1
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Jiao C, Liubimtsev N, Zagradska-Paromova Z, Appelhans D, Gaitzsch J, Voit B. Reversible Molecular Capture and Release in Microfluidics by Host-Guest Interactions in Hydrogel Microdots. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2200869. [PMID: 36702804 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The integration of microscopic hydrogels with high specific surface area and physically reactive groups into microfluidic systems for selective molecular interactions is attracting increasing attention. Herein, the reversible capture and release of molecules through host-guest interactions of hydrogel dots in a microfluidic device is reported, which translates the supramolecular chemistry to the microscale conditions under continuous flow. Polyacrylamide (PAAm) hydrogel arrays with grafted β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) modified poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline) (CD-PMOXA) chains are fabricated by photopolymerization and integrated into a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-on-glass chip. The β-CD/adamantane (β-CD/Ada) host-guest complex is confirmed by two dimensional Nuclear Overhauser Effect Spectroscopy NMR (2D NOESY NMR) prior to transfer to microfluidics. Ada-modified molecules are successfully captured by host-guest interaction formed between the CD-PMOXA grafted chains in the hydrogel network and the guest molecule in the solution. Furthermore, the captured molecules are released by perfusing free β-CD with higher binding affinity than those grafted in the hydrogel array. A small guest molecule adamantane-fluorescein-isothiocyanate (Ada-FITC) and a macromolecular guest molecule (Ada-PMOXA-Cyanine 5 (Cy5)) are separately captured and released for three times with a release ratio up to 46% and 92%, respectively. The reproducible capture and release of functional molecules with different sizes demonstrates the stability of this hydrogel system in microfluidics and will provide an opportunity for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Jiao
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Organic Chemistry of Polymers, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Nikolai Liubimtsev
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Organic Chemistry of Polymers, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Dietmar Appelhans
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jens Gaitzsch
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Brigitte Voit
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Organic Chemistry of Polymers, 01069, Dresden, Germany
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2
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Niezabitowska E, Gray DM, Gallardo-Toledo E, Owen A, Rannard SP, McDonald TO. Understanding the Degradation of Core-Shell Nanogels Using Asymmetrical Flow Field Flow Fractionation. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:346. [PMID: 37504841 PMCID: PMC10381601 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14070346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanogels are candidates for biomedical applications, and core-shell nanogels offer the potential to tune thermoresponsive behaviour with the capacity for extensive degradation. These properties were achieved by the combination of a core of poly(N-isopropylmethacrylamide) and a shell of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), both crosslinked with the degradable crosslinker N,N'-bis(acryloyl)cystamine. In this work, the degradation behaviour of these nanogels was characterised using asymmetric flow field flow fractionation coupled with multi-angle and dynamic light scattering. By monitoring the degradation products of the nanogels in real-time, it was possible to identify three distinct stages of degradation: nanogel swelling, nanogel fragmentation, and nanogel fragment degradation. The results indicate that the core-shell nanogels degrade slower than their non-core-shell counterparts, possibly due to a higher degree of self-crosslinking reactions occurring in the shell. The majority of the degradation products had molecule weights below 10 kDa, which suggests that they may be cleared through the kidneys. This study provides important insights into the design and characterisation of degradable nanogels for biomedical applications, highlighting the need for accurate characterisation techniques to measure the potential biological impact of nanogel degradation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Niezabitowska
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Dominic M Gray
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Eduardo Gallardo-Toledo
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5TR, UK
- Centre of Excellence in Long-Acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5TR, UK
| | - Andrew Owen
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5TR, UK
- Centre of Excellence in Long-Acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5TR, UK
| | - Steve P Rannard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, UK
- Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 3NY, UK
| | - Tom O McDonald
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, UK
- Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- Henry Royce Institute, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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3
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Hou Z, Sun D, Wang G, Ma J. Highly sensitive cholesterol concentration trace detection based on a microfiber optic-biosensor enhanced specificity with beta-cyclodextrin film. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 300:122881. [PMID: 37267838 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.122881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A beta-cyclodextrin (β-CD) based optic-fiber microfiber biosensor for the detection of cholesterol concentration is propose and experimentally demonstrated. As an identifying substance, β-CD is immobilized on the fiber surface for cholesterol reaction to form an inclusion complex. When the surface refractive index (RI) change is cause because of capturing the complex cholesterol (CHOL), the proposed sensor translates RI change into a macroscopic wavelength drift in the interference spectrum. The microfiber interferometer has a high RI sensitivity of 1251 nm/RIU and a low-temperature sensitivity of -0.019 nm/°C. This sensor can rapidly detect cholesterol in the concentration range of 0.001 to 1 mM and has a sensitivity of 12.7 nm/(mM) in the low concentration range of 0.001 to 0.05 mM. Finally, the characterization by infrared spectroscopy shows that the sensor can indeed detect cholesterol. This biosensor has a few strong advantages of high sensitivity and good selectivity, which expects great potential in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zifan Hou
- School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Dandan Sun
- School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China.
