNTs loadings (a-i, b-ii, c-iii).![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yang
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Materials and Technology for Energy Conversion, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Nanjing 210016 PR China
| | - Honglie Shen
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Materials and Technology for Energy Conversion, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Nanjing 210016 PR China
| | - Jiale Yang
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Materials and Technology for Energy Conversion, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Nanjing 210016 PR China
| | - Kai Gao
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Materials and Technology for Energy Conversion, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Nanjing 210016 PR China
| | - Zehui Wang
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Materials and Technology for Energy Conversion, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Nanjing 210016 PR China
| | - Luanhong Sun
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Materials and Technology for Energy Conversion, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Nanjing 210016 PR China
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Wang L, Zhang F, Su W, Xu X, Li A, Li Y, Xu C, Sun Y. Green Manufacturing of Flexible Sensors with a Giant Gauge Factor: Bridging Effect of CNT and Electric Field Enhancement at the Percolation Threshold. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:26024-26033. [PMID: 35608949 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c04296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Toxic organic solvents are commonly used to disperse nanomaterials in the manufacturing of flexible conductive composites (e.g., graphene-PDMS). The dry-blended method avoids toxic organic solvent usage but leads to poor performance. Here, we proposed an innovative manufacturing method by adapting the traditional dry-blended method, including two key steps: minor CNT bridging and high-frequency electric field enhancement at the percolation threshold of graphene-PDMS. Significant improvement was achieved in the electrical conductivity (1528 times), the giant gauge factor (>8767.54), and the piezoresistive strain range (30 times) over the traditional dry-blended method. Further applications in measurements of culturing rat neonatal cardiomyocytes and mouse hearts proved that the proposed method has great potential for the manufacturing of nontoxic flexible sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
- Shandong Institute of Mechanical Design and Research, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
- Shandong Institute of Mechanical Design and Research, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Weiguang Su
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
- Shandong Institute of Mechanical Design and Research, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Xingyuan Xu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
- Shandong Institute of Mechanical Design and Research, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Anqing Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
- Shandong Institute of Mechanical Design and Research, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Yunlun Li
- Experimental Center, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Chonghai Xu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
- Shandong Institute of Mechanical Design and Research, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto ON M5S 3E8, Canada
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10
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Ismail Z, W Idris WF, Abdullah AH. Graphene-based temperature, humidity, and strain sensor: A review on progress, characterization, and potential applications during Covid-19 pandemic. SENSORS INTERNATIONAL 2022; 3:100183. [PMID: 35633818 PMCID: PMC9126002 DOI: 10.1016/j.sintl.2022.100183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphene's potential as material for wearable, highly sensitive and robust sensor in various fields of technology has been widely investigated until now in order to capitalize on its unique intrinsic physical and chemical properties. In the wake of Covid-19 pandemic, it has been noticed that there are various potentials roles that can be fulfilled by graphene-based temperature, humidity and strain sensor, whose roles has not been widely explored to date. This paper takes the liberty to mainly highlight the progress layout and characterization technique for graphene-based sensor while including a brief discussion on the possible strategy of sensing data analysis that can be employed to minimize and prevent the risk of Covid-19 infection within a living community. While majority of the reported sensor is still in the in-progress status, its highlighted role in this work may provide a brief idea on how the ongoing research in graphene-based sensor may lead to the future implementation of the device for routine healthcare check-up and diagnostic point-care during and post-pandemic era. On the other hand, the sensitivity and response time data against working temperature, humidity and strain range that are provided could serve as a reference for benchmarking purpose, which certainly would help enthusiast in the development of a graphene-based sensor with a better performance for the future.
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Qiao Y, Li X, Wang J, Ji S, Hirtz T, Tian H, Jian J, Cui T, Dong Y, Xu X, Wang F, Wang H, Zhou J, Yang Y, Someya T, Ren TL. Intelligent and Multifunctional Graphene Nanomesh Electronic Skin with High Comfort. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2104810. [PMID: 34882950 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202104810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
As the aging population increases in many countries, electronic skin (e-skin) for health monitoring has been attracting much attention. However, to realize the industrialization of e-skin, two factors must be optimized. The first is to achieve high comfort, which can significantly improve the user experience. The second is to make the e-skin intelligent, so it can detect and analyze physiological signals at the same time. In this article, intelligent and multifunctional e-skin consisting of laser-scribed graphene and polyurethane (PU) nanomesh is realized with high comfort. The e-skin can be used as a strain sensor with large measurement range (>60%), good sensitivity (GF≈40), high linearity range (60%), and excellent stability (>1000 cycles). By analyzing the morphology of e-skin, a parallel networks model is proposed to express the mechanism of the strain sensor. In addition, laser scribing is also applied to etch the insulating PU, which greatly decreases the impedance in detecting electrophysiology signals. Finally, the e-skin is applied to monitor the electrocardiogram, electroencephalogram (EEG), and electrooculogram signals. A time- and frequency-domain concatenated convolution neural network is built to analyze the EEG signal detected using the e-skin on the forehead and classify the attention level of testers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yancong Qiao
- School of Integrated Circuits (SIC) and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518707, China
| | - Xiaoshi Li
- School of Integrated Circuits (SIC) and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jiabin Wang
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Shourui Ji
- School of Integrated Circuits (SIC) and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Thomas Hirtz
- School of Integrated Circuits (SIC) and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - He Tian
- School of Integrated Circuits (SIC) and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jinming Jian
- School of Integrated Circuits (SIC) and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Tianrui Cui
- School of Integrated Circuits (SIC) and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Ying Dong
- School of Integrated Circuits (SIC) and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xinwei Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Fei Wang
- School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jianhua Zhou
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518707, China
| | - Yi Yang
- School of Integrated Circuits (SIC) and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Takao Someya
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Tian-Ling Ren
- School of Integrated Circuits (SIC) and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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12
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Femtosecond Laser-Based Additive Manufacturing: Current Status and Perspectives. QUANTUM BEAM SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/qubs6010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
The ever-growing interest in additive manufacturing (AM) is evidenced by its extensive utilisation to manufacture a broad spectrum of products across a range of industries such as defence, medical, aerospace, automotive, and electronics. Today, most laser-based AM is carried out by employing continuous-wave (CW) and long-pulsed lasers. The CW and long-pulsed lasers have the downside in that the thermal energy imparted by the laser diffuses around the irradiated spot and often leads to the creation of heat-affected zones (HAZs). Heat-affected zones may degrade the material strength by producing micro-cracks, porous structures and residual stresses. To address these issues, currently, attempts are being made to employ ultrafast laser sources, such as femtosecond (fs) lasers, in AM processes. Femtosecond lasers with pulse durations in the order of 10−15 s limit the destructive laser–material interaction and, thus, minimise the probability of the HAZs. This review summarises the current advancements in the field of femtosecond laser-based AM of metals and alloys. It also reports on the comparison of CW laser, nanosecond (ns)/picosecond (ps) lasers with fs laser-based AM in the context of heat-affected zones, substrate damage, microstructural changes and thermomechanical properties. To shed light on the principal mechanisms ruling the manufacturing processes, numerical predictions are discussed and compared with the experimental results. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this review is the first of its kind to encompass the current status, challenges and opportunities of employing fs lasers in additive manufacturing.
