1
|
Ma J, Zheng S, Fu Y, Wang X, Qin J, Wu ZS. The status and challenging perspectives of 3D-printed micro-batteries. Chem Sci 2024; 15:5451-5481. [PMID: 38638219 PMCID: PMC11023027 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06999k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
In the era of the Internet of Things and wearable electronics, 3D-printed micro-batteries with miniaturization, aesthetic diversity and high aspect ratio, have emerged as a recent innovation that solves the problems of limited design diversity, poor flexibility and low mass loading of materials associated with traditional power sources restricted by the slurry-casting method. Thus, a comprehensive understanding of the rational design of 3D-printed materials, inks, methods, configurations and systems is critical to optimize the electrochemical performance of customizable 3D-printed micro-batteries. In this review, we offer a key overview and systematic discussion on 3D-printed micro-batteries, emphasizing the close relationship between printable materials and printing technology, as well as the reasonable design of inks. Initially, we compare the distinct characteristics of various printing technologies, and subsequently emphatically expound the printable components of micro-batteries and general approaches to prepare printable inks. After that, we focus on the outstanding role played by 3D printing design in the device architecture, battery configuration, performance improvement, and system integration. Finally, the future challenges and perspectives concerning high-performance 3D-printed micro-batteries are adequately highlighted and discussed. This comprehensive discussion aims at providing a blueprint for the design and construction of next-generation 3D-printed micro-batteries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences 457 Zhongshan Road Dalian 116023 China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 China
| | - Shuanghao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences 457 Zhongshan Road Dalian 116023 China
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Chinese Academy of Sciences 457 Zhongshan Road Dalian 116023 China
| | - Yinghua Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences 457 Zhongshan Road Dalian 116023 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District Beijing 100049 China
| | - Xiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences 457 Zhongshan Road Dalian 116023 China
| | - Jieqiong Qin
- College of Science, Henan Agricultural University No. 63 Agricultural Road Zhengzhou 450002 China
| | - Zhong-Shuai Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences 457 Zhongshan Road Dalian 116023 China
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Chinese Academy of Sciences 457 Zhongshan Road Dalian 116023 China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ribas-Massonis A, Cicujano M, Duran J, Besalú E, Poater A. Free-Radical Photopolymerization for Curing Products for Refinish Coatings Market. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14142856. [PMID: 35890631 PMCID: PMC9324147 DOI: 10.3390/polym14142856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Even though there are many photocurable compositions that are cured by cationic photopolymerization mechanisms, UV curing generally consists of the formation of cross-linking covalent bonds between a resin and monomers via a photoinitiated free radical polymerization reaction, obtaining a three-dimensional polymer network. One of its many applications is in the refinish coatings market, where putties, primers and clear coats can be cured faster and more efficiently than with traditional curing. All these products contain the same essential components, which are resin, monomers and photoinitiators, the latter being the source of free radicals. They may also include additives used to achieve a certain consistency, but always taking into account the avoidance of damage to the UV curing—for example, by removing light from the innermost layers. Surface curing also has its challenges since it can be easily inhibited by oxygen, although this can be solved by adding scavengers such as amines or thiols, able to react with the otherwise inactive peroxy radicals and continue the propagation of the polymerization reaction. In this review article, we cover a broad analysis from the organic point of view to the industrial applications of this line of research, with a wide current and future range of uses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aina Ribas-Massonis
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Computational Chemistry and Catalysis, University of Girona, c/Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Spain; (A.R.-M.); (J.D.); (E.B.)
| | - Magalí Cicujano
- Roberlo S.A., Ctra. N-II, km 706,5, Riudellots de la Selva, 17457 Girona, Spain;
| | - Josep Duran
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Computational Chemistry and Catalysis, University of Girona, c/Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Spain; (A.R.-M.); (J.D.); (E.B.)
| | - Emili Besalú
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Computational Chemistry and Catalysis, University of Girona, c/Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Spain; (A.R.-M.); (J.D.); (E.B.)