| | - Guanjun Wang
- School of Information and Communication Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Jie Ma
- School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China.
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4
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Walkowiak JJ, van Duijnhoven C, Boeschen P, Wolter NA, Michalska-Walkowiak J, Dulle M, Pich A. Multicompartment polymeric colloids from functional precursor Microgel: Synthesis in continuous process. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 634:243-254. [PMID: 36535162 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Raspberry-like poly(oligoethylene methacrylate-b-N-vinylcaprolactam)/polystyrene (POEGMA-b-PVCL/PS) patchy particles (PPs) and complex colloidal particle clusters (CCPCs) were fabricated in two-, and one-step (cascade) flow process. Surfactant-free, photo-initiated reversible addition-fragmentation transfer (RAFT) precipitation polymerization (Photo-RPP) was used to develop internally cross-linked POEGMA-b-PVCL microgels with narrow size distribution. Resulting microgel particles were then used to stabilize styrene seed droplets in water, producing raspberry-like PPs. In the cascade process, different hydrophobicity between microgel and PS induced the self-assembly of the first formed raspberry particles that then polymerized continuously in a Pickering emulsion to form the CCPCs. The internal structure as well as the surface morphology of PPs and CCPCs were studied as a function of polymerization conditions such as flow rate/retention time (Rt), temperature and the amount of used cross-linker. By performing Photo-RPP in tubular flow reactor we were able to gained advantages over heat dissipation and homogeneous light distribution in relation to thermally-, and photo-initiated bulk polymerizations. Tubular reactor also enabled detailed studies over morphological evolution of formed particles as a function of flow rate/Rt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek J Walkowiak
- DWI - Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials e.V, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD Geleen, The Netherlands.
| | - Casper van Duijnhoven
- Zuyd University of Applied Sciences, Nieuw Eyckholt 300, 6419 DJ Heerlen, The Netherlands.
| | - Pia Boeschen
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD Geleen, The Netherlands.
| | - Nadja A Wolter
- DWI - Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials e.V, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Joanna Michalska-Walkowiak
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straβe, 52428 Jülich, Germany; CNRS, UMR 8232 - IPCM - Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire - Polymer Chemistry Team, Sorbonne Université, 4 Pl. Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Martin Dulle
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straβe, 52428 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Andrij Pich
- DWI - Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials e.V, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD Geleen, The Netherlands.
