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Plavskii VY, Sobchuk AN, Mikulich AV, Dudinova ON, Plavskaya LG, Tretyakova AI, Nahorny RK, Ananich TS, Svechko AD, Yakimchuk SV, Leusenka IA. Identification by methods of steady-state and kinetic spectrofluorimetry of endogenous porphyrins and flavins sensitizing the formation of reactive oxygen species in cancer cells. Photochem Photobiol 2024. [PMID: 38258972 DOI: 10.1111/php.13911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The question about acceptor molecules of optical radiation that determine the effects of photobiomodulation in relation to various types of cells still remains the focus of attention of researchers. This issue is most relevant for cancer cells, since, depending on the parameters of optical radiation, light can either stimulate their growth or inhibit them and lead to death. This study shows that endogenous porphyrins, which have sensitizing properties, may play an important role in the implementation of the effects of photobiomodulation, along with flavins. For the first time, using steady-state and kinetic spectrofluorimetry, free-base porphyrins and their zinc complexes were discovered and identified in living human cervical epithelial carcinoma (HeLa) cells, as well as in their extracts. It has been shown that reliable detection of porphyrin fluorescence in cells is hampered by the intense fluorescence of flavins due to their high concentration (micromolar range) and higher (compared to tetrapyrroles) fluorescence quantum yield. Optimization of the spectral range of excitation and the use of extractants that provide multiple quenching of the flavin component while increasing the emission efficiency of tetrapyrroles makes it possible to weaken the contribution of the flavin component to the recorded fluorescence spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly Yu Plavskii
- State Scientific Institution "B.I. Stepanov Institute of Physics of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus", Minsk, Belarus
| | - Andrei N Sobchuk
- State Scientific Institution "B.I. Stepanov Institute of Physics of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus", Minsk, Belarus
| | - Aliaksandr V Mikulich
- State Scientific Institution "B.I. Stepanov Institute of Physics of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus", Minsk, Belarus
| | - Olga N Dudinova
- State Scientific Institution "B.I. Stepanov Institute of Physics of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus", Minsk, Belarus
| | - Ludmila G Plavskaya
- State Scientific Institution "B.I. Stepanov Institute of Physics of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus", Minsk, Belarus
| | - Antonina I Tretyakova
- State Scientific Institution "B.I. Stepanov Institute of Physics of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus", Minsk, Belarus
| | - Raman K Nahorny
- State Scientific Institution "B.I. Stepanov Institute of Physics of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus", Minsk, Belarus
| | - Tatsiana S Ananich
- State Scientific Institution "B.I. Stepanov Institute of Physics of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus", Minsk, Belarus
| | - Alexei D Svechko
- State Scientific Institution "B.I. Stepanov Institute of Physics of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus", Minsk, Belarus
| | - Sergey V Yakimchuk
- State Scientific Institution "B.I. Stepanov Institute of Physics of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus", Minsk, Belarus
| | - Ihar A Leusenka
- State Scientific Institution "B.I. Stepanov Institute of Physics of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus", Minsk, Belarus
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Identification of Blood Transport Proteins to Carry Temoporfin: A Domino Approach from Virtual Screening to Synthesis and In Vitro PDT Testing. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15030919. [PMID: 36986780 PMCID: PMC10056000 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Temoporfin (mTHPC) is one of the most promising photosensitizers used in photodynamic therapy (PDT). Despite its clinical use, the lipophilic character of mTHPC still hampers the full exploitation of its potential. Low solubility in water, high tendency to aggregate, and low biocompatibility are the main limitations because they cause poor stability in physiological environments, dark toxicity, and ultimately reduce the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Applying a reverse docking approach, here, we identified a number of blood transport proteins able to bind and disperse monomolecularly mTHPC, namely apohemoglobin, apomyoglobin, hemopexin, and afamin. We validated the computational results synthesizing the mTHPC-apomyoglobin complex (mTHPC@apoMb) and demonstrated that the protein monodisperses mTHPC in a physiological environment. The mTHPC@apoMb complex preserves the imaging properties of the molecule and improves its ability to produce ROS via both type I and type II mechanisms. The effectiveness of photodynamic treatment using the mTHPC@apoMb complex was then demonstrated in vitro. Blood transport proteins can be used as molecular “Trojan horses” in cancer cells by conferring mTHPC (i) water solubility, (ii) monodispersity, and (iii) biocompatibility, ultimately bypassing the current limitations of mTHPC.