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13
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Kumar KS, Zhang L, Kalairaj MS, Banerjee H, Xiao X, Jiayi CC, Huang H, Lim CM, Ouyang J, Ren H. Stretchable and Sensitive Silver Nanowire-Hydrogel Strain Sensors for Proprioceptive Actuation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:37816-37829. [PMID: 34323464 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c08305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Safer human-robot interactions mandate the adoption of proprioceptive actuation. Strain sensors can detect the deformation of tools and devices in unstructured and capricious environments. However, such sensor integration in surgical/clinical settings is challenging due to confined spaces, structural complexity, and performance losses of tools and devices. Herein, we report a highly stretchable skin-like strain sensor based on a silver nanowire (AgNW) layer and hydrogel substrate. Our facile fabrication method utilizes thermal annealing to modulate the gauge factor (GF) by forming multidimensional wrinkles and a layered conductive network. The developed AgNW-hydrogel (AGel) sensors sustain and exhibit a strain-sensitive profile (max. GF = ∼70) with high stretchability (200%). Due to its conformability, the sensor demonstrates efficacy in integration and motion monitoring with minimal mechanical constraints. We provide contextual cognizance of tooltip during a transoral procedure by incorporating AGel sensors and showing the fabrication methodology's versatility by developing a hybrid self-sensing actuator with real-time performance feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirthika Senthil Kumar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117583
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Blk EA, #03-09, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117575
| | - Manivannan Sivaperuman Kalairaj
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117583
| | - Hritwick Banerjee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117583
- Institute of Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117583
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Catherine Cai Jiayi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117583
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology, A*STAR Singapore, Fusionopolis Two, 4 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore 138635
| | - Hui Huang
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology, A*STAR Singapore, Fusionopolis Two, 4 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore 138635
| | - Chwee Ming Lim
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore 169856
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169547
| | - Jianyong Ouyang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Blk EA, #03-09, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117575
| | - Hongliang Ren
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117583
- Department of Electronic Engineering and Shun Hing Institute of Advanced Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK), Hong Kong
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14
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Nguyen T, Dinh T, Phan HP, Pham TA, Dau VT, Nguyen NT, Dao DV. Advances in ultrasensitive piezoresistive sensors: from conventional to flexible and stretchable applications. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2021; 8:2123-2150. [PMID: 34846421 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh00538c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The piezoresistive effect has been a dominant mechanical sensing principle that has been widely employed in a range of sensing applications. This transducing concept still receives great attention because of the huge demand for developing small, low-cost, and high-performance sensing devices. Many researchers have extensively explored new methods to enhance the piezoresistive effect and to make sensors more and more sensitive. Many interesting phenomena and mechanisms to enhance the sensitivity have been discovered. Numerous review papers on the piezoresistive effect have been published; however, there is no comprehensive review article that thoroughly analyses methods and approaches to enhance the piezoresistive effect. This paper comprehensively reviews and presents all the advanced enhancement methods ranging from the quantum physical effect and new materials to nanoscopic and macroscopic structures, and from conventional rigid to flexible, stretchable and wearable applications. In addition, the paper summarises results recently achieved on applying the above-mentioned innovative sensing enhancement techniques in making extremely sensitive piezoresistive transducers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Nguyen
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Australia.
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15
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He Y, Wu D, Zhou M, Zheng Y, Wang T, Lu C, Zhang L, Liu H, Liu C. Wearable Strain Sensors Based on a Porous Polydimethylsiloxane Hybrid with Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:15572-15583. [PMID: 33760608 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c22823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
High-performance flexible strain sensors are urgently needed with the rapid development of wearable intelligent electronics. Here, a bifiller of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene (GR) for filling flexible porous polydimethylsiloxane (CNT-GR/PDMS) nanocomposites is designed and prepared for strain-sensing applications. The typical microporous structure was successfully constructed using the Soxhlet extraction technique, and the connected CNTs and GR constructed a perfect three-dimensional conductive network in the porous skeleton. As a result, the stretchability and sensitivity of the CNT-GR/PDMS-based strain sensors were well regulated based on the porous structure and the typical synergistic conductive network. Based on the destruction effect of the brittle synergistic conductive network located in the outer and inner layers of the cell skeleton and the contact effect between adjacent cells in different strain ranges, the prepared CNTs-GR/PDMS-based strain sensor exhibited superior gauge factors of 182.5, 45.6, 70.2, and 186.5 in the 0-3, 3-57, 57-90, and 90-120% strain regions, respectively. In addition, this material also exhibited an ultralow detection limit (0.5% strain), a fast response time (60 ms), good stability and durability (10,000 cycles), and frequency-/strain-dependent sensing performances, making it active for the detection of various external environments. Finally, the prepared porous CNTs-GR/PDMS-based strain sensor was attached to the skin to detect various human motions, such as wrist bending, finger bending, elbow bending, and knee bending, thereby demonstrating wide application prospects in smart wearable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin He
- College of Chemical Engineering and Pharmaceutics, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471023, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, P. R. China
| | - Dongyang Wu
- College of Chemical Engineering and Pharmaceutics, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471023, P. R. China
| | - Mengyang Zhou
- College of Chemical Engineering and Pharmaceutics, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471023, P. R. China
| | - Yanjun Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, P. R. China
| | - Tengfei Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering and Pharmaceutics, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471023, P. R. China
| | - Chang Lu
- College of Chemical Engineering and Pharmaceutics, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471023, P. R. China
| | - Li Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, Henan 471934, P. R. China
| | - Hu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, P. R. China
| | - Chuntai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, P. R. China
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16
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Zhou Y, Werner EM, Lee E, Chu M, Nguyen T, Costa KD, Hui EE, Khine M. High-resolution integrated piezoresistive sensors for microfluidic monitoring. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:83-92. [PMID: 33300516 PMCID: PMC9521707 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc01046d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic devices are traditionally monitored by bulky and expensive off-chip sensors. We have developed a soft piezoresistive sensor capable of measuring micron-level strains that can be easily integrated into devices via soft lithography. We apply this sensor to achieve fast and localized monitoring of pressure, flow, and valve actuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxiao Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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17
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Qiao Y, Li X, Jian J, Wu Q, Wei Y, Shuai H, Hirtz T, Zhi Y, Deng G, Wang Y, Gou G, Xu J, Cui T, Tian H, Yang Y, Ren TL. Substrate-Free Multilayer Graphene Electronic Skin for Intelligent Diagnosis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:49945-49956. [PMID: 33090758 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c12440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Current wearable sensors are fabricated with substrates, which limits the comfort, flexibility, stretchability, and induces interface mismatch. In addition, the substrate prevents the evaporation of sweat and is harmful to skin health. In this work, we have enabled the substrate-free laser scribed graphene (SFG) electronic skin (e-skin) with multifunctions. Compared with the e-skin with the substrate, the SFG has good gas permeability, low impedance, and flexibility. Only assisted using water, the SFG can be transferred to almost any objects including silicon and human skin and it can even be suspended. Many through-holes like stomas in leaf can be formed in the SFG, which make it breathable. After designing the pattern, the gauge factor (GF) of graphene electronic skin (GES) can be designed as the strain sensor. Physiological signals such as respiration, human motion, and electrocardiogram (ECG) can be detected. Moreover, the suspended SFG detect vibrations with high sensitivity. Due to the substrate-free structure, the impedance between SFG e-skin and the human body decreases greatly. Finally, an ECG detecting system has been designed based on the GES, which can monitor the body condition in real time. To analyze the ECG signals automatically, a convolutional neural network (CNN) was built and trained successfully. This work has high potential in the field of health telemonitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yancong Qiao