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5
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Zheng S, Liu K, Chen P, Song C, Yan J, Zhang A. Thermoresponsive Microgels from Cyclodextrin-Based Polyrotaxanes with Photomodulated Degradation. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shudong Zheng
- International Joint Laboratory of Biomimetic & Smart Polymers, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Nanchen Street 380, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Kun Liu
- International Joint Laboratory of Biomimetic & Smart Polymers, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Nanchen Street 380, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Peiyun Chen
- International Joint Laboratory of Biomimetic & Smart Polymers, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Nanchen Street 380, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Changsheng Song
- International Joint Laboratory of Biomimetic & Smart Polymers, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Nanchen Street 380, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Jiatao Yan
- International Joint Laboratory of Biomimetic & Smart Polymers, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Nanchen Street 380, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Afang Zhang
- International Joint Laboratory of Biomimetic & Smart Polymers, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Nanchen Street 380, Shanghai 200444, China
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6
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Fabrication of pH-degradable supramacromolecular microgels with tunable size and shape via droplet-based microfluidics. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 617:409-421. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.02.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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7
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Liang W, Lopez CG, Richtering W, Wöll D. Photo- and thermo-responsive microgels with supramolecular crosslinks for wavelength tunability of the volume phase transition temperature. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:14408-14415. [PMID: 35642955 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00532h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Functional microgels have powerful applications, especially due to their quick responsiveness to different external stimuli such as temperature, pH, ionic strength, solvent composition and light. Here, we describe the synthesis of novel dual-responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) microgels and demonstrate that, in addition to temperature, light changes their properties. The crosslinks inside the microgels were achieved by the host-guest interactions between the trans azobenzene (transAzo) and β-cyclodextrin (βCD) units. transAzo can be photoisomerized to cisAzo which exhibits significant lower binding affinity to βCD. As a consequence, the crosslink density, and thus several microgel properties, can be controlled by light irradiation. Surprisingly, this irradiation with light can significantly change the volume phase transition temperature (VPTT) by several degrees centigrade, presumably due to the fact that the polar βCD shields the transAzo bound to it, whereas the unbound cisAzo is rather apolar. As a result, continuous irradiation with specific wavelengths until reaching the respective photostationary state allows for a full control over the VPTT within the physiologically relevant range between 32 °C and 38 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Liang
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Carlos G Lopez
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Walter Richtering
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Dominik Wöll
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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8
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Schulte MF, Izak-Nau E, Braun S, Pich A, Richtering W, Göstl R. Microgels react to force: mechanical properties, syntheses, and force-activated functions. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:2939-2956. [PMID: 35319064 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00011c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Microgels are colloidal polymer networks with high molar mass and properties between rigid particles, flexible macromolecules, and micellar aggregates. Their unique stimuli-responsiveness in conjunction with their colloidal phase behavior render them useful for many applications ranging from engineering to biomedicine. In many scenarios either the microgel's mechanical properties or its interactions with mechanical force play an important role. Here, we firstly explain microgel mechanical properties and how these are measured by atomic force microscopy (AFM), then we equip the reader with the synthetic background to understand how specific architectures and chemical functionalities enable these mechanical properties, and eventually we elucidate how the interaction of force with microgels can lead to the activation of latent functionality. Since the interaction of microgels with force is a multiscale and multidisciplinary subject, we introduce and interconnect the different research areas that contribute to the understanding of this emerging field in this Tutorial Review.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Friederike Schulte
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, 52056 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Emilia Izak-Nau
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Susanne Braun
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany. .,Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Andrij Pich
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany. .,Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.,Maastricht University, Aachen Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Brightlands Chemelot Campus, 6167 RD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Walter Richtering
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, 52056 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany.
