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Shi H, Zhang J, Li X, He J, Sun Y, Wu J, Du Y. Thianthrene/TfOH-catalyzed electrophilic halogenations using N-halosuccinimides as the halogen source. Chem Sci 2024; 15:13058-13067. [PMID: 39148788 PMCID: PMC11323329 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc04461d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Organohalides are vital organic building blocks with applications spanning various fields. However, direct halogenation of certain neutral or unreactive substrates by using solely the regular halogenating reagents has proven challenging. Although various halogenation approaches via activating halogenating reagents or substrates have emerged, a catalytic system enabling broad substrate applicability and diverse halogenation types remains relatively underexplored. Inspired by the halogenation of arenes via thianthrenation of arenes, here we report that thianthrene, in combined use with trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (TfOH), could work as an effective catalytic system to activate regular halogenating reagents (NXS). This new protocol could accomplish multiple types of halogenation of organic compounds including aromatics, olefins, alkynes and ketones. The mechanism study indicated that a highly reactive electrophilic halogen thianthrenium species, formed in situ from the reaction of NXS with thianthrene in the presence of TfOH, was crucial for the efficient halogenation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haofeng Shi
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Jingran Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Xuemin Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Jiaxin He
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Yuli Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Jialiang Wu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Yunfei Du
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
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2
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Li W, Liu J, Zhou M, Ma L, Zhang M. Visible light-enabled regioselective chlorination of coumarins using CuCl 2via LMCT excitation. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:6667-6672. [PMID: 35943174 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01134d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An efficient, regioselective chlorination of coumarins using Earth-abundant and cost-effective CuCl2 under visible light irradiation is reported. A key feature of this protocol is the photocatalytic dissociation of the copper(II) complex in acetonitrile through ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) to give the chlorine atom which then selectively chlorinates the coumarin. This method can chlorinate a broad scope of coumarins with either electron-withdrawing or electron-donating substituents to regioselectively afford 3-chlorocoumarins in good to excellent yields and can be further extended to other electron-deficient heterocycles and olefins such as flavones, 8-methoxypsoralen and naphthoquinones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiming Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China.
| | - Jinshan Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China.
| | - Min Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China.
| | - Lin Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China.
| | - Min Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China.
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3
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A Convenient, Rapid, Conventional Heating Route to MIDA Boronates. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27165052. [PMID: 36014293 PMCID: PMC9414357 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A cheap, conventional, sealed heating reactor proved to be a useful alternative to a microwave reactor in the synthesis of a >20-member MIDA boronate library (MIDA = N-methyliminodiacetic acid). Reaction times were 10 min and work-ups were minimal, saving on energy and solvent usage.
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4
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Xu H, Hu L, Zhu G, Zhu Y, Wang Y, Wu ZG, Zi Y, Huang W. DABCO as a practical catalyst for aromatic halogenation with N-halosuccinimides. RSC Adv 2022; 12:7115-7119. [PMID: 35424677 PMCID: PMC8982236 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra00197g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple and practical synthetic approach for synthesis of aromatic halides is developed. Simple Lewis base, DABCO, is used as the catalyst. This arene halogenation process proceedes conveniently and efficiently at ambient conditions, providing the desired products in good to excellent yields and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Xu
- Nantong Normal College Nantong 226010 Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Lanping Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University Nantong 226019 Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Guanghua Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University Nantong 226019 Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Yueping Zhu
- Nantong Normal College Nantong 226010 Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Yang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University Nantong 226019 Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Zheng-Guang Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University Nantong 226019 Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - You Zi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University Nantong 226019 Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Weichun Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University Nantong 226019 Jiangsu P. R. China
