1
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Chittari SS, Obermeyer AC, Knight AS. Investigating Fundamental Principles of Nonequilibrium Assembly Using Temperature-Sensitive Copolymers. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:6554-6561. [PMID: 36913711 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c00883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
Both natural biomaterials and synthetic materials benefit from complex energy landscapes that provide the foundation for structure-function relationships and environmental sensitivity. Understanding these nonequilibrium dynamics is important for the development of design principles to harness this behavior. Using a model system of poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate-based thermoresponsive lower critical solution temperature (LCST) copolymers, we explored the impact of composition and stimulus path on nonequilibrium thermal hysteretic behavior. Through turbidimetry analysis of nonsuperimposable heat-cool cycles, we observe that LCST copolymers show clear hysteresis that varies as a function of pendent side chain length and hydrophobicity. Hysteresis is further impacted by the temperature ramp rate, as insoluble states can be kinetically trapped under optimized temperature protocols. This systematic study brings to light fundamental principles that can enable the harnessing of out-of-equilibrium effects in synthetic soft materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supraja S Chittari
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Allie C Obermeyer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Abigail S Knight
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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2
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Berret JF, Graillot A. Versatile Coating Platform for Metal Oxide Nanoparticles: Applications to Materials and Biological Science. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:5323-5338. [PMID: 35483044 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this feature article, we provide an overview of our research on statistical copolymers as a coating material for metal oxide nanoparticles and surfaces. These copolymers contain functional groups enabling noncovalent binding to oxide surfaces and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) polymers for colloidal stability and stealthiness. The functional groups are organic derivatives of phosphorous acid compounds R-H2PO3, also known as phosphonic acids that have been screened for their strong affinity to metals and for their multidentate binding ability. Herein we develop a polymer-based coating platform that shares features with the self-assembled monolayer (SAM) and layer-by-layer (L-b-L) deposition techniques. The milestones of this endeavor are the synthesis of PEG-based copolymers containing multiple phosphonic acid groups, the implementation of simple protocols combining versatility with high particle production yields, and the experimental evidence of the colloidal stability of the coated particles. As a demonstration, coating studies are conducted on cerium (CeO2), iron (γ-Fe2O3), aluminum (Al2O3), and titanium (TiO2) oxides of different sizes and morphologies. We finally discuss applications in the domain of nanomaterials and nanomedicine. We evaluate the beneficial effects of coatings on redispersible nanopowders, contrast agents for in vitro/vivo assays, and stimuli-responsive particles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alain Graillot
- Specific Polymers, ZAC Via Domitia, 150 Avenue des Cocardières, 34160 Castries, France
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3
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Michalska-Walkowiak J, Förster B, Hauschild S, Förster S. Bistability, Remanence, Read/Write-Memory, and Logic Gate Function via a Stimuli-Responsive Polymer. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2108833. [PMID: 35040531 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202108833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive materials change their state in response to external triggers. Switching between different states enables information to be written, stored, and read, if the transition between the states exhibits hysteresis. Thermally responsive polymers exhibit an intrinsic hysteresis for the volume phase transition between the swollen and de-swollen solution state. Here, it is shown that this hysteresis can be used to realize bistability, remanence, and reversible write/read information storage. This is demonstrated for the simplest and most widely used thermoresponsive polymer, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM), as well as for PNIPAM block copolymers, which widens the hysteresis window. The hysteresis is shown to be related to cluster domain assembly/disassembly during the phase transition. Information can be written thermally using a laser, or using heated or cooled pen tips on a thin-film backscattering display. The bistable state can additionally be switched by pH, enabling an AND logic gate function. Furthermore, an unusual memory state is discovered, where information is visible in the hysteresis window and invisible at higher temperatures, allowing encoded information to be hidden. Since hysteresis is a very common intrinsic phenomenon for responsive materials, this principle to encode and store information is potentially applicable to a broad range of responsive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Michalska-Walkowiak