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9
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Liubimtsev N, Kösterke T, Che Y, Appelhans D, Gaitzsch J, Voit B. Redox-sensitive ferrocene functionalised double cross-linked supramolecular hydrogels. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01211h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Responsive double cross-linked hydrogels have proven to be a powerful approach to create smart polymer networks but unfold even greater potential if combined with supramolecular chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai Liubimtsev
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Organic Chemistry of Polymers, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Tom Kösterke
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Organic Chemistry of Polymers, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Yunjiao Che
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Dietmar Appelhans
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jens Gaitzsch
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Brigitte Voit
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Organic Chemistry of Polymers, 01069 Dresden, Germany
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10
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Eisold S, Hoppe Alvarez L, Ran K, Hengsbach R, Fink G, Centeno Benigno S, Mayer J, Wöll D, Simon U. DNA introduces an independent temperature responsiveness to thermosensitive microgels and enables switchable plasmon coupling as well as controlled uptake and release. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:2875-2882. [PMID: 33306082 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr05650b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A novel DNA-microgel hybrid system with dual thermal responsiveness is introduced uitilizing covalent coupling of single stranded DNA (ssDNA) to thermoresponsive microgels (μGs). The spatial distribution of the coupling sites for the ssDNA was characterized with 3D superresolution fluorescence microscopy. The DNA-functionalized μGs remain thermoresponsive and can take up dye-labeled complementary ssDNA, which can be released again by overcoming the dehybridization temperature of the DNA independently of the volume phase transition (VPT) of the μGs. The same holds for nano-objects represented by plasmonic gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), the penetration depth of which was visualized via TEM tomography and 3D reconstruction and which show enhanced plasmonic coupling in the collapsed state of the μG and thus gets switchable. In contrast, if ssDNA was taken up just by non-specific interactions, i.e. into non-functionalized μGs, its release is temperature-independent and can only be induced by increasing the salt concentration. Thus, the incorporated ssDNA represents highly selectice binding sites determined by their base number and sequence, which makes the VPT, beeing determined by the μG composition, and the reversible uptake and release enabled through programmable DNA hybridization are independent features. The combination with the typically high biocompatibility and the retained swellability and permeability hold promise for new fundamental insights as well as for potential applications in biological environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Eisold
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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11
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Raju R, Rajasekar S, Raghunathan R, Arumugam N, Almansour AI, Suresh Kumar R. Regioselective synthesis and antioxidant activity of a novel class of mono and C-symmetric bis-1,2,3-triazole and acridinedione grafted macromolecules. JOURNAL OF SAUDI CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2020.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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12
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Es Sayed J, Meyer C, Sanson N, Perrin P. Oxidation-Responsive Emulsions Stabilized by Cleavable Metallo-Supramolecular Cross-Linked Microgels. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:1040-1045. [PMID: 35648615 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
An original route to develop an advanced class of microgel emulsifiers containing stimulable metallo-supramolecular instead of frozen covalent cross-links is reported. The poly(N-isopropylmethacrylamide) (PNiPMAM) chains of the microgel are connected by iron(II)-bis(terpyridine) coordination supramolecular complexes that can be cleaved on demand, leading to unique properties both at interfaces and in volume. The microgel synthesis is not demanding, and the characterization of its supramolecular structure can be precisely achieved by standard methods. Singularly, interfaces of an oil-in-water emulsion stabilized by the supramolecular particles can be triggered at the molecular scale by oxidation of Fe(II) to Fe(III), leading to emulsion breaking. In bulk, we show that a microgel dispersion can indeed be transformed into a polymer solution upon oxidation. Our study paves the way to the discovery of unusual microgel properties as our proof-of-concept can be extended to different supramolecular chemistry and architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Es Sayed
- Soft Matter Sciences and Engineering, ESPCI, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231 Cedex 05 Paris, France
| | - Christophe Meyer
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry and Materials, ESPCI, PSL University, CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231 Cedex 05 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Sanson
- Soft Matter Sciences and Engineering, ESPCI, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231 Cedex 05 Paris, France
| | - Patrick Perrin
- Soft Matter Sciences and Engineering, ESPCI, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231 Cedex 05 Paris, France
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13
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Wei P, Gangapurwala G, Pretzel D, Wang L, Schubert S, Brendel JC, Schubert US. Tunable nanogels by host-guest interaction with carboxylate pillar[5]arene for controlled encapsulation and release of doxorubicin. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:13595-13605. [PMID: 32555817 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr01881c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nanogels have become one of the most attractive systems for application as delivery vectors or for theragnostic approaches in nanomedicine, which is mainly related to the ease of their synthesis by precipitation polymerization. However, only a few suitable monomers have been reported so far and stabilization of the nanogels requires the incorporation of rather defined amounts of in most cases charged co-monomers, such as acrylic acid, which limits the flexibility in their design. Here, we present an alternative approach using a pyridinium based monomer, which not only provides stability due to the positive charge, but also allows the attachment of functional carboxylate-pillar[5]arene by the formation of a host-guest complex. This approach is tested on pH-sensitive nanogels based on the monomer N-[(2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane)methyl]acrylamide (DMDOMA) featuring an acetal group, which is hydrolysed under acidic conditions. As carboxylates are known to catalyze this hydrolysis, we tested different amounts of carboxylate-pillar[5]arenes to tune the hydrolysis rate of the acetal group and found a direct correlation. Additional encapsulation studies with doxorubicin (DOX) revealed that surface potential and charge density represent additional key factors not only for the loading capacity, but also for the release profile of the nanogels. The option to tune such properties simply by the addition of a co-factor, in this case, the carboxylate-pillar[5]arenes provides a powerful tool to optimize characteristics of functional nanogels for drug delivery or other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wei