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5
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Zhao J, Chen J, Xu Q, Li H. Synthesis of Benzoxaboroles by ortho-Oxalkylation of Arylboronic Acids with Aldehydes/Ketones in the Presence of Brønsted Acids. Org Lett 2021; 23:1986-1990. [PMID: 33646001 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Herein we describe a simple and efficient synthesis of benzoxaboroles from arylboronic acids and aldehydes or ketones in the presence of a Brønsted acid. This method greatly simplifies the starting materials and reduces the number of reaction steps. The reaction can also be accomplished with acetals and ketals. The reaction has a wide substrate scope and high practicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Jiuxi Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Qing Xu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Huan Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
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6
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Qu Z, Zhu H, Grimme S. Mechanistic Insights for Aniline‐Catalyzed Halogenation Reactions. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202000981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng‐Wang Qu
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry University of Bonn Beringstr. 4 53115 Bonn Germany
| | - Hui Zhu
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry University of Bonn Beringstr. 4 53115 Bonn Germany
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry University of Bonn Beringstr. 4 53115 Bonn Germany
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7
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Herrera-Luna JC, Sampedro D, Jiménez MC, Pérez-Ruiz R. Rapid Access to Borylated Thiophenes Enabled by Visible Light. Org Lett 2020; 22:3273-3278. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c01076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge C. Herrera-Luna
- Departamento de Química, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Diego Sampedro
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química (CISQ), Universidad de La Rioja, Madre de Dios, 53, 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - M. Consuelo Jiménez
- Departamento de Química, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Raúl Pérez-Ruiz
- Departamento de Química, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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Nishii Y, Ikeda M, Hayashi Y, Kawauchi S, Miura M. Triptycenyl Sulfide: A Practical and Active Catalyst for Electrophilic Aromatic Halogenation Using N-Halosuccinimides. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:1621-1629. [PMID: 31868360 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b12672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A Lewis base catalyst Trip-SMe (Trip = triptycenyl) for electrophilic aromatic halogenation using N-halosuccinimides (NXS) is introduced. In the presence of an appropriate activator (as a noncoordinating-anion source), a series of unactivated aromatic compounds were halogenated at ambient temperature using NXS. This catalytic system was applicable to transformations that are currently unachievable except for the use of Br2 or Cl2: e.g., multihalogenation of naphthalene, regioselective bromination of BINOL, etc. Controlled experiments revealed that the triptycenyl substituent exerts a crucial role for the catalytic activity, and kinetic experiments implied the occurrence of a sulfonium salt [Trip-S(Me)Br][SbF6] as an active species. Compared to simple dialkyl sulfides, Trip-SMe exhibited a significant charge-separated ion pair character within the halonium complex whose structural information was obtained by the single-crystal X-ray analysis. A preliminary computational study disclosed that the π system of the triptycenyl functionality is a key motif to consolidate the enhancement of electrophilicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Nishii
- Frontier Research Base for Global Young Researchers, Graduate School of Engineering , Osaka University , Suita , Osaka 565-0871 , Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Ikeda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering , Osaka University , Suita , Osaka 565-0871 , Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Hayashi
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology , Tokyo Institute of Technology , 2-12-1-E4-6 Ookayama , Meguro-ku , Tokyo 152-8552 , Japan
| | - Susumu Kawauchi
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology , Tokyo Institute of Technology , 2-12-1-E4-6 Ookayama , Meguro-ku , Tokyo 152-8552 , Japan
| | - Masahiro Miura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering , Osaka University , Suita , Osaka 565-0871 , Japan
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Boureghda C, Macé A, Berrée F, Roisnel T, Debache A, Carboni B. Ene reactions of 2-borylated α-methylstyrenes: a practical route to 4-methylenechromanes and derivatives. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:5789-5800. [PMID: 31135020 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob00963a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
4-Methylenechromanes were prepared via a three-step process from 2-borylated α-methylstyrenes. This sequence is based on a key glyoxylate-ene reaction catalyzed by scandium(iii) triflate. The resulting γ-hydroxy boronates, which cyclise to seven-membered homologues of benzoxaborole on silica gel, were cleanly oxidized with sodium perborate, and then cyclised under Mitsunobu conditions. Additionally, several further functional transformations of 4-methylenechromanes or their precursors were carried out to illustrate the synthetic potential of these intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaima Boureghda
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France.