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS-1/IBI-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Beate Förster
- Ernst Ruska Centre (ER-C 1), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Stephan Hauschild
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS-1/IBI-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Stephan Förster
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS-1/IBI-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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4
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Bisbjerg G, Brown GW, Pham KS, Kock RA, Ramos W, Patierno JA, Bautista A, Zawalick NM, Vigil V, Padrnos JD, Mathers RT, Heying MD, Costanzo PJ. Exploring polymer solubility with thermally‐responsive Diels‐Alder monomers: Revisiting the monkey's fist. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Greg Bisbjerg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo California USA
| | - Ginger W. Brown
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo California USA
| | - Kimberly S. Pham
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo California USA
| | - Ryan A. Kock
- Department of Chemistry Boston University Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - William Ramos
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo California USA
| | - Jordan A. Patierno
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo California USA
| | | | - Natalie M. Zawalick
- Department of Chemistry University of California at Los Angeles Los Angeles California USA
| | - Viviana Vigil
- Department of Marine Science California State University Monterey Bay Marina California USA
| | - John D. Padrnos
- Department of Chemistry Penn State University New Kensington Pennsylvania USA
| | - Robert T. Mathers
- Department of Chemistry Penn State University New Kensington Pennsylvania USA
| | - Michael D. Heying
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo California USA
| | - Philip J. Costanzo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo California USA
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5
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Sivokhin AР, Orekhov DV, Kazantsev OA, Gubanova OV, Kamorin DM, Zarubina IS, Bolshakova EA, Zaitsev SD. Amphiphilic thermoresponsive copolymer bottlebrushes: synthesis, characterization, and study of their self-assembly into flower-like micelles. Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-020-00456-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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6
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Zanata DDM, Felisberti MI. Self-assembly of dual-responsive amphiphilic POEGMA- b-P4VP- b-POEGMA triblock copolymers: effect of temperature, pH, and complexation with Cu 2+. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00716e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Amphiphilic and dual-responsive triblock copolymer POEGMA-b-P4VP-b-POEGMA synthesized by RAFT self-assemble into spherical or interconnected micelles depending on the external stimulus and their complexation with Cu2+ results in responsive nanogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela de Morais Zanata
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), P. O. Box 6154, Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Maria Isabel Felisberti
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), P. O. Box 6154, Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil
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7
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Zeweldi HG, Bendoy AP, Park MJ, Shon HK, Johnson EM, Kim HS, Kim H, Chung WJ, Nisola GM. Forward osmosis with direct contact membrane distillation using tetrabutylphosphonium p-toluenesulfonate as an effective and safe thermo-recyclable osmotic agent for seawater desalination. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:128070. [PMID: 33297074 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A phosphonium-based ionic liquid (IL) with lower critical solution temperature (LCST) property was assessed as a reusable draw solution (DS) for forward osmosis (FO). Tetrabutylphosphonium p-toluenesulfonate ([P4444]TsO) was successfully synthesized by neutralization reaction. Characterization results reveal its ability to generate sufficient osmotic pressure (14-68 bars for 0.5-2 M DS) to create a gradient across the FO membrane. Its thermal, physico-chemical and other colligative properties are favorable for its application as an osmotic agent. The LCST behavior of [P4444]TsO was found reversible and its phase separation from water can be done above its cloud point temperature Tc ∼57 °C. In vitro cytotoxicity tests from LDH and MTT assay reveal that it can be safely used as DS at an effective concentration EC30 ∼57 mg L-1 as its non-toxic level. Results from FO operations demonstrate that 2 M [P4444]TsO DS can effectively treat saline feed like seawater (0.6 M NaCl) with reasonable Jv = 1.35 ± 0.15 L m-2h-1, low Js = 0.0038 ± 0.00049 mol m-2h-1, and considerably low specific solute flux (Js/Jv ∼ 0.0028 mol L-1). After FO, ∼98% of [P4444]TsO was precipitated by heating the DS at 60 °C and conveniently reused with consistent FO performance. Direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) was found effective in removing the residual 2% [P4444]TsO in the DS supernatant to finally produce high-quality effluent with concentrations way below the EC30 limit. Cost estimates for the entire process reveal the potential of FO combined with thermo-cyclic [P4444]TsO regeneration with DCMD for desalination application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana G Zeweldi
