1
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Pearce S, Lin C, Pérez-Mercader J. Adaptive and Dissipative Hierarchical Population Crowding of Synthetic Protocells through Click-PISA under Gradient Energy Inputs. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:2457-2464. [PMID: 38373157 PMCID: PMC10906081 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c04035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
The ability of living objects to respond rapidly en masse to various stimuli or stress is an important function in response to externally applied changes in the local environment. This occurs across many length scales, for instance, bacteria swarming in response to different stimuli or stress and macromolecular crowding within cells. Currently there are few mechanisms to induce similar autonomous behaviors within populations of synthetic protocells. Herein, we report a system in which populations of individual objects behave in a coordinated manner in response to changes in the energetic environment by the emergent self-organization of large object swarms. These swarms contain protocell populations of approximately 60 000 individuals. We demonstrate the dissipative nature of the hierarchical constructs, which persist under appropriate UV stimulation. Finally, we identify the ability of the object populations to change behaviors in an adaptive population-wide response to the local energetic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Pearce
- Department
of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Origins of Life Initiative, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Chenyu Lin
- Department
of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Origins of Life Initiative, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Juan Pérez-Mercader
- Department
of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Origins of Life Initiative, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- The
Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87501, United States
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2
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Zuo S, Feng W, Liu F, Xu X, Tao X, Wang L, Liu H, Lin S. Polymerization-induced self-assembly of side-chain liquid crystalline copolymers by dissipative particle dynamics simulation. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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3
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Unified representation of Life's basic properties by a 3-species Stochastic Cubic Autocatalytic Reaction-Diffusion system of equations. Phys Life Rev 2022; 41:64-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plrev.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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4
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Banno T, Sawada D, Toyota T. Construction of Supramolecular Systems That Achieve Lifelike Functions. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:2391. [PMID: 35407724 PMCID: PMC8999524 DOI: 10.3390/ma15072391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded in 1987 and 2016 for research in supramolecular chemistry on the "development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity" and the "design and production of molecular machines", respectively. This confirmed the explosive development of supramolecular chemistry. In addition, attempts have been made in systems chemistry to embody the complex functions of living organisms as artificial non-equilibrium chemical systems, which have not received much attention in supramolecular chemistry. In this review, we explain recent developments in supramolecular chemistry through four categories: stimuli-responsiveness, time evolution, dissipative self-assembly, and hierarchical expression of functions. We discuss the development of non-equilibrium supramolecular systems, including the use of molecules with precisely designed properties, to achieve functions found in life as a hierarchical chemical system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisuke Banno
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan; (T.B.); (D.S.)
| | - Daichi Sawada
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan; (T.B.); (D.S.)
| | - Taro Toyota
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
- Universal Biology Institute, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
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5
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Wu C, Corrigan N, Lim CH, Liu W, Miyake G, Boyer C. Rational Design of Photocatalysts for Controlled Polymerization: Effect of Structures on Photocatalytic Activities. Chem Rev 2022; 122:5476-5518. [PMID: 34982536 PMCID: PMC9815102 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, the use of photocatalysts (PCs) in controlled polymerization has brought new opportunities in sophisticated macromolecular synthesis. However, the selection of PCs in these systems has been typically based on laborious trial-and-error strategies. To tackle this limitation, computer-guided rational design of PCs based on knowledge of structure-property-performance relationships has emerged. These rational strategies provide rapid and economic methodologies for tuning the performance and functionality of a polymerization system, thus providing further opportunities for polymer science. This review provides an overview of PCs employed in photocontrolled polymerization systems and summarizes their progression from early systems to the current state-of-the-art. Background theories on electronic transitions are also introduced to establish the structure-property-performance relationships from a perspective of quantum chemistry. Typical examples for each type of structure-property relationships are then presented to enlighten future design of PCs for photocontrolled polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Wu
- Qingdao Institute for Theoretical and Computational Sciences, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | | | - Chern-Hooi Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
- New Iridium Incorporated, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Wenjian Liu
- Qingdao Institute for Theoretical and Computational Sciences, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Garret Miyake