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaoshi Li
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jinming Jian
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qi Wu
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuhong Wei
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hua Shuai
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics, The Ohio State University, 191 West Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Thomas Hirtz
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yao Zhi
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ge Deng
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yunfan Wang
- Institute of Electronics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Guangyang Gou
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiandong Xu
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tianrui Cui
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - He Tian
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tian-Ling Ren
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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18
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Wu Q, Qiao Y, Guo R, Naveed S, Hirtz T, Li X, Fu Y, Wei Y, Deng G, Yang Y, Wu X, Ren TL. Triode-Mimicking Graphene Pressure Sensor with Positive Resistance Variation for Physiology and Motion Monitoring. ACS NANO 2020; 14:10104-10114. [PMID: 32667779 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c03294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The flexible pressure sensor is one of the essential components of the wearable device, which is a critical solution to the applications of artificial intelligence and human-computer interactions in the future. Due to its simple manufacturing process and measurement methods, research related to piezoresistive mechanical sensors is booming, and those sensors are already widely used in industry. However, existing pressure sensors are almost all based on negative resistance variations, making it difficult to reach a balance between the sensitivity and the detection range. Here, we demonstrated a low-cost flexible pressure sensor with a positive resistance-pressure response based on laser scribing graphene. The sensor can be customized and modulated to achieve both an ultrahigh sensitivity and a broad detection range. Furthermore, the device possesses the signal amplification property like a mechanical triode under the external pressure bias. Based on its amplification ability, varieties of physiological signals and human movements have been detected using our devices; then, an integrated gait monitoring system has been realized. The reported positive graphene pressure sensor has outstanding capability, showing a wide application range such as intelligent perception, an interactive device, and real-time health/motion monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wu
- Institute of Microelectronics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yancong Qiao
- Institute of Microelectronics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Rui Guo
- Institute of Microelectronics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shayan Naveed
- Institute of Microelectronics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Thomas Hirtz
- Institute of Microelectronics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaoshi Li
- Institute of Microelectronics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yixin Fu
- Department of Electronic and Communication Engineering, Beijing Electronic Science and Technology Institute, Beijing 100070, China
| | - Yuhong Wei
- Institute of Microelectronics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ge Deng
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Institute of Microelectronics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaoming Wu
- Institute of Microelectronics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tian-Ling Ren
- Institute of Microelectronics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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19
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Zhang Q, Ji C, Lv L, Zhao D, Ji J, Zhuo K, Yuan Z, Zhang W, Sang S. A Flexible, Acoustic Localized Sensor with Mass Block-Beam Structure Based on Polydimethylsiloxane-Silver Nanowires. Soft Robot 2020; 8:352-363. [PMID: 32668191 DOI: 10.1089/soro.2020.0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The flexible strain sensor is a fast-moving technology and has been used in many fields. The array design and application based on flexible strain sensors have been the current research hotspots. However, there are few reports on research of acoustic positioning using the flexible sensor array. Herein, we designed and realized the consistent fabrication of a thin-film, acoustic sensor array. The acoustic sensing research of the sensor was demonstrated as well. We used a convenient fabrication method to design a flexible acoustic sensor using silver nanowires coated on a thin polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) film with mass block-beam structure. The acoustic sensor can record sound within a frequency domain of 20-2000 Hz and volume detection range of 83-108 dB. The sensor's resonance frequency is 380 Hz, horizontal distance sound detection limit is 5 cm, and vertical detection limit is 3.5 cm. We also achieved 360° azimuth detection in two-dimensional space with a detection accuracy of 15°. In three-dimensional space, the flexible acoustic sensor array was designed with two flexible acoustic sensors to detect the position of the sound source. This research first proposes the use of flexible acoustic sensors to test the sound source orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- MicroNano System Research Center, Key Laboratory of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control Systems of the Ministry of Education and Shanxi Province, College of Information and Computer Science, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Chao Ji
- MicroNano System Research Center, Key Laboratory of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control Systems of the Ministry of Education and Shanxi Province, College of Information and Computer Science, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Licheng Lv
- MicroNano System Research Center, Key Laboratory of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control Systems of the Ministry of Education and Shanxi Province, College of Information and Computer Science, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Dong Zhao
- MicroNano System Research Center, Key Laboratory of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control Systems of the Ministry of Education and Shanxi Province, College of Information and Computer Science, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jianlong Ji
- MicroNano System Research Center, Key Laboratory of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control Systems of the Ministry of Education and Shanxi Province, College of Information and Computer Science, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Kai Zhuo
- MicroNano System Research Center, Key Laboratory of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control Systems of the Ministry of Education and Shanxi Province, College of Information and Computer Science, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zhongyun Yuan
- MicroNano System Research Center, Key Laboratory of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control Systems of the Ministry of Education and Shanxi Province, College of Information and Computer Science, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Wendong Zhang
- MicroNano System Research Center, Key Laboratory of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control Systems of the Ministry of Education and Shanxi Province, College of Information and Computer Science, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Shengbo Sang
- MicroNano System Research Center, Key Laboratory of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control Systems of the Ministry of Education and Shanxi Province, College of Information and Computer Science, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China
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20
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Lv Z, Liu J, Yang X, Fan D, Cao J, Luo Y, Zhang X. Naturally Derived Wearable Strain Sensors with Enhanced Mechanical Properties and High Sensitivity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:22163-22169. [PMID: 32323980 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c04341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Flexible strain sensors are of great interest for future applications in the next-generation wearable electronic devices. However, most of the existing flexible sensors are based on synthetic polymer materials with limitations in biocompatibility and biodegradability, which may lead to potential environmental pollution. Here, we propose a naturally derived wearable strain sensor based on natural-sourced materials including milk protein fabric, natural rubber, tannic, and vitamin C. The obtained sensors exhibit remarkably enhanced mechanical properties and high sensitivity contrast to currently reported natural resource-based sensors, owing to the metal-ligand interface design and the construction of an organized three-dimensional conductive network, which well fit the requirements of electronic skin. This work represents an important advance toward the fabrication of naturally derived high-performance strain sensors and expanding possibilities in the design of environmental-friendly soft actuators, artificial muscle, and other wearable electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Lv
- Agricultural Products Processing Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical, Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Zhanjiang 524001, China
| | - Jize Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Dongyang Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jie Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yongyue Luo
- Agricultural Products Processing Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical, Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Zhanjiang 524001, China
| | - Xinxing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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21
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22