- Environmental Waste Recycle Institute (EWRI), Department of Energy Science and Technology (DEST), Myongji University, Myongji-ro 116, Nam-dong, Cheoin-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17058, Republic of Korea
| | - Anelyn P Bendoy
- Environmental Waste Recycle Institute (EWRI), Department of Energy Science and Technology (DEST), Myongji University, Myongji-ro 116, Nam-dong, Cheoin-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17058, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung Jun Park
- Center for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Sydney, MSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Ho Kyong Shon
- Center for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Sydney, MSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Eldin M Johnson
- Center for Nutraceutical and Pharmaceutical Materials, Myongji University, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, 17058, South Korea; Department of Life Science, Food Microbiology and Bioprocess Laboratory, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, India
| | - Han-Seung Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Energy, Myongji University, Myongji-ro 116, Cheoin-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17058, Republic of Korea
| | - Hern Kim
- Environmental Waste Recycle Institute (EWRI), Department of Energy Science and Technology (DEST), Myongji University, Myongji-ro 116, Nam-dong, Cheoin-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17058, Republic of Korea
| | - Wook-Jin Chung
- Environmental Waste Recycle Institute (EWRI), Department of Energy Science and Technology (DEST), Myongji University, Myongji-ro 116, Nam-dong, Cheoin-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17058, Republic of Korea.
| | - Grace M Nisola
- Environmental Waste Recycle Institute (EWRI), Department of Energy Science and Technology (DEST), Myongji University, Myongji-ro 116, Nam-dong, Cheoin-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17058, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Varlas S, Hua Z, Jones JR, Thomas M, Foster JC, O’Reilly RK. Complementary Nucleobase Interactions Drive the Hierarchical Self-Assembly of Core–Shell Bottlebrush Block Copolymers toward Cylindrical Supramolecules. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Spyridon Varlas
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Zan Hua
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph R. Jones
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Marjolaine Thomas
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey C. Foster
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel K. O’Reilly
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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9
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Keogh R, Blackman LD, Foster JC, Varlas S, O'Reilly RK. The Importance of Cooperativity in Polymer Blending: Toward Controlling the Thermoresponsive Behavior of Blended Block Copolymer Micelles. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 41:e1900599. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201900599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Keogh
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Birmingham Edgbaston B15 2TT Birmingham UK
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Warwick Gibbet Hill Road CV4 7AL Coventry UK
| | - Lewis D. Blackman
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Warwick Gibbet Hill Road CV4 7AL Coventry UK
| | - Jeffrey C. Foster
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Birmingham Edgbaston B15 2TT Birmingham UK
| | - Spyridon Varlas
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Birmingham Edgbaston B15 2TT Birmingham UK
| | - Rachel K. O'Reilly
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Birmingham Edgbaston B15 2TT Birmingham UK
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10
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Polo Fonseca L, Zanata DDM, Gauche C, Felisberti MI. A one-pot, solvent-free, and controlled synthetic route for thermoresponsive hyperbranched polyurethanes. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01026j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hyperbranched polyurethanes (HPUs) are known for their multifunctionality and versatile properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cony Gauche
- Institute of Chemistry
- University of Campinas
- Campinas
- Brazil
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11
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Işık D, Quaas E, Klinger D. Thermo- and oxidation-sensitive poly(meth)acrylates based on alkyl sulfoxides: dual-responsive homopolymers from one functional group. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01321h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alkyl sulfoxide side groups introduce thermo- and oxidation-sensitivity into poly(meth)acrylates, thus realizing new dual-responsive homopolymers based on one functional group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doğuş Işık
- Institute of Pharmacy
- Freie Universität Berlin