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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6
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Reis M, Gusev F, Taylor NG, Chung SH, Verber MD, Lee YZ, Isayev O, Leibfarth FA. Machine-Learning-Guided Discovery of 19F MRI Agents Enabled by Automated Copolymer Synthesis. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:17677-17689. [PMID: 34637304 PMCID: PMC10833148 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c08181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Modern polymer science suffers from the curse of multidimensionality. The large chemical space imposed by including combinations of monomers into a statistical copolymer overwhelms polymer synthesis and characterization technology and limits the ability to systematically study structure-property relationships. To tackle this challenge in the context of 19F magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) agents, we pursued a computer-guided materials discovery approach that combines synergistic innovations in automated flow synthesis and machine learning (ML) method development. A software-controlled, continuous polymer synthesis platform was developed to enable iterative experimental-computational cycles that resulted in the synthesis of 397 unique copolymer compositions within a six-variable compositional space. The nonintuitive design criteria identified by ML, which were accomplished by exploring <0.9% of the overall compositional space, lead to the identification of >10 copolymer compositions that outperformed state-of-the-art materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Reis
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Filipp Gusev
- Department of Chemistry, Mellon College of Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Computational Biology Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Nicholas G Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Sang Hun Chung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Matthew D Verber
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Yueh Z Lee
- Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Olexandr Isayev
- Department of Chemistry, Mellon College of Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Computational Biology Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Frank A Leibfarth
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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7
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Pearce S, Perez-Mercader J. Chemoadaptive Polymeric Assemblies by Integrated Chemical Feedback in Self-Assembled Synthetic Protocells. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2021; 7:1543-1550. [PMID: 34584956 PMCID: PMC8461774 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.1c00681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The design and chemical synthesis of artificial material objects which can mimic the functions of living cells is an important ongoing scientific endeavor. A key challenge necessary for fulfilling the criteria for a system to be living currently regards evolution, which is derived from adaptivity. Integrated chemical loops capable of feedback control are required to achieve chemical systems which exhibit adaptivity. To explore this, we present an integrated, two-component orthogonal chemical process involving reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) based polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) and a copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne click (CuAAC) coupling reaction. The chemical processes are linked through electron transfer from the activated chain-transfer agent (CTA) to the dormant Cu(II) precatalyst. We show that combining these complementary chemistries in a single reaction pot resulted in two primary outcomes: (i) simplification of the PISA process to synthesize the macro-CTA in situ from available nonamphiphilic components and (ii) routes to complexity and adaptation involving population dynamics, morphologies, and dissipative phenomena observed during in situ microscopy analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Pearce
- Department
of Earth and Planetary Sciences and Origins of Life Initiative, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Juan Perez-Mercader
- Department
of Earth and Planetary Sciences and Origins of Life Initiative, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Santa
Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87501, United States
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8
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Poros-Tarcali E, Perez-Mercader J. Concurrent self-regulated autonomous synthesis and functionalization of pH-responsive giant vesicles by a chemical pH oscillator. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:4011-4018. [PMID: 33666638 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00150g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The semibatch BrO3--SO32- pH oscillator serves as the radical source for the in situ polymerization of the pH-responsive 2-(diisopropylamino)-ethyl methacrylate monomer on poly(ethylene-glycol)-macroCTA chain and generates an amphiphilic block copolymer. These building blocks concurrently self-assemble to micelles and then transforms to vesicles as the chain length of the hydrophobic block growths. Large amplitude oscillations in the concentration of H+ by the semibatch BrO3--SO32- are provoked when the conditions in the system are favorable. The oscillations control the protonation state of the tertiary amine group in the core segment of the block copolymer. Rhythmic assembly-disassembly of the polymer structures is observed. All processes, from the time- regulated autonomous formation of the building blocks, their self-assembly and the rhythmic disassembly-reassembly are governed by the same simple chemical system, in the same reaction vessel, without complicated multi step procedures and are fueled and kept out of equilibrium by the uniform inflow of SO32-.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Poros-Tarcali
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science and Origins of Life Initiative, Harvard University, 20 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.