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Kedambaimoole V, Kumar N, Shirhatti V, Nuthalapati S, Nayak MM, Konandur R. Electric Spark Induced Instantaneous and Selective Reduction of Graphene Oxide on Textile for Wearable Electronics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:15527-15537. [PMID: 32164405 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b22497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) attracts great popularity as an alternative to pristine graphene because of the facile synthesis process of its precursor, graphene oxide (GO). Electrical conduction of GO is tunable, subject to the extent of reduction of oxygen functional groups in it. This work for the first time demonstrates rapid reduction of GO using spark at ambient conditions. A stream of spark generated by applying high electric potential across two electrodes, when passed through a film of GO deposited on a porous substrate, reduces it into rGO. Upon sparking, the electrical resistance of the GO film drops down by an order of six within a second, making the reduction process instantaneous. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman spectra of spark-reduced graphene oxide (SrGO) films revealed a high C/O ratio with an increase in the domain of sp2-hybridized carbon. The electromechanical properties of SrGO were practically examined by testing it as a flex sensor by incorporating its films with commercially available gloves. It showed high sensitivity for bending and good repeatability while offering an easy route for textile integration, making an impactful statement about the potential of sparking as a cost-effective method to reduce GO on a large scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishakh Kedambaimoole
- Department of Instrumentation and Applied Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Neelotpala Kumar
- Department of Instrumentation and Applied Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Vijay Shirhatti
- Department of Instrumentation and Applied Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Suresh Nuthalapati
- Department of Instrumentation and Applied Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | | | - Rajanna Konandur
- Department of Instrumentation and Applied Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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23
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You R, Liu YQ, Hao YL, Han DD, Zhang YL, You Z. Laser Fabrication of Graphene-Based Flexible Electronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1901981. [PMID: 31441164 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201901981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed the rise of graphene and its applications in various electronic devices. Specifically, featuring excellent flexibility, transparency, conductivity, and mechanical robustness, graphene has emerged as a versatile material for flexible electronics. In the past decade, facilitated by various laser processing technologies, including the laser-treatment-induced photoreduction of graphene oxides, flexible patterning, hierarchical structuring, heteroatom doping, controllable thinning, etching, and shock of graphene, along with laser-induced graphene on polyimide, graphene has found broad applications in a wide range of electronic devices, such as power generators, supercapacitors, optoelectronic devices, sensors, and actuators. Here, the recent advancements in the laser fabrication of graphene-based flexible electronic devices are comprehensively summarized. The various laser fabrication technologies that have been employed for the preparation, processing, and modification of graphene and its derivatives are reviewed. A thorough overview of typical laser-enabled flexible electronic devices that are based on various graphene sources is presented. With the rapid progress that has been made in the research on graphene preparation methodologies and laser micronanofabrication technologies, graphene-based electronics may soon undergo fast development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui You
- Institute of Microelectronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yu-Qing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Yi-Long Hao
- Institute of Microelectronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Dong-Dong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Yong-Lai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Zheng You
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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Pang Y, Yang Z, Yang Y, Ren TL. Wearable Electronics Based on 2D Materials for Human Physiological Information Detection. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1901124. [PMID: 31364311 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201901124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Recently, advancement in materials production, device fabrication, and flexible circuit has led to the huge prosperity of wearable electronics for human healthcare monitoring and medical diagnosis. Particularly, with the emergence of 2D materials many merits including light weight, high stretchability, excellent biocompatibility, and high performance are used for those potential applications. Thus, it is urgent to review the wearable electronics based on 2D materials for the detection of various human signals. In this work, the typical graphene-based materials, transition-metal dichalcogenides, and transition metal carbides or carbonitrides used for the wearable electronics are discussed. To well understand the human physiological information, it is divided into two dominated categories, namely, the human physical and the human chemical signals. The monitoring of body temperature, electrograms, subtle signals, and limb motions is described for the physical signals while the detection of body fluid including sweat, breathing gas, and saliva is reviewed for the chemical signals. Recent progress and development toward those specific utilizations are highlighted in the Review with the representative examples. The future outlook of wearable healthcare techniques is briefly discussed for their commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Pang
- Institute of Microelectronics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Institute of Microelectronics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Institute of Microelectronics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Tian-Ling Ren
- Institute of Microelectronics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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Yang L, Wei J, Ma Z, Song P, Ma J, Zhao Y, Huang Z, Zhang M, Yang F, Wang X. The Fabrication of Micro/Nano Structures by Laser Machining. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E1789. [PMID: 31888222 PMCID: PMC6956144 DOI: 10.3390/nano9121789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Micro/nano structures have unique optical, electrical, magnetic, and thermal properties. Studies on the preparation of micro/nano structures are of considerable research value and broad development prospects. Several micro/nano structure preparation techniques have already been developed, such as photolithography, electron beam lithography, focused ion beam techniques, nanoimprint techniques. However, the available geometries directly implemented by those means are limited to the 2D mode. Laser machining, a new technology for micro/nano structural preparation, has received great attention in recent years for its wide application to almost all types of materials through a scalable, one-step method, and its unique 3D processing capabilities, high manufacturing resolution and high designability. In addition, micro/nano structures prepared by laser machining have a wide range of applications in photonics, Surface plasma resonance, optoelectronics, biochemical sensing, micro/nanofluidics, photofluidics, biomedical, and associated fields. In this paper, updated achievements of laser-assisted fabrication of micro/nano structures are reviewed and summarized. It focuses on the researchers' findings, and analyzes materials, morphology, possible applications and laser machining of micro/nano structures in detail. Seven kinds of materials are generalized, including metal, organics or polymers, semiconductors, glass, oxides, carbon materials, and piezoelectric materials. In the end, further prospects to the future of laser machining are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Yang
- Engineering Research Center for Semiconductor Integrated Technology, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China; (L.Y.); (J.W.); (Z.M.); (P.S.); (J.M.); (Y.Z.); (Z.H.); (M.Z.); (F.Y.)
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiangtao Wei
- Engineering Research Center for Semiconductor Integrated Technology, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China; (L.Y.); (J.W.); (Z.M.); (P.S.); (J.M.); (Y.Z.); (Z.H.); (M.Z.); (F.Y.)
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhe Ma
- Engineering Research Center for Semiconductor Integrated Technology, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China; (L.Y.); (J.W.); (Z.M.); (P.S.); (J.M.); (Y.Z.); (Z.H.); (M.Z.); (F.Y.)
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Peishuai Song
- Engineering Research Center for Semiconductor Integrated Technology, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China; (L.Y.); (J.W.); (Z.M.); (P.S.); (J.M.); (Y.Z.); (Z.H.); (M.Z.); (F.Y.)
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jing Ma
- Engineering Research Center for Semiconductor Integrated Technology, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China; (L.Y.); (J.W.); (Z.M.); (P.S.); (J.M.); (Y.Z.); (Z.H.); (M.Z.); (F.Y.)
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yongqiang Zhao
- Engineering Research Center for Semiconductor Integrated Technology, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China; (L.Y.); (J.W.); (Z.M.); (P.S.); (J.M.); (Y.Z.); (Z.H.); (M.Z.); (F.Y.)
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhen Huang
- Engineering Research Center for Semiconductor Integrated Technology, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China; (L.Y.); (J.W.); (Z.M.); (P.S.); (J.M.); (Y.Z.); (Z.H.); (M.Z.); (F.Y.)
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mingliang Zhang
- Engineering Research Center for Semiconductor Integrated Technology, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China; (L.Y.); (J.W.); (Z.M.); (P.S.); (J.M.); (Y.Z.); (Z.H.); (M.Z.); (F.Y.)
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fuhua Yang
- Engineering Research Center for Semiconductor Integrated Technology, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China; (L.Y.); (J.W.); (Z.M.); (P.S.); (J.M.); (Y.Z.); (Z.H.); (M.Z.); (F.Y.)
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Science, Beijing 100193, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Semiconductor Micro-Nano Integrated Technology, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Engineering Research Center for Semiconductor Integrated Technology, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China; (L.Y.); (J.W.); (Z.M.); (P.S.); (J.M.); (Y.Z.); (Z.H.); (M.Z.); (F.Y.)