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany. and Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich-Schiller-University, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Gauri Gangapurwala
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany. and Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich-Schiller-University, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - David Pretzel
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany. and Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich-Schiller-University, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Limin Wang
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany. and Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich-Schiller-University, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Stephanie Schubert
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich-Schiller-University, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany and Institute of Pharmacy and Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstrasse 8, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Johannes C Brendel
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany. and Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich-Schiller-University, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich S Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany. and Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich-Schiller-University, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
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14
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Eelkema R, Pich A. Pros and Cons: Supramolecular or Macromolecular: What Is Best for Functional Hydrogels with Advanced Properties? ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1906012. [PMID: 31919957 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201906012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels are fascinating soft materials with unique properties. Many biological systems are based on hydrogel-like structures, underlining their versatility and relevance. The properties of hydrogels strongly depend on the structure of the building blocks they are composed of, as well as the nature of interactions between them in the network structure. Herein, gel networks made by supramolecular interactions are compared to covalent macromolecular networks, drawing conclusions about their performance and application as responsive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rienk Eelkema
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Andrij Pich
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- DWI - Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
- Aachen Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, Brightlands Chemelot Campus, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD, Geleen, The Netherlands
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15
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16
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Sugawara Y, Takei T, Ohashi H, Kuroki H, Miyanishi S, Yamaguchi T. Autonomous Shrinking/Swelling Phenomenon Driven By Macromolecular Interchain Cross-Linking via β-Cyclodextrin–Triazole Complexation. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuuki Sugawara
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, R1-17, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Toshiki Takei
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, R1-17, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Hidenori Ohashi
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, R1-17, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Hidenori Kuroki
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, R1-17, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
- Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology (KISTEC), R1-17, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Shoji Miyanishi
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, R1-17, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Takeo Yamaguchi
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, R1-17, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
- Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology (KISTEC), R1-17, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
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17
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Gao F, Mi Y, Wu X, Yao J, Qi Q, Cao Z. Preparation of thermoresponsive poly(
N
‐vinylcaprolactam‐
co‐
2‐methoxyethyl acrylate) nanogels via inverse miniemulsion polymerization. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology and Engineering Research Center for Eco‐Dyeing & Finishing of Textiles, Ministry of EducationZhejiang Sci‐Tech University Hangzhou 310018 China
| | - Yifang Mi
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology and Engineering Research Center for Eco‐Dyeing & Finishing of Textiles, Ministry of EducationZhejiang Sci‐Tech University Hangzhou 310018 China
| | - Xinlei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology and Engineering Research Center for Eco‐Dyeing & Finishing of Textiles, Ministry of EducationZhejiang Sci‐Tech University Hangzhou 310018 China
| | - Jun Yao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology and Engineering Research Center for Eco‐Dyeing & Finishing of Textiles, Ministry of EducationZhejiang Sci‐Tech University Hangzhou 310018 China
| | - Qi Qi
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology and Engineering Research Center for Eco‐Dyeing & Finishing of Textiles, Ministry of EducationZhejiang Sci‐Tech University Hangzhou 310018 China
| | - Zhihai Cao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology and Engineering Research Center for Eco‐Dyeing & Finishing of Textiles, Ministry of EducationZhejiang Sci‐Tech University Hangzhou 310018 China
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18
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Gumerov RA, Filippov SA, Richtering W, Pich A, Potemkin II. Amphiphilic microgels adsorbed at oil-water interfaces as mixers of two immiscible liquids. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:3978-3986. [PMID: 31025694 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm00389d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Amphiphilic microgels adsorbed at an oil-water interface were studied by means of dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) simulations. The hydrophobic (A) and hydrophilic (B) monomer units in the polymer network are considered to be randomly distributed. Effects of the crosslinking density, interfacial tension between the liquids, their selectivity as solvents towards species A and B, and the degree of incompatibility between the A and B units on the internal microgel structure and distribution of the liquids are considered. The most important predictions are that (i) two immiscible liquids can homogeneously be mixed within the microgels and (ii) the adsorbed microgels contain a high fraction of the liquids (they are swollen at the interface). Simultaneous fulfillment of these two conditions can have a high impact on the design of new and efficient catalytic systems. In particular, such microgels can mix immiscible reactants dissolved in water and oil and trigger chemical reactions in the presence of a catalyst embedded into the microgel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rustam A Gumerov
- Physics Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation.