| | - J Perez-Mercader
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science and Origins of Life Initiative, Harvard University, 20 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA. and Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87501, USA
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9
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Lin C, Katla SK, Pérez-Mercader J. Photochemically induced cyclic morphological dynamics via degradation of autonomously produced, self-assembled polymer vesicles. Commun Chem 2021; 4:25. [PMID: 36697697 PMCID: PMC9814595 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-021-00464-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Autonomous and out-of-equilibrium vesicles synthesised from small molecules in a homogeneous aqueous medium are an emerging class of dynamically self-assembled systems with considerable potential for engineering natural life mimics. Here we report on the physico-chemical mechanism behind a dynamic morphological evolution process through which self-assembled polymeric structures autonomously booted from a homogeneous mixture, evolve from micelles to giant vesicles accompanied by periodic growth and implosion cycles when exposed to oxygen under light irradiation. The system however formed nano-objects or gelation under poor oxygen conditions or when heated. We determined the cause to be photoinduced chemical degradation within hydrated polymer cores inducing osmotic water influx and the subsequent morphological dynamics. The process also led to an increase in the population of polymeric objects through system self-replication. This study offers a new path toward the design of chemically self-assembled systems and their potential application in autonomous material artificial simulation of living systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Lin
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Sai Krishna Katla
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Juan Pérez-Mercader
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States.
- The Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, United States.
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10
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Guo J, Poros-Tarcali E, Pérez-Mercader J. Periodic Polymerization and the Generation of Polymer Giant Vesicles Autonomously Driven by pH Oscillatory Chemistry. Front Chem 2021; 9:576349. [PMID: 33777891 PMCID: PMC7992010 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.576349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Using the radicals generated during pH oscillations, a semibatch pH oscillator is used as the chemical fuel and engine to drive polymerization induced self-assembly (PISA) for the one-pot autonomous synthesis of functional giant vesicles. Vesicles with diameters ranging from sub-micron to ∼5 µm are generated. Radical formation is found to be switched ON/OFF and be autonomously controlled by the pH oscillator itself, inducing a periodic polymerization process. The mechanism underlying these complex processes is studied and compared to conventional (non-oscillatory) initiation by the same redox pair. The pH oscillations along with the continuous increase in salt concentration in the semibatch reactor make the self-assembled objects undergo morphological evolution. This process provides a self-regulated means for the synthesis of soft giant polymersomes and opens the door for new applications of pH oscillators in a variety of contexts, from the exploration of new geochemical scenarios for the origin of life and the autonomous emergence of the necessary free-energy and proton gradients, to the creation of active functional microreactors and programmable release of cargo molecules for pH-responsive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinshan Guo
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science and Origins of Life Initiative, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Eszter Poros-Tarcali
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science and Origins of Life Initiative, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Juan Pérez-Mercader
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science and Origins of Life Initiative, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, United States
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11
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Lin C, Katla SK, Perez-Mercader J. Enhanced fluorescence emission from rhodamine 6G dye through polymerization-induced self-assembly. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2020.112992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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12
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Pearce S, Perez-Mercader J. PISA: construction of self-organized and self-assembled functional vesicular structures. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00564a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PISA reaction networks alone, integrated with other networks, or designing properties into the amphiphiles confer functionalities to the supramolecular assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Pearce
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and Origins of Life Initiative
- Harvard University
- Cambridge
- USA
| | - Juan Perez-Mercader
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and Origins of Life Initiative
- Harvard University
- Cambridge
- USA
- Santa Fe Institute
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13
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Lu Z, Guo J. Growing Polymer Vesicles Generated by Polymerization Induced Self-Assembly Coupled With a Living Chemical Reactor. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:1018. [PMID: 32984286 PMCID: PMC7490293 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.01018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical oscillatory reactions have attracted intensive attention due to their autonomous, continuous, and periodic features. Herein, the radicals generated in Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) oscillator was used to initiate RAFT (reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer) polymerization of 2-methoxyethyl acrylate (MEA) extending from hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) chain transfer agent (PEG-CTA) to give amphiphilic block copolymer, which self-assembled into collective objects with a size ranging from sub-micron to micron. Small-to-giant polymer vesicles could be generated using the above-mentioned BZ-PISA technology, the encapsulation of active BZ recipe into the vesicles also endorses the vesicles with growing features with potential for drug delivery and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Lu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zhihui Lu,