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Science, Beijing 100193, China
- School of Microelectronics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Semiconductor Micro-Nano Integrated Technology, Beijing 100083, China
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Yu H, Lian Y, Sun T, Yang X, Wang Y, Xie G, Du X, Gou J, Li W, Tai H. Two-Sided Topological Architecture on a Monolithic Flexible Substrate for Ultrasensitive Strain Sensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:43543-43552. [PMID: 31657198 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b14476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Flexible ultrasensitive strain sensors are highly desirable in view of their widespread applications in wearable electronics, health monitoring systems, and smart robots, where subtle strain detection is required. However, traditional fabrication of such sensors was done to prepare sensitive layers on bare or single-sided structural substrates, leading to limited sensitivity. Herein, a stretchable resistive-type strain sensor was demonstrated by self-assembling conductive networks onto a monolithic polydimethylsiloxane substrate with a two-sided topological design, for example, a sinusoid/auxetic binary architecture. The sensitivity of the obtained sensor was greatly improved by 22-fold as compared to the traditional counterpart with a bare substrate. The remarkably good agreement between the experimental results and finite element analysis predictions confirmed that the superior sensitivity is a synergistic effect of local strain enhancement derived from the topological structure on the foreside and an additional strain concentration and a reduced Poisson's ratio from the auxetic arrays on the backside. Furthermore, this sensor can withstand an extreme mechanical force (>750 N) because of the shear stiffening characteristic of the auxetic structure. Benefiting from the characteristics of ultrahigh sensitivity (gauge factor ∼1744 at 5%), low detection limit (<0.05%), and long-term durability (>500 loading cycles), this as-prepared sensor shows promise in practical applications of high-performance wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Flims and Intergrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Information , University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC) , 610054 Chengdu , Sichuan , P. R. China
| | - Yunlu Lian
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Flims and Intergrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Information , University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC) , 610054 Chengdu , Sichuan , P. R. China
| | - Teng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Flims and Intergrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Information , University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC) , 610054 Chengdu , Sichuan , P. R. China
| | - Xiaonan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Flims and Intergrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Information , University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC) , 610054 Chengdu , Sichuan , P. R. China
| | - Yang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Flims and Intergrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Information , University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC) , 610054 Chengdu , Sichuan , P. R. China
| | - Guangzhong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Flims and Intergrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Information , University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC) , 610054 Chengdu , Sichuan , P. R. China
| | - Xiaosong Du
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Flims and Intergrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Information , University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC) , 610054 Chengdu , Sichuan , P. R. China
| | - Jun Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Flims and Intergrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Information , University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC) , 610054 Chengdu , Sichuan , P. R. China
| | - Weizhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Flims and Intergrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Information , University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC) , 610054 Chengdu , Sichuan , P. R. China
| | - Huiling Tai
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Flims and Intergrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Information , University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC) , 610054 Chengdu , Sichuan , P. R. China
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Qiao Y, Li X, Hirtz T, Deng G, Wei Y, Li M, Ji S, Wu Q, Jian J, Wu F, Shen Y, Tian H, Yang Y, Ren TL. Graphene-based wearable sensors. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:18923-18945. [PMID: 31532436 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr05532k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The human body is a "delicate machine" full of sensors such as the fingers, nose, and mouth. In addition, numerous physiological signals are being created every moment, which can reflect the condition of the body. The quality and the quantity of the physiological signals are important for diagnoses and the execution of therapies. Due to the incompact interface between the sensors and the skin, the signals obtained by commercial rigid sensors do not bond well with the body; this decreases the quality of the signal. To increase the quantity of the data, it is important to detect physiological signals in real time during daily life. In recent years, there has been an obvious trend of applying graphene devices with excellent performance (flexibility, biocompatibility, and electronic characters) in wearable systems. In this review, we will first provide an introduction about the different methods of synthesis of graphene, and then techniques for graphene patterning will be outlined. Moreover, wearable graphene sensors to detect mechanical, electrophysiological, fluid, and gas signals will be introduced. Finally, the challenges and prospects of wearable graphene devices will be discussed. Wearable graphene sensors can improve the quality and quantity of the physiological signals and have great potential for health-care and telemedicine in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yancong Qiao
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Xiaoshi Li
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Thomas Hirtz
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Ge Deng
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Yuhong Wei
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Mingrui Li
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Shourui Ji
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China. and School of Aerospace Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qi Wu
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Jinming Jian
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Fan Wu
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Yang Shen
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - He Tian
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Yi Yang
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Tian-Ling Ren
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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28
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Sun H, Dai K, Zhai W, Zhou Y, Li J, Zheng G, Li B, Liu C, Shen C. A Highly Sensitive and Stretchable Yarn Strain Sensor for Human Motion Tracking Utilizing a Wrinkle-Assisted Crack Structure. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:36052-36062. [PMID: 31498581 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b09229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
With the booming development of flexible electronics, the need for a multifunctional and high-performance strain sensor has become increasingly important. Although significant progress has been made in designing new microstructures with sensing capabilities, the tradeoff between sensitivity and workable strain range has prevented the development of a strain sensor that is both highly sensitive and also stretchable. Here, a wrinkle-assisted crack microstructure is designed and fabricated via prestretching the multiwalled carbon nanotubes ink (CNTs ink)/polyurethane yarn (PU yarn). This designed structure originates from the mismatch in Young's modulus and elasticity between the CNTs ink and PU yarn during the stretching process. The structure endows the sensor with combined characteristics of a high sensitivity toward stretching strain (gauge factor of 1344.1 at 200% strain), an ultralow limit of detection (<0.1% strain), excellent durability (>10 000 cycles), a wide workable strain range (0-200%), and outstanding response and stability toward bending deformation. This high-performance strain sensor will see widespread improved performance across applications such as intelligent fabrics, electrical skins, and fatigue detection for full-range human motion monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongling Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold, Ministry of Education; Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application; National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001 , China
| | - Kun Dai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold, Ministry of Education; Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application; National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001 , China
| | - Wei Zhai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold, Ministry of Education; Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application; National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001 , China
| | - Yujie Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold, Ministry of Education; Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application; National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001 , China
| | - Jianwei Li
- Henan Building Materials Research and Design Institute Co., Ltd , Zhengzhou 450001 , China
| | - Guoqiang Zheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold, Ministry of Education; Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application; National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001 , China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Villanova University , Villanova , Pennsylvania 19085 , United States
| | - Chuntai Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold, Ministry of Education; Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application; National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001 , China