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10
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Jo YI, Cheon CH. Total Synthesis of Phenanthroquinolizidine Alkaloids Using a Building Block Strategy. J Org Chem 2019; 84:11902-11910. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b01768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Young-In Jo
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Hong Cheon
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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11
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Baldwin AF, North R, Eisenbeis S. Trace Level Quantification of Derivatized Boronic Acids by LC/MS/MS. Org Process Res Dev 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.8b00377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron F. Baldwin
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Small Molecule †Analytical Research & Development and ‡Chemical Research & Development, Pfizer, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Robert North
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Small Molecule †Analytical Research & Development and ‡Chemical Research & Development, Pfizer, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Shane Eisenbeis
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Small Molecule †Analytical Research & Development and ‡Chemical Research & Development, Pfizer, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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12
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Bel Abed H, Blum SA. Transition-Metal-Free Synthesis of Borylated Thiophenes via Formal Thioboration. Org Lett 2018; 20:6673-6677. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b02727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hassen Bel Abed
- Department of Chemistry, University of California—Irvine, Irvine, California 92617-2025, United States
| | - Suzanne A. Blum
- Department of Chemistry, University of California—Irvine, Irvine, California 92617-2025, United States
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13
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Trobe M, Burke MD. The Molecular Industrial Revolution: Automated Synthesis of Small Molecules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:4192-4214. [PMID: 29513400 PMCID: PMC5912692 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201710482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Today we are poised for a transition from the highly customized crafting of specific molecular targets by hand to the increasingly general and automated assembly of different types of molecules with the push of a button. Creating machines that are capable of making many different types of small molecules on demand, akin to that which has been achieved on the macroscale with 3D printers, is challenging. Yet important progress is being made toward this objective with two complementary approaches: 1) Automation of customized synthesis routes to different targets by machines that enable the use of many reactions and starting materials, and 2) automation of generalized platforms that make many different targets using common coupling chemistry and building blocks. Continued progress in these directions has the potential to shift the bottleneck in molecular innovation from synthesis to imagination, and thereby help drive a new industrial revolution on the molecular scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Trobe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Martin D. Burke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA and Carle-Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
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14
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Trobe M, Burke MD. Die molekulare industrielle Revolution: zur automatisierten Synthese organischer Verbindungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201710482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Trobe
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign 600 S. Mathews, 454 RAL Urbana-Champaign IL 61801 USA
| | - Martin D. Burke
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign 600 S. Mathews, 454 RAL Urbana-Champaign IL 61801 USA
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15
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Abstract
Small molecules have extensive untapped potential to benefit society, but access to this potential is too often restricted by limitations inherent to the customized approach currently used to synthesize this class of chemical matter. In contrast, the "building block approach", i.e., generalized iterative assembly of interchangeable parts, has now proven to be a highly efficient and flexible way to construct things ranging all the way from skyscrapers to macromolecules to artificial intelligence algorithms. The structural redundancy found in many small molecules suggests that they possess a similar capacity for generalized building block-based construction. It is also encouraging that many customized iterative synthesis methods have been developed that improve access to specific classes of small molecules. There has also been substantial recent progress toward the iterative assembly of many different types of small molecules, including complex natural products, pharmaceuticals, biological probes, and materials, using common building blocks and coupling chemistry. Collectively, these advances suggest that a generalized building block approach for small molecule synthesis may be within reach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W Lehmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Daniel J Blair
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Martin D Burke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA and Carle-Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
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16
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Richardson J. Cation exchange media provide a multi-stage, orthogonal catch and release method for MIDA boronates bearing basic centers. Tetrahedron Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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17
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Close AJ, Jones RN, Ocasio CA, Kemmitt P, Roe SM, Spencer J. Elaboration of tetra-orthogonally-substituted aromatic scaffolds towards novel EGFR-kinase inhibitors. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:8246-52. [PMID: 27453149 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob01394e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nitration of three regioisomers of bromo-fluorobenzaldehyde proceeds regioselectively, notably with H2SO4/HNO3 at 0 °C. The thereby synthesized tetrasubstituted aromatics, endowed with orthogonal substituents, can be elaborated via Pd-catalysed coupling, reduction and reductive amination reactions. As a test-case, these compounds were converted into EGFR inhibitors related to Gefitinib, whose activity was rationalised by docking studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Close
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, BN1 9QJ, UK.
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