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19
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Zhou X, Lu H, Chen F, Kong L, Zhang F, Zhang W, Nie J, Du B, Wang X. Degradable and Thermosensitive Microgels Synthesized via Simultaneous Quaternization and Siloxane Condensation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:6145-6153. [PMID: 30983362 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b00644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Degradable and thermosensitive microgels were successfully prepared via simultaneous quaternization and siloxane condensation during surfactant-free emulsion polymerization, with N-vinylcaprolactam as the main monomer and 1-vinylimidazole (VIM) as the comonomer, in the presence of (3-bromopropyl)trimethoxysilane (BPTMOS). The formation mechanism of cross-linking network was attributed to the hydrolysis and condensation of the methoxysilyl groups of BPTMOS and the quaternization of imidazole moiety of VIM by the bromine group of BPTMOS, leading to the microgels. The microgels were spherical in shape with a narrow size distribution, stable in an acidic buffer solution, but degradable in neutral and alkaline solutions. The presence of quaternized imidazolium in the same chain segment of Si-O-Si cross-linking points promoted the decomposition of Si-O-Si bonds and hence the degradation of the microgels. The obtained microgels could load and release the model drug, doxorubicin. The size, thermosensitivity, stability, degradation rate, and drug release behavior of the resultant microgels could be tuned by controlling the cross-linking degree, chemical composition, and degradation medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianjing Zhou
- Department of Chemistry , Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou 310018 , China
| | - Haipeng Lu
- Department of Chemistry , Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou 310018 , China
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Chemistry , Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou 310018 , China
| | - Lingli Kong
- Department of Chemistry , Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou 310018 , China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry , Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou 310018 , China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry , Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou 310018 , China
| | | | | | - Xinping Wang
- Department of Chemistry , Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou 310018 , China
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20
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Agrawal G, Agrawal R. Functional Microgels: Recent Advances in Their Biomedical Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1801724. [PMID: 30035853 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201801724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Here, a spotlight is shown on aqueous microgel particles which exhibit a great potential for various biomedical applications such as drug delivery, cell imaging, and tissue engineering. Herein, different synthetic methods to develop microgels with desirable functionality and properties along with degradable strategies to ensure their renal clearance are briefly presented. A special focus is given on the ability of microgels to respond to various stimuli such as temperature, pH, redox potential, magnetic field, light, etc., which helps not only to adjust their physical and chemical properties, and degradability on demand, but also the release of encapsulated bioactive molecules and thus making them suitable for drug delivery. Furthermore, recent developments in using the functional microgels for cell imaging and tissue regeneration are reviewed. The results reviewed here encourage the development of a new class of microgels which are able to intelligently perform in a complex biological environment. Finally, various challenges and possibilities are discussed in order to achieve their successful clinical use in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Agrawal
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Paper Mill Road, Saharanpur, 247001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rahul Agrawal
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1500, USA
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21
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Etchenausia L, Deniau E, Brûlet A, Forcada J, Save M. Cationic Thermoresponsive Poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) Microgels Synthesized by Emulsion Polymerization Using a Reactive Cationic Macro-RAFT Agent. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Etchenausia
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l’Environnement et les Matériaux, IPREM, UMR5254, CNRS, University Pau & Pays Adour, 64000 Pau, France
- Departamento de Química Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Elise Deniau
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l’Environnement et les Matériaux, IPREM, UMR5254, CNRS, University Pau & Pays Adour, 64000 Pau, France
| | - Annie Brûlet
- CEA CNRS CEA Saclay, UMR12, Laboratoire Léon Brillouin, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France
