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Bondzić BP, Daskalakis K, Taniguchi T, Monde K, Hayashi Y. Stereoselective Construction of Fluorinated Quaternary Stereogenic Centers via an Organocatalytic Asymmetric exo-Selective Diels-Alder Reaction in the Presence of Water. Org Lett 2022; 24:7455-7460. [PMID: 36190808 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A catalytic, asymmetric Diels-Alder reaction of α-fluoro α,β-unsaturated aldehydes and cyclopentadiene was developed using diarylprolinol silyl ether as an organocatalyst. The reaction proceeds in toluene with trifluoroacetic acid as an additive (condition A). Perchloric acid salt of diarylprolinol silyl ether also promotes the reaction using water as a reaction medium (condition B). In both cases, excellent exo-selectivity and enantioselectivity were obtained with generation of a fluorinated quaternary chiral center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojan P Bondzić
- University of Belgrade, Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Njegoševa 12, 11 000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Konstantinos Daskalakis
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Tohru Taniguchi
- Frontier Research Center for Advanced Material and Life Science, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Kenji Monde
- Frontier Research Center for Advanced Material and Life Science, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Yujiro Hayashi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
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2
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Ponomarev SA, Larkovich RV, Aldoshin AS, Tabolin AA, Ioffe SL, Groß J, Opatz T, Nenajdenko VG. Diels-Alder reaction of β-fluoro-β-nitrostyrenes with cyclic dienes. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:283-292. [PMID: 33564337 PMCID: PMC7849230 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The Diels–Alder reaction of β-fluoro-β-nitrostyrenes with cyclic 1,3-dienes was investigated. A series of novel monofluorinated norbornenes was prepared in up to 97% yield. The reaction with 1,3-cyclohexadiene permits the preparation of monofluorinated bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-2-enes. The kinetic data of the reactions with 1,3-cyclopentadiene and 1,3-cyclohexadiene were used to calculate activation parameters. Furthermore, the synthetic utility of the cycloadducts obtained was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savva A Ponomarev
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory 1, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Roman V Larkovich
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory 1, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander S Aldoshin
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory 1, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Andrey A Tabolin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky prosp. 47, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Sema L Ioffe
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky prosp. 47, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Jonathan Groß
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg-University, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Till Opatz
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg-University, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Valentine G Nenajdenko
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory 1, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
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3
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Larkovich RV, Ponomarev SA, Aldoshin AS, Tabolin AA, Ioffe SL, Nenajdenko VG. Diels-Alder Reaction of β-Fluoro-β-nitrostyrenes. Synthesis of Mono-fluorinated Six-Membered Derivatives. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roman V. Larkovich
- Department of Chemistry; Lomonosov Moscow State University; Leninskie gory 1 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Savva A. Ponomarev
- Department of Chemistry; Lomonosov Moscow State University; Leninskie gory 1 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Alexander S. Aldoshin
- Department of Chemistry; Lomonosov Moscow State University; Leninskie gory 1 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Andrey A. Tabolin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; Leninsky prosp. 47 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Sema L. Ioffe
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; Leninsky prosp. 47 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Valentine G. Nenajdenko
- Department of Chemistry; Lomonosov Moscow State University; Leninskie gory 1 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
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Mohamed TA, Shaaban IA, Soliman UA, Zoghaib WM. Computational studies, NMR, Raman and infrared spectral analysis of centrosymmetric (2Z,4Z)-Hexa-2,4-dienedinitrile. JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL & COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219633619500111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The Raman (50–3500[Formula: see text]cm[Formula: see text]) and infrared (200–3500[Formula: see text]cm[Formula: see text]) spectra of (2Z,4Z)-Hexa-2,4-dienedinitrile (C6H4N2; cis,cis-HDDN) have been recorded. Initially, three conformers were proposed based on following point groups: C2h, C2v and [Formula: see text] (gauche). For comparison purposes, M05-2X, M06-2X method were used in addition to B3LYP, MP2[Formula: see text]full and MP4[Formula: see text]full quantum mechanical calculations employing 6-31G(d) and 6-311+G(d,p) basis sets using Gaussian 09 program. Aided by potential energy surface scan, the C2h conformer is verified as a global minimum and the gauche ([Formula: see text]) being a local minimum with an energy barrier of 2.82[Formula: see text]kcal/mol. The energy difference ranged from 4.87 to 13.70[Formula: see text]kcal/mol favors the C2h conformer in good agreement with Raman and infrared spectral analysis. These results were also supported by the observed [Formula: see text] value (H9-H[Formula: see text]) at 10.8[Formula: see text]Hz which is consistent to 10.19[Formula: see text]Hz estimated for centrosymmetric conformer (C2h) rather than 4.81[Formula: see text]Hz predicted for gauche ([Formula: see text]). Complete vibrational assignments are proposed herein based on normal coordinate analysis (NCA) and potential energy distributions (PEDs) combined with theoretical vibrational frequencies and force constants in internal coordinates. It is crucial that NCA using VEDA 4 program with mixing shows large deviations from ours due to neglecting symmetry elements while mixing molecular vibrational motions. The results of these spectroscopic and theoretical studies are reported herein and compared with similar molecules whenever appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek A. Mohamed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science (Men’s Campus), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11884, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim A. Shaaban