| | - Changyu Shen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold, Ministry of Education; Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application; National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001 , China
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Liu YQ, Chen ZD, Mao JW, Han DD, Sun X. Laser Fabrication of Graphene-Based Electronic Skin. Front Chem 2019; 7:461. [PMID: 31316971 PMCID: PMC6610329 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphene is promising for developing soft and flexible electronic skin. However, technologies for graphene processing is still at an early stage, which limits the applications of graphene in advanced electronics. Laser processing technologies permits mask-free and chemical-free patterning of graphene, revealing the potential for developing graphene-based electronics. In this minireview, we overviewed and summarized the recent progresses of laser enabled graphene-based electronic skins. Two typical strategies, laser reduction of graphene oxide (GO) and laser induced graphene (LIG) on polyimide (PI), have been introduced toward the fabrication of graphene electronic skins. The advancement of laser processing technology would push forward the rapid progress of graphene electronic skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Qing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhao-Di Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiang-Wei Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Dong-Dong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoying Sun
- College of Communication Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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30
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Kamat AM, Pei Y, Kottapalli AGP. Bioinspired Cilia Sensors with Graphene Sensing Elements Fabricated Using 3D Printing and Casting. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9070954. [PMID: 31262009 PMCID: PMC6669618 DOI: 10.3390/nano9070954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Sensor designs found in nature are optimal due to their evolution over millions of years, making them well-suited for sensing applications. However, replicating these complex, three-dimensional (3D), biomimetic designs in artificial and flexible sensors using conventional techniques such as lithography is challenging. In this paper, we introduce a new processing paradigm for the simplified fabrication of flexible sensors featuring complex and bioinspired structures. The proposed fabrication workflow entailed 3D-printing a metallic mold with complex and intricate 3D features such as a micropillar and a microchannel, casting polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) inside the mold to obtain the desired structure, and drop-casting piezoresistive graphene nanoplatelets into the predesigned microchannel to form a flexible strain gauge. The graphene-on-PDMS strain gauge showed a high gauge factor of 37 as measured via cyclical tension-compression tests. The processing workflow was used to fabricate a flow sensor inspired by hair-like ‘cilia’ sensors found in nature, which comprised a cilia-inspired pillar and a cantilever with a microchannel that housed the graphene strain gauge. The sensor showed good sensitivity against both tactile and water flow stimuli, with detection thresholds as low as 12 µm in the former and 58 mm/s in the latter, demonstrating the feasibility of our method in developing flexible flow sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amar M Kamat
- Advanced Production Engineering Group, Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yutao Pei
- Advanced Production Engineering Group, Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Ajay G P Kottapalli
- Advanced Production Engineering Group, Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- MIT Sea Grant College Program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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31
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Zhao L, Qiang F, Dai SW, Shen SC, Huang YZ, Huang NJ, Zhang GD, Guan LZ, Gao JF, Song YH, Tang LC. Construction of sandwich-like porous structure of graphene-coated foam composites for ultrasensitive and flexible pressure sensors. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:10229-10238. [PMID: 31049502 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr02672j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasensitive and flexible pressure sensors that can perceive and respond to environmental stimuli have attracted considerable attention due to their potential applications in wearable electronics and electronic skin devices. Here, we report a simple and low-cost strategy to fabricate high-performance pressure sensors via constructing a unique conductive/insulating/conductive sandwich-like porous structure (SPS). Interpenetration of the conductive graphene network throughout the porous insulating interlayer produces a highly efficient transition from the non-conductive to the conductive state. Consequently, the SPS sensors exhibit an extreme resistance-switching behavior (resistance change of >105 at 30 kPa), high sensitivity (∼0.67 kPa-1, <1.5 kPa), fast response/recovery time (∼10 and ∼16 ms) and outstanding mechanical stability. Such SPS pressure sensors are applicable for detecting various mechanical deformation modes (press, bend and torsion) and different stress/strain levels (from gait feature, finger/wrist/elbow movement to breathing monitoring and real-time pulse wave), providing a new concept of device design for wearable electronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, PR China.
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32
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Yin F, Yang J, Ji P, Peng H, Tang Y, Yuan W. Bioinspired Pretextured Reduced Graphene Oxide Patterns with Multiscale Topographies for High-Performance Mechanosensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:18645-18653. [PMID: 31042350 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b04509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Highly sensitive mechanical sensing is vital for the emerging field of skin mimicry and wearable healthcare systems. To date, it remains a big challenge to fabricate mechanosensors with both high sensitivity and a wide sensing range. In nature, slit sensilla are crack-shaped sensory organs of arachnids, which are highly sensitive to tiny external mechanical stimuli. Here, inspired by the geometry of slit sensilla, a concept is developed that pretextures reduced graphene oxide (RGO) nanocoating into multiscale topographies with agminated crumples and interlaced cracks (crumpled & cracked RGO) through an efficient and scalable mechanically driven process. Both the sensitivity and the workable range can be facilely tuned by adjusting the crack density. The resulting mechanosensor exhibits a comprehensive superior performance including high sensitivity (a gauge factor of 205 to 3256), a wide and tunable sensing range (from 0-40 to 0-180%), long-term stability (over 5000 cycles), and multiple sensing functions. Based on its excellent performances, the mechanosensor can be used as a wearable electronic to in situ monitor subtle physiological signals and vigorous body actions. The rationally designed crumpled & cracked RGO provides a promising platform for artificial electronic skin and portable healthcare systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuxing Yin
- School of Materials Science & Engineering and Research Institute for Energy Equipment Materials , Hebei University of Technology , Tianjin 300130 , China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Materials Laminating Fabrication and Interface Control Technology , Tianjin 300130 , China
| | - Jinzheng Yang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering and Research Institute for Energy Equipment Materials , Hebei University of Technology , Tianjin 300130 , China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Materials Laminating Fabrication and Interface Control Technology , Tianjin 300130 , China
| | - Puguang Ji
- School of Materials Science & Engineering and Research Institute for Energy Equipment Materials , Hebei University of Technology , Tianjin 300130 , China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Materials Laminating Fabrication and Interface Control Technology , Tianjin 300130 , China
| | - Huifen Peng
- School of Materials Science & Engineering and Research Institute for Energy Equipment Materials , Hebei University of Technology , Tianjin 300130 , China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Materials Laminating Fabrication and Interface Control Technology , Tianjin 300130 , China
| | - Yanting Tang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering and Research Institute for Energy Equipment Materials , Hebei University of Technology , Tianjin 300130 , China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Materials Laminating Fabrication and Interface Control Technology , Tianjin 300130 , China
| | - Wenjing Yuan
- School of Materials Science & Engineering and Research Institute for Energy Equipment Materials , Hebei University of Technology , Tianjin 300130 , China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Materials Laminating Fabrication and Interface Control Technology , Tianjin 300130 , China
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A Multifunctional Wearable Device with a Graphene/Silver Nanowire Nanocomposite for Highly Sensitive Strain Sensing and Drug Delivery. C — JOURNAL OF CARBON RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/c5020017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Advances in wearable, highly sensitive and multifunctional strain sensors open up new opportunities for the development of wearable human interface devices for various applications such as health monitoring, smart robotics and wearable therapy. Herein, we present a simple and cost-effective method to fabricate a multifunctional strain sensor consisting of a skin-mountable dry adhesive substrate, a robust sensing component and a transdermal drug delivery system. The sensor has high piezoresisitivity to monitor real-time signals from finger bending to ulnar pulse. A transdermal drug delivery system consisting of polylactic-co-glycolic acid nanoparticles and a chitosan matrix is integrated into the sensor and is able to release the nanoparticles into the stratum corneum at a depth of ~60 µm. Our approach to the design of multifunctional strain sensors will lead to the development of cost-effective and well-integrated multifunctional wearable devices.