| | - Jacqueline Forcada
- Departamento de Química Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Maud Save
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l’Environnement et les Matériaux, IPREM, UMR5254, CNRS, University Pau & Pays Adour, 64000 Pau, France
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22
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López CM, Pich A. Supramolecular Stimuli-Responsive Microgels Crosslinked by Tannic Acid. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 39:e1700808. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201700808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Molano López
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V.; Forckenbeckstraße 50 D-52056 Aachen Germany
- Functional and Interactive Polymers; Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry; RWTH Aachen University; Forckenbeckstraße 50 D-52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Andrij Pich
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V.; Forckenbeckstraße 50 D-52056 Aachen Germany
- Functional and Interactive Polymers; Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry; RWTH Aachen University; Forckenbeckstraße 50 D-52074 Aachen Germany
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23
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Abstract
Microgels are macromolecular networks swollen by the solvent in which they are dissolved. They are unique systems that are distinctly different from common colloids, such as, e.g., rigid nanoparticles, flexible macromolecules, micelles, or vesicles. The size of the microgel networks is in the range of several micrometers down to nanometers (then sometimes called "nanogels"). In a collapsed state, they might resemble hard colloids but they can still contain significant amounts of solvent. When swollen, they are soft and have a fuzzy surface with dangling chains. The presence of cross-links provides structural integrity, in contrast to linear and (hyper)branched polymers. Obviously, the cross-linker content will allow control of whether microgels behave more "colloidal" or "macromolecular". The combination of being soft and porous while still having a stable structure through the cross-linked network allows for designing microgels that have the same total chemical composition, but different properties due to a different architecture. Microgels based, e.g., on two monomers but have either statistical spatial distribution, or a core-shell or hollow-two-shell morphology will display very different properties. Microgels provide the possibility to introduce chemical functionality at different positions. Combining architectural diversity and compartmentalization of reactive groups enables thus short-range coexistence of otherwise instable combinations of chemical reactivity. The open microgel structure is beneficial for uptake-release purposes of active substances. In addition, the openness allows site-selective integration of active functionalities like reactive groups, charges, or markers by postmodification processes. The unique ability of microgels to retain their colloidal stability and swelling degree both in water and in many organic solvents allows use of different chemistries for the modification of microgel structure. The capability of microgels to adjust both their shape and volume in response to external stimuli (e.g., temperature, ionic strength and composition, pH, electrochemical stimulus, pressure, light) provides the opportunity to reversibly tune their physicochemical properties. From a physics point of view, microgels are particularly intriguing and challenging, since their intraparticle properties are intimately linked to their interparticle behavior. Microgels, which reveal interface activity without necessarily being amphiphilic, develop even more complex behavior when located at fluid or solid interfaces: the sensitivity of microgels to various stimuli allows, e.g., the modulation of emulsion stability, adhesion, sensing, and filtration. Hence, we envision an ever-increasing relevance of microgels in these fields including biomedicine and process technology. In sum, microgels unite properties of very different classes of materials. Microgels can be based on very different (bio)macromolecules such as, e.g., polysaccharides, peptides, or DNA, as well as on synthetic polymers. This Account focuses on synthetic microgels (mainly based on acrylamides); however, the general, fundamental features of microgels are independent of the chemical nature of the building moieties. Microgels allow combining features of chemical functionality, structural integrity, macromolecular architecture, adaptivity, permeability, and deformability in a unique way to include the "best" of the colloidal, polymeric, and surfactant worlds. This will open the door for novel applications in very different fields such as, e.g., in sensors, catalysis, and separation technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix A. Plamper
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Walter Richtering
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, 52056 Aachen, Germany
- DWI-Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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