| | - Albert Poater
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Computational Chemistry and Catalysis, University of Girona, c/Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Spain; (A.R.-M.); (J.D.); (E.B.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang JYJ, Blyth MT, Sherburn MS, Coote ML. Tuning Photoenolization-Driven Cycloadditions Using Theory and Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:1023-1033. [PMID: 34991316 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c12174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The first broad spectrum investigation into the photoenolization/Diels-Alder (PEDA) sequence was carried out using M06-2X/6-31+G(d,p) in conjunction with SMD solvation and supported by experimental UV-vis spectroscopy. A test set of 20 prodienes was chosen to examine the role of the H atom acceptor group (substituted and unsubstituted carbonyl, thiocarbonyl, and imine), the H atom donor group, and bystander ring substituents. As reaction partners for the photogenerated dienes, a diverse test set of 20 dienophiles was examined, comprising electron rich, electron poor, neutral, strain activated, hydrocarbon, and heteroatom-containing molecules including CO2 and CO. A key finding of this work is the demonstration that the PEDA sequence of carbonyl based prodienes is tolerant of most substitution patterns. Another is that thiocarbonyl derivatives should behave analogously to the carbonyls but are likely to do so much more slowly, due to an inefficient intersystem crossing, an endothermic 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) step, and a [1,5] sigmatropic H shift to regenerate the starting material that outcompetes the [4 + 2]cycloaddition. In contrast, the T1 state of the ortho-alkyl imines displays the incorrect orbital symmetry for 1,5-HAT and is correspondingly accompanied by higher barriers, even in the excited state. However, provided these barriers can be overcome, the remaining steps in the PEDA sequence are predicted to be facile. The Diels-Alder reaction is predicted to be of much broader scope than reported synthetic literature: while electron poor dienophiles are expected to be the most reactive partners, ethylene and electron rich alkenes should react at a synthetically useful rate. CO is predicted to undergo a facile (4 + 1)cheletropic addition instead of the normal [4 + 2]cycloaddition pathway. This unique photoenolization/cheletropic addition (PECA) sequence could provide metal-free access to benzannelated cyclopentanones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Yu J Wang
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Mitchell T Blyth
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Michael S Sherburn
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Michelle L Coote
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
Photochemical reactions are increasingly being used for chemical and materials synthesis, for example, in photoredox catalysis, and generally involve photoexcitation of molecular chromophores dissolved in a liquid solvent. The choice of solvent influences the outcomes of the photochemistry because solute-solvent interactions modify the energies of and crossings between electronic states of the chromophores, and they affect the evolving structures of the photoexcited molecules. Ultrafast laser spectroscopy methods with femtosecond to picosecond time resolution can resolve the dynamics of these photoexcited molecules as they undergo structural and electronic changes, relax back to the ground state, dissipate their excess internal energy to the surrounding solvent, or undergo photochemical reactions. In this Account, we illustrate how experimental studies using ultrafast lasers can reveal the influences that different solvents or cosolutes exert on the photoinduced nonadiabatic dynamics of internal conversion and intersystem crossing in nonradiative relaxation pathways. Although the environment surrounding a solute molecule is rapidly changing, with fluctuations in the coordination to neighboring solvent molecules occurring on femtosecond or picosecond time scales, we show that it is possible to photoexcite selectively only those molecular chromophores transiently experiencing specific solute-solvent interactions such as intermolecular hydrogen bonding.The effects of different solvation environments on the photodynamics are illustrated using four selected examples of photochemical processes in which the solvent has a marked effect on the outcomes. We first consider two aromatic carbonyl compounds, benzophenone and acetophenone, which are known to undergo fast intersystem crossing to populate the first excited triplet state on time scales of a few picoseconds. We show that the nonadiabatic excited-state dynamics are modified by transient hydrogen bonding of the carbonyl group to a protic solvent or by coordination to a metal cation cosolute. We then examine how different solvents modify the competition between two alternative relaxation pathways in a photoexcited UVA-sunscreen molecule, diethylamino hydroxybenzoyl hexyl benzoate (DHHB). This relaxation back to the ground electronic state is an essential part of the effective operation of the sunscreen compound, but the dynamics are sensitive to the surrounding environment. Finally, we consider how solvents of different polarity affect the energies and lifetimes of excited states with locally excited or charge-transfer character in heterocyclic organic compounds used as excited-state electron donors for photoredox catalysis. With these and other examples, we seek to develop a molecular level understanding of how the choice of solution environment might be used to control the outcomes of photochemical reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Kumar Venkatraman
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Orr-Ewing