| | - Jinshan Guo
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science and Origin of Life Initiative, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
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14
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Cheng G, Pérez-Mercader J. Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly for Artificial Biology: Opportunities and Challenges. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 40:e1800513. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gong Cheng
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and Origins of Life Initiative; Harvard University; 20 Oxford Street Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - Juan Pérez-Mercader
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and Origins of Life Initiative; Harvard University; 20 Oxford Street Cambridge MA 02138 USA
- Santa Fe Institute; Santa Fe NM 87501 USA
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15
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Bastakoti BP, Guragain S, Perez-Mercader J. Direct Synthesis of Polymer Vesicles on the Hundred-Nanometer-and-Beyond Scale Using Chemical Oscillations. Chemistry 2018; 24:10621-10624. [PMID: 29800499 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bishnu Prasad Bastakoti
- Department Earth and Planetary Sciences and Origin of Life Initiative; Harvard University; 20 Oxford Street Cambridge 02138 Massachusetts USA
| | - Sudhina Guragain
- Department Earth and Planetary Sciences and Origin of Life Initiative; Harvard University; 20 Oxford Street Cambridge 02138 Massachusetts USA
| | - Juan Perez-Mercader
- Department Earth and Planetary Sciences and Origin of Life Initiative; Harvard University; 20 Oxford Street Cambridge 02138 Massachusetts USA
- Santa Fe Institute; Santa Fe New Mexico 87501 USA
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16
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Yeow J, Chapman R, Gormley AJ, Boyer C. Up in the air: oxygen tolerance in controlled/living radical polymerisation. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:4357-4387. [PMID: 29718038 PMCID: PMC9857479 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00587c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The requirement for deoxygenation in controlled/living radical polymerisation (CLRP) places significant limitations on its widespread implementation by necessitating the use of large reaction volumes, sealed reaction vessels as well as requiring access to specialised equipment such as a glove box and/or inert gas source. As a result, in recent years there has been intense interest in developing strategies for overcoming the effects of oxygen inhibition in CLRP and therefore remove the necessity for deoxygenation. In this review, we highlight several strategies for achieving oxygen tolerant CLRP including: "polymerising through" oxygen, enzyme mediated deoxygenation and the continuous regeneration of a redox-active catalyst. In order to provide further clarity to the field, we also establish some basic parameters for evaluating the degree of "oxygen tolerance" that can be achieved using a given oxygen scrubbing strategy. Finally, we propose some applications that could most benefit from the implementation of oxygen tolerant CLRP and provide a perspective on the future direction of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Yeow
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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17
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Ren K, Perez-Mercader J. Light-induced evolution of microaggregates: transformation to vesicles, cyclic growth and collapse and vesicle fusion. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py00546j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The self-assembled dynamic microaggregates were obtained in one pot via PISA and underwent visible light-induced evolutionary behaviors in the presence of nile red or rhodamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixuan Ren
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences
- Origins of Life Initiative
- Harvard University
- Cambridge
- USA
| | - Juan Perez-Mercader
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences
- Origins of Life Initiative
- Harvard University
- Cambridge
- USA
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18
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Facile One-Pot Synthesis of Functional Giant Polymeric Vesicles Controlled by Oscillatory Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201703816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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19
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Bastakoti BP, Perez-Mercader J. Facile One-Pot Synthesis of Functional Giant Polymeric Vesicles Controlled by Oscillatory Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [PMID: 28643367 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201703816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We introduce a novel application of an oscillatory chemical reaction to the synthesis of block copolymers. The Belousov-Zhabotinsky (B-Z) reaction is coupled with the polymerization of an amphiphilic block copolymer. Radicals generated in the B-Z reaction initiate the polymerization between a polyethylene glycol (PEG) macroreversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer agent and butyl acrylate monomers. The attachment of a hydrophobic block on PEG leads to self-assembly and formation of spherical micelles. The nanoscale micelles transform into submicrometer vesicles and grow to giant vesicles as a consequence of the oscillatory behavior of the B-Z reaction. The one-pot synthesis of an amphiphilic di-block copolymer and retention of oscillatory behavior for the B-Z reaction with the formation of giant vesicles bring a new insight into possible pathways for the synthesis of active functional microreactors in the range from hundreds of nanometers to tens of micrometers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishnu Prasad Bastakoti