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Bloomer BJ, Natoli SN, Garcia-Borràs M, Pereira JH, Hu DB, Adams PD, Houk KN, Clark DS, Hartwig JF. Mechanistic and structural characterization of an iridium-containing cytochrome reveals kinetically relevant cofactor dynamics. Nat Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-022-00899-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Castillo O, Mancillas J, Hughes W, Brancaleon L. Characterization of the interaction of metal-protoporphyrins photosensitizers with β- lactoglobulin. Biophys Chem 2023; 292:106918. [PMID: 36399946 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2022.106918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the interaction of a series of metal-protoporphyrins (PPIXs) with bovine β- lactoglobulin (BLG) using a combination of optical spectroscopy and computational simulations. Unlike other studies, the simulations were not merely used to rationalize the experimental data but were employed to refine the experimental data itself. The study was carried out at two pH values, 5 and 9, where BLG is known to have different conformation dictated by the so-called Tanford transition which occurs near pH 7.5. The transition is postulated to regulate access to the interior binding cavity of the protein, thus the pH variation was used as a parameter to investigate whether PPIXs access the central cavity of BLG. The results of our study show that indeed binding increases significantly at alkaline pH, however, the increased affinity is not due to the accessibility of the central cavity. Instead, binding appears to be determined by the tendency of PPIXs to form large inhomogeneous aggregates at acidic pH which hinders interactions with proteins. The binding site determined through a combination of experimental and computational methods is located at the interface between two BLG monomers where the long α-helix segment of the protein face each other. This region is rich in positively charged Lys residues that interact with the propionic acid chains of the protoporphyrins. Establishing the modality of binding between protoporphyrins and BLG would have important consequences for the use of BLG:PPIX complexes in applications such as artificial photoreceptors, artificial metallo-enzymes, delivery of photosensitizers for phototherapy and even solar energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Castillo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - James Mancillas
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - William Hughes
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Lorenzo Brancaleon
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA.
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Fenner K, Redgate A, Brancaleon L. A 200 nanoseconds all-atom simulation of the pH-dependent EF loop transition in bovine β-lactoglobulin. The role of the orientation of the E89 side chain. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 40:549-564. [PMID: 32909899 PMCID: PMC8853732 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1817785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In silico molecular dynamics (MD) using crystallographic and NMR data was used to simulate the effects of the protonation state of E89 on the pH-dependent conformational rearrangement of the EF loop, also known as the Tanford transition, in a series of apo-β-lactoglobulin (BLG) structures. Compared to existing studies these simulations were carried out over a much longer time scale (200 ns where the stability of the transition can be evaluated) and used an explicit water model. We considered eight different entries from the Brookhaven Protein Data Bank (PDB) separated into two groups. We observed that fixing the protonation state of E89 prompts the transition of the EF loop only when its side chain is oriented under the loop and into the entrance of the interior cavity. The motion of the EF loop occurs mostly as a step-function and its timing varies greatly from ∼ 20 ns to ∼170 ns from the beginning of the simulation. Once the transition is completed, the protein appears to reach a stable conformation as in a true two-state transition. We also observed novel findings. When the transition occurs, the hydrogen bond between E89 and S116 is replaced with a salt bridge with Lys residues in the βC-CD loop-βD motif. This electrostatic interaction causes the distortion of this motif as well as the protrusion of the GH loop into the aperture of the cavity with the result of limiting the increase of its contour area despite the rotation of the EF loop.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Yamada T, Komatsu T. Methemoglobin-Albumin Cluster Incorporating Protoporphyrin IX: Dual Functional Protein Drug for Photodynamic Therapy. Chembiochem 2021; 22:2526-2529. [PMID: 34156148 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We describe the synthesis, photophysical properties, and photodynamic activity of a methemoglobin (metHb) wrapped covalently by human serum albumins (HSAs) incorporating protoporphyrin IX (PPIX): a metHb-HSA3 -PPIX2 cluster. The metHb core catalyzes H2 O2 disproportionation to generate O2 in tumor tissue. The HSA3 -PPIX2 shell acts as a photosensitizer for 1 O2 formation. The metHb-HSA3 -PPIX2 cluster acts as a dual functional protein drug for photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiga Yamada
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8551, Japan
| | - Teruyuki Komatsu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8551, Japan