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhu D, Wagner P, Xiao P. Terthiophene Derivative-Based Photoinitiating Systems for Free Radical and Cationic Polymerization under Blue LEDs. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c00743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhu
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Pawel Wagner
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science and the Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, Australian Institute for Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Pu Xiao
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Robertson PA, Bishop HM, Orr-Ewing AJ. Tuning the Excited-State Dynamics of Acetophenone Using Metal Ions in Solution. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:5473-5478. [PMID: 34085833 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c01466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The effects of dissolved metal salts on the excited-state dynamics of acetophenone in solution have been explored by using ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy at two UV excitation wavelengths. In the absence of metal ions, the S1(nπ*) transition of acetophenone is excited at 320 nm, with intersystem crossing (ISC) occurring with a time constant τISC = 5.95 ± 0.47 ps in acetonitrile solution. Excitation at 280 nm accesses the S2(ππ*) state, which internally converts (<0.2 ps) to S1 before undergoing ISC with τISC = 4.36 ± 0.14 ps. Coordination to Mg2+ ions makes the S2 state accessible to excitation at 320 nm, with the rate of S2 → S1 internal conversion reducing 3-fold but the ISC rate increasing. These changes to the excited-state energies and dynamics of this model photosensitizer indicate that dissolved metal salts could modify the photochemistry of synthetically useful homogeneous photocatalytic systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A Robertson
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah M Bishop
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Orr-Ewing
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Marlton SJP, McKinnon BI, Hill NS, Coote ML, Trevitt AJ. Electrostatically Tuning the Photodissociation of the Irgacure 2959 Photoinitiator in the Gas Phase by Cation Binding. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:2331-2339. [PMID: 33427467 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c11978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The low-lying electronic states of Irgacure 2959, a Norrish-type I photoinitiator, complexed with a single metal cation are investigated in the gas phase by photodissociation action spectroscopy. Analysis of the band shifts using quantum chemical calculations (TD-DFT and SCS-CC2) reveals the underlying influence of the charge on the key electronic energy levels. Since the cations (H+, Li+, Na+, K+, Zn2+, Ca2+, and Mg2+) bind at varying distances, the magnitude of the electric field at the center of the chromophore due to the cation is altered, and this shifts the electronic states by different amounts. Photodissociation action spectra of cation-Irg complexes show that absorption transitions to the first 1ππ* state are red-shifted with a magnitude proportional to the electric field strength (with red shifts >1 eV), and in most cases, the cation is essentially acting as a point charge. Calculations show that a neighboring 3nπ* state, a key state for the α-cleavage pathway, is destabilized (blue-shifted) by the orientated electric field. As such, if the 1ππ*-3nπ* energy gap is reduced, increased intersystem crossing rates are expected, resulting in higher yields of the desired radical photoproducts, and this is controlled by the orientated electric field arising from the cation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J P Marlton
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Benjamin I McKinnon
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Nicholas S Hill
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Michelle L Coote
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Adam J Trevitt
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Xu L, Izgorodina EI, Coote ML. Ordered Solvents and Ionic Liquids Can Be Harnessed for Electrostatic Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:12826-12833. [PMID: 32610899 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c05643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we employ classical molecular dynamics simulations using the Drude oscillator-based polarizable force field, quantum chemical calculations, and ONIOM multiscale calculations to study (a) how an external field orders the solvent environment in a chemical reaction and then (b) whether in the absence of this same applied field the ordered solvent environment alone can electrostatically catalyze a chemical reaction when compared with the corresponding disordered solvent. Our results show that a 0.2 V/Å external electric field, which is below the threshold for bond breaking of solvent molecules, leads to significant ordering of bulk methanol solvent and the ionic liquid [EMIM][BF4]. Importantly, in the absence of this same field, the ordered solvent lowers the activation energy of the hydrogen-transfer reaction of o-alkylphenyl ketones in excess of 20 kcal/mol when the solvent is methanol and by over 30 kcal/mol for [EMIM][BF4]. Even a 0.1 V/Å external field has effects of ca. 10 and 20 kcal/mol, respectively. This work suggests a possible strategy for scaling electrostatic catalysis by applying a pulsed external field to the reaction medium to maintain solvent ordering while allowing the reaction to proceed largely in the absence of an external field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Longkun Xu
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Ekaterina I Izgorodina
- Monash Computational Chemistry Group, School of Chemistry, Monash University, 17 Rainforest Walk, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Michelle L Coote