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and Origin of Life Initiative, Harvard University, 20 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Juan Perez-Mercader
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and Origin of Life Initiative, Harvard University, 20 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.,Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, 87501, USA
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20
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Yeow J, Boyer C. Photoinitiated Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly (Photo-PISA): New Insights and Opportunities. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2017; 4:1700137. [PMID: 28725534 PMCID: PMC5514979 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201700137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) process is a useful synthetic tool for the efficient synthesis of polymeric nanoparticles of different morphologies. Recently, studies on visible light initiated PISA processes have offered a number of key research opportunities that are not readily accessible using traditional thermally initiated systems. For example, visible light mediated PISA (Photo-PISA) enables a high degree of control over the dispersion polymerization process by manipulation of the wavelength and intensity of incident light. In some cases, the final nanoparticle morphology of a single formulation can be modulated by simple manipulation of these externally controlled parameters. In addition, temporal (and in principle spatial) control over the Photo-PISA process can be achieved in most cases. Exploitation of the mild room temperature polymerizations conditions can enable the encapsulation of thermally sensitive therapeutics to occur without compromising the polymerization rate and their activities. Finally, the Photo-PISA process can enable further mechanistic insights into the morphological evolution of nanoparticle formation such as the effects of temperature on the self-assembly process. The purpose of this mini-review is therefore to examine some of these recent advances that have been made in Photo-PISA processes, particularly in light of the specific advantages that may exist in comparison with conventional thermally initiated systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Yeow
- School of Chemical EngineeringCentre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine (ACN)UNSW SydneySydneyNSW2052Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- School of Chemical EngineeringCentre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine (ACN)UNSW SydneySydneyNSW2052Australia
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21
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Shanmugam S, Xu J, Boyer C. Photocontrolled Living Polymerization Systems with Reversible Deactivations through Electron and Energy Transfer. Macromol Rapid Commun 2017; 38. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201700143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sivaprakash Shanmugam
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine School of Chemical Engineering The University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Jiangtao Xu
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine School of Chemical Engineering The University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine School of Chemical Engineering The University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
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Albertsen AN, Szymański JK, Pérez-Mercader J. Emergent Properties of Giant Vesicles Formed by a Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly (PISA) Reaction. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41534. [PMID: 28128307 PMCID: PMC5270245 DOI: 10.1038/srep41534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Giant micrometer sized vesicles are of obvious interest to the natural sciences as well as engineering, having potential application in fields ranging from drug delivery to synthetic biology. Their formation often requires elaborate experimental techniques and attempts to obtain giant vesicles from chemical media in a one-pot fashion have so far led to much smaller nanoscale structures. Here we show that a tailored medium undergoing controlled radical polymerization is capable of forming giant polymer vesicles. Using a protocol which allows for an aqueous reaction under mild conditions, we observe the macroscale consequences of amphiphilic polymer synthesis and the resulting molecular self-assembly using fluorescence microscopy. The polymerization process is photoinitiated by blue light granting complete control of the reaction, including on the microscope stage. The self-assembly process leads to giant vesicles with radii larger than 10 microns, exhibiting several emergent properties, including periodic growth and collapse as well as phototaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders N. Albertsen
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and Origins of Life Initiative, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Jan K. Szymański
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and Origins of Life Initiative, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Juan Pérez-Mercader
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and Origins of Life Initiative, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87501, United States
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23
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Ren K, Perez-Mercader J. Thermoresponsive gels directly obtained via visible light-mediated polymerization-induced self-assembly with oxygen tolerance. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py00558j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A thermoresponsive reversible hydrogel is developed by PET-RAFT mediated PISA in aqueous solution at room temperature without deoxygenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixuan Ren
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and Origins of Life Initiative
- Harvard University
- Cambridge
- USA
| | - Juan Perez-Mercader
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and Origins of Life Initiative
- Harvard University
- Cambridge
- USA
- Santa Fe Institute
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