- 14195 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Elisa Quaas
- Institute of Chemistry
- Freie Universität Berlin
- 14195 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Daniel Klinger
- Institute of Pharmacy
- Freie Universität Berlin
- 14195 Berlin
- Germany
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12
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Thermo-responsive micelles prepared from brush-like block copolymers of proline- and oligo(lactide)-functionalized norbornenes. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.05.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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13
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Tao H, Galati E, Kumacheva E. Temperature-Responsive Self-Assembly of Nanoparticles Grafted with UCST Polymer Ligands. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Huachen Tao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Galati
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Eugenia Kumacheva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
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14
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Lestini E, Blackman LD, Zammit CM, Chen T, Williams RJ, Inam M, Couturaud B, O'Reilly RK. Palladium-polymer nanoreactors for the aqueous asymmetric synthesis of therapeutic flavonoids. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py02050c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric core–shell micelles incorporating a chiral palladium pyridinooxazoline catalyst are presented as nanoreactors for the aqueous asymmetric synthesis of flavanones, a class of flavonoids, with therapeutic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Lestini
- University of Warwick
- Department of Chemistry
- Coventry
- UK
| | | | - C. M. Zammit
- University of Warwick
- Department of Chemistry
- Coventry
- UK
| | - T. Chen
- University of Warwick
- Department of Chemistry
- Coventry
- UK
- College of Materials and Textiles
| | | | - M. Inam
- University of Warwick
- Department of Chemistry
- Coventry
- UK
| | - B. Couturaud
- University of Warwick
- Department of Chemistry
- Coventry
- UK
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15
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Surfactant-Free RAFT Emulsion Polymerization of Styrene Using Thermoresponsive macroRAFT Agents: Towards Smart Well-Defined Block Copolymers with High Molecular Weights. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:polym9120668. [PMID: 30965968 PMCID: PMC6418535 DOI: 10.3390/polym9120668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The combination of reversible addition⁻fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) and emulsion polymerization has recently attracted much attention as a synthetic tool for high-molecular-weight block copolymers and their micellar nano-objects. Up to recently, though, the use of thermoresponsive polymers as both macroRAFT agents and latex stabilizers was impossible in aqueous media due to their hydrophobicity at the usually high polymerization temperatures. In this work, we present a straightforward surfactant-free RAFT emulsion polymerization to obtain thermoresponsive styrenic block copolymers with molecular weights of around 100 kDa and their well-defined latexes. The stability of the aqueous latexes is achieved by adding 20 vol % of the cosolvent 1,4-dioxane (DOX), increasing the phase transition temperature (PTT) of the used thermoresponsive poly(N-acryloylpyrrolidine) (PAPy) macroRAFT agents above the polymerization temperature. Furthermore, this cosolvent approach is combined with the use of poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide)-block-poly(N-acryloylpiperidine-co-N-acryloylpyrrolidine) (PDMA-b-P(APi-co-APy)) as the macroRAFT agent owning a short stabilizing PDMA end block and a widely adjustable PTT of the P(APi-co-APy) block in between 4 and 47 °C. The temperature-induced collapse of the latter under emulsion polymerization conditions leads to the formation of RAFT nanoreactors, which allows for a very fast chain growth of the polystyrene (PS) block. In dynamic light scattering (DLS), as well as cryo-transmission electron microscopy (cryoTEM), moreover, all created latexes indeed reveal a high (temperature) stability and a reversible collapse of the thermoresponsive coronal block upon heating. Hence, this paper pioneers a versatile way towards amphiphilic thermoresponsive high-molecular-weight block copolymers and their nano-objects with tailored corona switchability.
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16
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Eggers S, Eckert T, Abetz V. Double thermoresponsive block-random copolymers with adjustable phase transition temperatures: From block-like to gradient-like behavior. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Eggers
- Department of Physical Chemistry; University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117; Hamburg 20146 Germany
| | - Tilman Eckert
- Department of Physical Chemistry; University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117; Hamburg 20146 Germany
| | - Volker Abetz
- Department of Physical Chemistry; University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117; Hamburg 20146 Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Institute of Polymer Research, Max-Planck-Straße 1; Geesthacht 21502 Germany
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