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Weng Y, Ding B, Liu Y, Song C, Chan LY, Chiang CW. Late-Stage Photoredox C-H Amidation of N-Unprotected Indole Derivatives: Access to N-(Indol-2-yl)amides. Org Lett 2021; 23:2710-2714. [PMID: 33749289 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The late-stage functionalization of N-unprotected indoles can be useful for modifying low-molecular-weight drugs and bioactive peptides. Whereas indole carboxamides are valuable in pharmaceutical applications, the preparation N-(indol-2-yl)amides with similar structures continues to be challenging. Herein we report on visible-light-induced late-stage photoredox C-H amidation with N-unprotected indoles and tryptophan-containing peptides, leading to the formation of N-(indol-2-yl)amide derivatives. N-Unprotected indoles and aryloxyamides that contain an electron-withdrawing group could be coupled directly to eosin Y as the photocatalyst by irradiation with a green light-emitting diode at room temperature. Mechanistic studies and density functional theory calculations indicate that the transformation might proceed through the oxidative C-H functionalization of indole with a PS* to PS•- cycle. This protocol provides a new toolkit for the late-stage modification labeling and peptide-drug conjugation of N-unprotected indole derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Weng
- Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecule & School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China
| | - Bo Ding
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, P. R. China
| | - Yunqing Liu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, P. R. China
| | - Chunlan Song
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, P. R. China
| | - Lo-Ying Chan
- Department of Chemistry, Soochow University, No. 70, Linhsi Road, Shihlin District, Taipei 111002, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Wei Chiang
- Department of Chemistry, Soochow University, No. 70, Linhsi Road, Shihlin District, Taipei 111002, Taiwan
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Kumar Mehra M, Malik M, Kumar B, Kumar D. Chemoselective Cu-catalyzed synthesis of diverse N-arylindole carboxamides, β-oxo amides and N-arylindole-3-carbonitriles using diaryliodonium salts. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:1109-1114. [PMID: 33434249 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob02247k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chemoselective copper-catalyzed synthesis of diverse N-arylindole-3-carboxamides, β-oxo amides and N-arylindole-3-carbonitriles from readily accessible indole-3-carbonitriles, α-cyano ketones and diaryliodonium salts has been developed. Diverse N-arylindole-3-carboxamides and β-oxo amides were successfully achieved in high yields under copper-catalyzed neutral reaction conditions, and the addition of an organic base (DIPEA) resulted in a completely different selectivity pattern to produce N-arylindole-3-carbonitriles. Moreover, the importance of the developed methodology was realized by the synthesis of indoloquinolones and N-((1H-indol-3-yl)methyl)aniline and by a single-step gram-scale synthesis of the naturally occurring cephalandole A analogue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar Mehra
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333 031, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Monika Malik
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333 031, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Bintu Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333 031, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Dalip Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333 031, Rajasthan, India.
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Zn(OTf)2-catalyzed arenehydrazination of protected propargylamines leading to 3-amidoindoles. Tetrahedron Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2019.151430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Ren L, Nan G, Wang Y, Xiao Z. Carboxylic Acid-Promoted Single-Step Indole Construction from Simple Anilines and Ketones via Aerobic Cross-Dehydrogenative Coupling. J Org Chem 2018; 83:14472-14488. [PMID: 30378428 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The cross-dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) reaction is an efficient strategy for indole synthesis. However, most CDC methods require special substrates, and the presence of inherent groups limits the versatility for further transformation. A carboxylic acid-promoted aerobic catalytic system is developed herein for a single-step synthesis of indoles from simple anilines and ketones. This versatile system is featured by the broad substrate scope and the use of ambient oxygen as an oxidant and is convenient and economical for both laboratory and industry applications. The existence of the labile hydrogen at C-3 and the highly transformable carbonyl at C-2 makes the indoles versatile building blocks for organic synthesis in different contexts. Computational studies based on the density functional theory (DFT) suggest that the rate-determining step is carboxylic acid-assisted condensation of the substrates, rather than the functionalization of aryl C-H. Accordingly, a pathway via imine intermediates is deemed to be the preferred mechanism. In contrast to the general deduction, the in situ formed imine, instead of its enamine isomer, is believed to be involved in the first ligand exchange and later carbopalladation of the α-Me, which shed new light on this indolization mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Ren
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100050 , China
| | - Guanglei Nan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100050 , China
| | - Yongcheng Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100050 , China
| | - Zhiyan Xiao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100050 , China
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Ghosh AK, Brindisi M, Sarkar A. The Curtius Rearrangement: Applications in Modern Drug Discovery and Medicinal Chemistry. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:2351-2373. [PMID: 30187672 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The Curtius rearrangement is the thermal decomposition of an acyl azide derived from carboxylic acid to produce an isocyanate as the initial product. The isocyanate can undergo further reactions to provide amines and their derivatives. Due to its tolerance for a large variety of functional groups and complete retention of stereochemistry during rearrangement, the Curtius rearrangement has been used in the synthesis of a wide variety of medicinal agents with amines and amine-derived functional groups such as ureas and urethanes. The current review outlines various applications of the Curtius rearrangement in drug discovery and medicinal chemistry. In particular, the review highlights some widely used rearrangement methods, syntheses of some key agents for popular drug targets and FDA-approved drugs. In addition, the review highlights applications of the Curtius rearrangement in continuous-flow protocols for the scale-up of active pharmaceutical ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Margherita Brindisi
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Anindya Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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Liu T, Gao Y, Zhang X, Wan Y, Du L, Fang H, Li M. Discovery of a Turn-On Fluorescent Probe for Myeloid Cell Leukemia-1 Protein. Anal Chem 2017; 89:11173-11177. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Liu
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (MOE),
School of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Yuqi Gao
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (MOE),
School of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Xiaomeng Zhang
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (MOE),
School of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Yichao Wan
- Key
Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule
(MOE), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan 411201, China
| | - Lupei Du
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (MOE),
School of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Hao Fang
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (MOE),
School of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Minyong Li
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (MOE),
School of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
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