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Wang X, Du K, Heng H, Chen W, Li X, Wei X, Feng F, Wang S. Precise engineering of apoferritin through site-specific host–guest binding. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:12897-12900. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc05382a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
An efficient non-covalent method for precise engineering of the apoferritin surface at twelve two-fold channels is established using a PEGylated porphyrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewei Wang
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Jiangsu
- China
| | - Ke Du
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Jiangsu
- China
| | - Hao Heng
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Jiangsu
- China
| | - Weijian Chen
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Jiangsu
- China
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Jiangsu
- China
| | - Xiaoxuan Wei
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Jiangsu
- China
| | - Fude Feng
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Jiangsu
- China
| | - Shu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Key Laboratory of Organic Solids
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
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Chaves OA, Menezes LB, Iglesias BA. Multiple spectroscopic and theoretical investigation of meso-tetra-(4-pyridyl)porphyrin‑ruthenium(II) complexes in HSA-binding studies. Effect of Zn(II) in protein binding. J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.111581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Novel combinations of experimental and computational analysis tested on the binding of metalloprotoporphyrins to albumin. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 134:445-457. [PMID: 31078597 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The evidence that Human Serum Albumin (HSA) binds metal ions and organometallic compounds has generated interest in its physiological role as a metalloprotein and as a vehicle for synthetic biology applications (e.g., synthetic blood and solar energy conversion). HSA has been shown to bind metallo-porphyrins, however, the structural details of such interactions are available only for the HSA:heme complex. A typical challenge for studying the interaction of proteins with metalloporphyrins is the poor solubility of the ligands that affect the characterization the complexes. The manuscript shows that a combination of dialysis and centrifugation yields aqueous solutions that contain >90% HSA:porphyrin complexes and virtually eliminate aggregated ligands. The removal of aggregates increases the quality of the optical spectroscopy data which, in turn, yield more accurate binding constants (~0.1 and 2.1 × 106 M-1) and reveal FRET between Trp214 and the porphyrins. The Trp-porphyrin distance was estimated to be within the 28-34 Å range and was used to guide the search of binding sites through a novel feedback approach with docking simulations. Results suggest while some protoporphyrins (metal-free, Fe(III)PPIX and Mg(II)PPIX) bind HSA at the heme site, others (Zn(II)PPIX, Mn(III)PPIX and Sn(IV)PPIX) are more likely to bind the Cys34.
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Johnson CN, Gorbet GE, Ramsower H, Urquidi J, Brancaleon L, Demeler B. Multi-wavelength analytical ultracentrifugation of human serum albumin complexed with porphyrin. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2018; 47:789-797. [PMID: 29675648 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-018-1301-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The new Beckman Coulter Optima AUC instrument, which features multi-wavelength detection that couples the hydrodynamic separation of colloidal mixtures to spectral deconvolution of interacting and non-interacting solutes present in a mixture, was used to analyze the composition of human serum albumin (HSA) bound to metallo-protoporphyrin. We present new methods implemented in UltraScan that permit Optima AUC-derived multi-wavelength data to be spectrally decomposed in the same fashion as has been made possible for the Cölfen detector earlier. We demonstrate this approach by spectrally separating sedimentation velocity experimental data from mixtures of apo-HSA and HSA complexed to different metallo-protoporphyrins. We further demonstrate how multi-wavelength AUC can accurately recover percentages of metallo-protoporphyrin-bound HSA and apo-HSA from mixtures and how multi-wavelength AUC permits the calculation of molar extinction coefficients for porphyrins bound to HSA. The presented method has broad applicability to other complex systems where mixtures of molecules with different spectral properties need to be characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney N Johnson
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, UTHSCSA, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Gary E Gorbet
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, UTHSCSA, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Heidi Ramsower
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, UTSA, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Julio Urquidi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, UTSA, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | - Borries Demeler
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, UTHSCSA, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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