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Jöckle P, Lamparth I, Moszner N, Barner-Kowollik C, Unterreiner AN. Evidence for ultrafast formation of tribenzoylgermyl radicals originating from tetraacylgermane photoinitiators. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00344a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report strong evidence for the ultrafast formation of tribenzoylgermyl radicals originating from tetraacylgermane photoinitiators on a ps-time scale. In comparison to previous studies, the result can be related to a high initiation efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Jöckle
- Molekulare Physikalische Chemie
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | | | | | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Centre for Materials Science
- School of Chemistry and Physics
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Andreas-Neil Unterreiner
- Molekulare Physikalische Chemie
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Li J, Zhang X, Ali S, Akram MY, Nie J, Zhu X. The effect of polyethylene glycoldiacrylate complexation on type II photoinitiator and promotion for visible light initiation system. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2019.112037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
11
|
Hill NS, Coote ML. Strategies for Red-Shifting Type I Photoinitiators: Internal Electric Fields versus Lewis Acids versus Increasing Conjugation. Aust J Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1071/ch19262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Time-dependent density functional theory calculations were performed on derivatives of Irgacure 2959, a water-soluble, acetophenone-type photoinitiator, in order to assess the relative merits and drawbacks of three distinct ways of modifying its photochemistry: Lewis acid complexation, changing the amount of conjugation in the molecule, and application of an internal electric field through inclusion of a remote charged functional group. The effectiveness of each of the three methods was evaluated against the magnitude of the change in energy of the excited states. Internal electric fields were shown to provide the best method for targeting specific excited states in a controlled and rational manner. The other strategies also had significant effects but it was more difficult to independently target different transitions. Nonetheless, for the specific case of Irgacure 2959, we predict that its complexation with Mg2+ ions in a range of solvents will both red-shift the initiator’s absorbance while improving its efficiency and it is thus a promising candidate for testing as a visible light photoinitiator.
Collapse
|
12
|
Hill NS, Coote ML. Internal Oriented Electric Fields as a Strategy for Selectively Modifying Photochemical Reactivity. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:17800-17804. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b12009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas S. Hill
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Michelle L. Coote
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Marien YW, Van Steenberge PHM, Barner-Kowollik C, Reyniers MF, Marin GB, D’hooge DR. Kinetic Monte Carlo Modeling Extracts Information on Chain Initiation and Termination from Complete PLP-SEC Traces. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshi W. Marien
- Laboratory
for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, B-9052 Zwijnaarde (Ghent), Belgium
| | - Paul H. M. Van Steenberge
- Laboratory
for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, B-9052 Zwijnaarde (Ghent), Belgium
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Preparative
Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische Chemie und
Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse
18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institut
für Biologische Grenzflächen, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- School
of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Marie-Françoise Reyniers
- Laboratory
for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, B-9052 Zwijnaarde (Ghent), Belgium
| | - Guy B. Marin
- Laboratory
for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, B-9052 Zwijnaarde (Ghent), Belgium
| | - Dagmar R. D’hooge
- Laboratory
for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, B-9052 Zwijnaarde (Ghent), Belgium
- Department
of Textiles, Ghent University, Technologiepark 907, B-9052 Zwijnaarde (Ghent), Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Jiang JY, Smith LM, Tyrell JH, Coote ML. Pulsed laser polymerisation studies of methyl methacrylate in the presence of AlCl3 and ZnCl2 – evidence of propagation catalysis. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py01355h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Pulsed laser polymerization experiments demonstrate that Lewis acids electrostatically catalyse the propagation step in radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Y. Jiang
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science
- Research School of Chemistry
- Australian National University
- Canberra
- Australia
| | - Leesa M. Smith
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science
- Research School of Chemistry
- Australian National University
- Canberra
- Australia
| | - Jason H. Tyrell
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science
- Research School of Chemistry
- Australian National University
- Canberra
- Australia
| | - Michelle L. Coote
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science
- Research School of Chemistry
- Australian National University
- Canberra
- Australia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Marien YW, Van Steenberge PHM, Kockler KB, Barner-Kowollik C, Reyniers MF, Marin GB, D'hooge DR. Estimating the photodissociation quantum yield from PLP-SEC peak heights. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py00412e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|