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Ma J, Wang P, Chen H, Bao S, Chen W, Lu H. Highly Sensitive and Large-Range Strain Sensor with a Self-Compensated Two-Order Structure for Human Motion Detection. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:8527-8536. [PMID: 30730127 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b20902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Constructing flexible, high-sensitivity strain sensors with large working ranges is an urgent task in view of their widespread applications, including human health monitoring. Herein, we propose a self-compensated two-order structure strategy to significantly enhance the sensitivity and workable range of strain sensors. Three-dimensional printing was employed to construct highly stretchable, conductive polymer composite open meshes, in which the percolation network of graphene sheets constitutes a deformable conductive path. Meanwhile, the graphene layer coated on the open mesh provides an additional conductive path that can compensate spontaneously for the conductivity loss of the percolation network at large strains, through new conductive paths formed by the graphene sheets in the coating layer and the inner networks. At strains lower than 20%, the sliding and disconnection of graphene sheets coated on the mesh surface largely enhance the sensitivity of the sensor, a 20 times increase as opposed to that of the non-two-order structure sensor. The resulting sensor reveals high gauge factors (from 18.5 to 88 443) in a strain range of 0-350% and the exceptional capability to monitor a wide range of human motions, from the subtle pulse, acoustic vibration to breathing and arm bending.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Polymers and Polymer Composites , Fudan University , 2005 Songhu Road , Shanghai 200438 , China
| | - Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Polymers and Polymer Composites , Fudan University , 2005 Songhu Road , Shanghai 200438 , China
| | - Hongyu Chen
- Department of Industrial Design , Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven 5600 MB , The Netherlands
| | - Shenjie Bao
- Center for Intelligent Medical Electronics, School of Information Science and Technology , Fudan University , 220 Han Dan Road , Shanghai 200433 , China
| | - Wei Chen
- Center for Intelligent Medical Electronics, School of Information Science and Technology , Fudan University , 220 Han Dan Road , Shanghai 200433 , China
| | - Hongbin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Polymers and Polymer Composites , Fudan University , 2005 Songhu Road , Shanghai 200438 , China
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Gao J, Wang X, Zhai W, Liu H, Zheng G, Dai K, Mi L, Liu C, Shen C. Ultrastretchable Multilayered Fiber with a Hollow-Monolith Structure for High-Performance Strain Sensor. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:34592-34603. [PMID: 30226365 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b11527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
As a crucial component of data terminal acquisition devices, flexible strain sensor has shown promising applications in numerous fields, such as healthcare, bodynet, the intelligent traffic system, and the robotic system. For stretchable strain sensor, it remains a huge challenge to realize a fine balance of wide detection range and high sensitivity. Here, an electrically conductive carbon nanotube/thermoplastic polyurethane fiber with a multilayered, hollow, and monolith structure, accompanying high stretchability (up to 476% strain) and low density (about 0.46 g/cm3) is fabricated through a facile coaxial wet-spun assembly strategy. The as-prepared fibers with a designed independent sensitive zone and flexible supporting zone possess an ultralow percolation threshold (0.17 wt %) and a tunable size and structure. This structure endows the fiber with a good integration of adequate flexibility, suitable strength, and high elongation at break for wearable electronics. The fiber, which is then assembled as a strain sensor, realizes the perfect combination of the wide sensing range (>350% strain), high sensitivity (gauge factor (GF) = 166.7 at 350% strain), and excellent working durability (>10 000 cycles). Our sensor could also detect small compressing deformations (0.35% N-1 at 0.025-50 N) by capturing the resistance change of the fiber with superior stability. The highly stretchable, light weight, and multilayered fiber with the designed hollow-monolith structure provides a new route for the preparation of high-performance wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachen Gao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Mold of Ministry of Education , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001 , P. R. China
| | - Xiaozheng Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Mold of Ministry of Education , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001 , P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Mold of Ministry of Education , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001 , P. R. China
| | - Hu Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Mold of Ministry of Education , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001 , P. R. China
| | - Guoqiang Zheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Mold of Ministry of Education , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001 , P. R. China
| | - Kun Dai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Mold of Ministry of Education , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001 , P. R. China
| | - Liwei Mi
- Center for Advanced Materials Research, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering , Zhongyuan University of Technology , Zhengzhou 450007 , P. R. China
| | - Chuntai Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Mold of Ministry of Education , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001 , P. R. China
| | - Changyu Shen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Mold of Ministry of Education , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001 , P. R. China
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Yang Z, Pang Y, Han XL, Yang Y, Ling J, Jian M, Zhang Y, Yang Y, Ren TL. Graphene Textile Strain Sensor with Negative Resistance Variation for Human Motion Detection. ACS NANO 2018; 12:9134-9141. [PMID: 30134097 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b03391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Recently, wearable devices have been attracting significantly increased interest in human motion detection and human physiological signal monitoring. Currently, it is still a great challenge to fabricate strain sensors with high performance and good fit to the human body. In this work, we fabricated a close-fitting and wearable graphene textile strain sensor based on a graphene textile without polymer encapsulation. Graphene oxide acts as a colorant to dye the polyester fabric and is reduced at high temperature, which endows the graphene textile strain sensor with excellent performance. Compared with the previously reported strain sensors, our strain sensor exhibits a distinctive negative resistance variation with increasing strain. In addition, the sensor also demonstrates fascinating performance, including high sensitivity, long-term stability, and great comfort. Based on its superior performance, the graphene textile strain sensor can be knitted on clothing for detecting both subtle and large human motions, showing the tremendous potential for applications in wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yang
- Institute of Microelectronics , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist) , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Yu Pang
- Institute of Microelectronics , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist) , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Xiao-Lin Han
- Institute of Microelectronics , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist) , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Yifan Yang
- Institute of Microelectronics , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist) , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Jiang Ling
- Institute of Microelectronics , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist) , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Muqiang Jian
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics (CNMM) , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics (CNMM) , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Yi Yang
- Institute of Microelectronics , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist) , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Tian-Ling Ren
- Institute of Microelectronics , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist) , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
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Qiao Y, Wang Y, Tian H, Li M, Jian J, Wei Y, Tian Y, Wang DY, Pang Y, Geng X, Wang X, Zhao Y, Wang H, Deng N, Jian M, Zhang Y, Liang R, Yang Y, Ren TL. Multilayer Graphene Epidermal Electronic Skin. ACS NANO 2018; 12:8839-8846. [PMID: 30040381 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b02162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Due to its excellent flexibility, graphene has an important application prospect in epidermal electronic sensors. However, there are drawbacks in current devices, such as sensitivity, range, lamination, and artistry. In this work, we have demonstrated a multilayer graphene epidermal electronic skin based on laser scribing graphene, whose patterns are programmable. A process has been developed to remove the unreduced graphene oxide. This method makes the epidermal electronic skin not only transferable to butterflies, human bodies, and any other objects inseparably and elegantly, merely with the assistance of water, but also have better sensitivity and stability. Therefore, pattern electronic skin could attach to every object like artwork. When packed in Ecoflex, electronic skin exhibits excellent performance, including ultrahigh sensitivity (gauge factor up to 673), large strain range (as high as 10%), and long-term stability. Therefore, many subtle physiological signals can be detected based on epidermal electronic skin with a single graphene line. Electronic skin with multiple graphene lines is employed to detect large-range human motion. To provide a deeper understanding of the resistance variation mechanism, a physical model is established to explain the relationship between the crack directions and electrical characteristics. These results show that graphene epidermal electronic skin has huge potential in health care and intelligent systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yancong Qiao
- Institute of Microelectronics, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist) , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Yunfan Wang
- Institute of Physics, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - He Tian
- Institute of Microelectronics, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist) , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Mingrui Li
- Institute of Physics, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Jinming Jian
- Institute of Microelectronics, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist) , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Yuhong Wei
- Institute of Microelectronics, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist) , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Ye Tian
- Institute of Microelectronics, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist) , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Dan-Yang Wang
- Institute of Microelectronics, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist) , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Yu Pang
- Institute of Microelectronics, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist) , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Xiangshun Geng
- Institute of Microelectronics, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist) , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Institute of Microelectronics, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist) , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Yunfei Zhao
- Institute of Microelectronics, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist) , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Huimin Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics (CNMM) , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Ningqin Deng
- Institute of Microelectronics, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist) , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Muqiang Jian
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics (CNMM) , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics (CNMM) , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Renrong Liang
- Institute of Microelectronics, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist) , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Yi Yang
- Institute of Microelectronics, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist) , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Tian-Ling Ren
- Institute of Microelectronics, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist) , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
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Li C, Zhang D, Deng C, Wang P, Hu Y, Bin Y, Fan Z, Pan L. High performance strain sensor based on buckypaper for full-range detection of human motions. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:14966-14975. [PMID: 30047969 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr02196a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A high-performance strain sensor based on buckypaper has been fabricated and studied. The sensor with an ultrahigh gauge factor of 20 216 can detect a maximum and a minimum strain range of 75% and 0.1%, respectively. During stretching, the strain sensor achieves a high stability and reproducibility of 10 000 cycles, and a fast response time of less than 87 ms. On the other hand, the sensor shows an excellent sensing performance upon pressure. The pressure range, pressure sensitivity and loading-unloading cycles are 0-1.68 MPa, 89.7 kPa-1 and 3000 cycles, respectively. A concept of the optimal value is utilized to evaluate the strain and pressure performances of the sensor. The optimal values of the sensor upon tensile strain and pressure are calculated to be 3.07 × 108 and 1.35 × 107, respectively, which are much higher than those of most strain and pressure sensors reported in the literature. Precise detection of full-range human motions, acoustic vibrations and even pulse waves at a small scale has been successfully demonstrated by the buckypaper-based sensor. Owning to its advantages including ultrahigh sensitivity, wide detection range and good stability, the buckypaper-based sensor suggests a great potential for applications in wearable sensors, electronic skins, micro/nano electromechanical systems, vibration sensing devices and other strain sensing devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengwei Li
- School of Physics, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Ganjingzi District, Dalian 116024, P.R. China.
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Ge G, Cai Y, Dong Q, Zhang Y, Shao J, Huang W, Dong X. A flexible pressure sensor based on rGO/polyaniline wrapped sponge with tunable sensitivity for human motion detection. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:10033-10040. [PMID: 29774921 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr02813c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
High-performance stretchable and wearable electronic skins (E-skins) with high sensitivity and a large sensing range are urgently required with the rapid development of the Internet of things and artificial intelligence. Herein, a reduced graphene oxide (rGO)/polyaniline wrapped sponge is prepared via rGO coating and the in situ synthesis of polyaniline nanowires (PANI NWs) on the backbones of sponge for the fabrication of pressure sensors. From the as-prepared flexible sensor, tunable sensitivity (0.042 to 0.152 kPa-1), wide working range (0-27 kPa), fast response (∼96 ms), high current output (∼300 μA at 1 V), frequency-dependent performance reliable repeatability (∼9000 cycle) and stable signal waveform output can be readily obtained. In addition to tiny physiological activities (voice recognition, swallowing, mouth opening, blowing and breath), robust human motions (finger bending, elbow movement and knee squatting-arising) can also be detected in real-time by the flexible sensors based on rGO/polyaniline wrapped sponge. All the results demonstrate that the flexible pressure sensor based on the functional-sponge is a promising candidate for healthcare monitoring and wearable circuitry in artificial intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Ge
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211800, China.
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40
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Deng C, Pan L, Zhang D, Li C, Nasir H. A super stretchable and sensitive strain sensor based on a carbon nanocoil network fabricated by a simple peeling-off approach. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:16404-16411. [PMID: 29057998 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr05486f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Despite the tremendous progress in wearable and smart strain sensors, it is still a challenge to develop a highly sensitive, stretchable, and low-cost sensor. Herein, a super stretchable and sensitive strain sensor fabricated by a simple peeling-off approach is reported. The strain sensor is prepared by peeling off a thin as-grown carbon nanocoil (CNC) film from a substrate using a stretchable polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) film or a flexible adhesive tape. Herein, we took advantage of the spring-like morphology and the original network of the CNCs. The sensor is used to detect pressure, tension, and bend. The strain range and maximum real-time gauge factor reach 260% and 190, respectively, with a rapid response time (less than 12 ms). The contrary resistance responses under tension and bend make it possible to distinguish the direction and type of strain. The sensor is used to monitor a strain over a wide range, from human pulse to the impact of a 0.9 kg weight. The high sensitivity and stretchability, easy and cheap fabrication, and effective interaction with human motions suggest the great potential applications of this sensor in wearable strain sensors and smart systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghao Deng
- School of Physics, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Ganjingzi District, Dalian 116024, PR China.
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Zhang TY, Zhao HM, Wang DY, Wang Q, Pang Y, Deng NQ, Cao HW, Yang Y, Ren TL. A super flexible and custom-shaped graphene heater. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:14357-14363. [PMID: 28726939 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr02219k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we fabricate a graphene film heater through laser reduction on graphene oxide, which is a two-step process. The electrothermal performance of the graphene heater can be adjusted by the laser energy density. While the applied voltage is 18 V, the graphene heater reaches a steady-state temperature of 247.3 °C within 20 s. After the graphene heater is folded in half 100 times, its output temperature remains to be precisely controlled by the input power and the temperature distribution is uniform. In addition, the flexibility of the graphene heater is superior to a heater based on a commercial indium tin oxide film. It's worth noting that the graphene heater can be fabricated with desired shapes directly and easily, which is rare among the reported film heaters. In consideration of the high performance of the graphene film heater, we demonstrate its three application scenarios: portable warmers applied in medical infusion apparatus, flexible custom-shaped heaters for special requirements and displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Yu Zhang
- Institute of Microelectronics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Ma Y, Yu M, Liu J, Li X, Li S. Ultralight Interconnected Graphene-Amorphous Carbon Hierarchical Foam with Mechanical Resiliency for High Sensitivity and Durable Strain Sensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:27127-27134. [PMID: 28741351 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b05636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Ultralight graphene-amorphous carbon (AC) hierarchical foam (G-ACHF) was synthesized by chemical vapor deposition at 1065 °C, close to the melting point of copper. The high temperature leads to the hierarchical structure with an inner layer of graphene and an outer layer of AC. The inner graphene layer with high conductivity and integrity provides high sensitivity. The outer AC layer helps to enhance its durability and mechanical resiliency. The hierarchical structure recovers without damaging the structural integrity after a large strain of 90%. The electrical resistance of G-ACHF remains stable after 200 cycles of compression to a strain level of 50%. The fluctuation of the resistance value remains within ±3%, showing its stability in sensing performance. The pressure sensitivity of G-ACHF reaches as high as ∼11.47 Pa-1. Finite element simulation reveals that the stress borne by the key position of G-ACHF is 47% lower than that of graphene foam without the AC layer, proving that the AC layer can disperse the stress effectively. With a very low density of 1.17 × 10-3 g cm-1, the reversibly compressible G-ACHF strain sensor material exhibits its promising application potential in lightweight and wearable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiao Ma
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University , No. 37 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Mei Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University , No. 37 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jianhua Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University , No. 37 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xinjie Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University , No. 37 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Songmei Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University , No. 37 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
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