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science (Men’s Campus), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11884, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61321, Saudi Arabia
| | - Usama A. Soliman
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science (Men’s Campus), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11884, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Jazan University, Jazan 82621, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wajdi M. Zoghaib
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 36, Al Khod, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
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5
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Yamada S, Mitsuda A, Miyano K, Tanaka T, Morita M, Agou T, Kubota T, Konno T. Development of Novel Solid-State Light-Emitting Materials Based on Pentafluorinated Tolane Fluorophores. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:9105-9113. [PMID: 31459045 PMCID: PMC6644817 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
We herein describe the synthesis of novel pentafluorinated tolane fluorophores, which possess an extended π-conjugated structure with a large molecular dipole moment along the longitudinal axis. We also report a detailed evaluation of both the photophysical and thermal behaviors of these fluorophores. All molecules displayed photoluminescence (PL) characteristics in both the crystalline state and in dilute solutions. The large longitudinal dipole moment induced solvatochromic PL behavior, which switched sensitively with changes in the solvent polarity. In addition, incorporation of the fluorinated tolane-based solid-state light-emitting moiety into the polymer side chain was found to be responsible for the PL characteristics observed in the solid state. It was also noteworthy that the polymerization protocol led to a significant enhancement in the thermal stability, with the thermal decomposition temperature increased by 90 °C. Accordingly, novel solid-state light-emitting materials with high thermal stabilities were successfully developed as promising candidates for use in light-emitting and optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeyuki Yamada
- Faculty
of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
- E-mail: (S.Y.)
| | - Akira Mitsuda
- Faculty
of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Kazuya Miyano
- Faculty
of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Tanaka
- Faculty
of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Masato Morita
- Faculty
of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Agou
- Department
of Quantum Beam Science, Graduate School and Engineering, Ibaraki University, 4-12-1 Nakanarusawa, Hitachi, Ibaraki 316-8511, Japan
| | - Toshio Kubota
- Department
of Quantum Beam Science, Graduate School and Engineering, Ibaraki University, 4-12-1 Nakanarusawa, Hitachi, Ibaraki 316-8511, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Konno
- Faculty
of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
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6
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Yamada S, Hashishita S, Asai T, Ishihara T, Konno T. Design, synthesis and evaluation of new fluorinated liquid crystals bearing a CF 2CF 2 fragment with negative dielectric anisotropy. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 15:1495-1509. [PMID: 28116381 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob02431a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We designed unique negative dielectric molecules, which were tricyclic compounds with a 5,5,6,6-tetrafluorocyclohexa-1,3-diene moiety in the mesogen, and then for the first time developed an effective synthetic protocol from commercially available 4-bromo-3,3,4,4-tetrafluorobut-1-ene. We also evaluated their physical properties for new mesogenic compounds, such as birefringence, dielectric anisotropy and shear viscosity, which are important characteristics for flat LC display device applications. The molecules clearly showed not only a large negative dielectric anisotropy and birefringence but also high viscosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeyuki Yamada
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan.
| | - Shohei Hashishita
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan.
| | - Tomoyuki Asai
- AGC Seimi Chemical Co., Ltd., Chigasaki 3-2-10, Chigasaki-city, Kanagawa 253-0041, Japan
| | - Takashi Ishihara
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan.
| | - Tsutomu Konno
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan.
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7
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α-Substitution effect of fluorine atoms in the cobalt-catalyzed hydrosilylation of fluorine-containing aromatic ketones. J Fluor Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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8
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McCune CD, Beio ML, Sturdivant JM, de la Salud-Bea R, Darnell BM, Berkowitz DB. Synthesis and Deployment of an Elusive Fluorovinyl Cation Equivalent: Access to Quaternary α-(1'-Fluoro)vinyl Amino Acids as Potential PLP Enzyme Inactivators. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:14077-14089. [PMID: 28906111 PMCID: PMC6052324 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b04690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Developing specific chemical functionalities to deploy in biological environments for targeted enzyme inactivation lies at the heart of mechanism-based inhibitor development but also is central to other protein-tagging methods in modern chemical biology including activity-based protein profiling and proteolysis-targeting chimeras. We describe here a previously unknown class of potential PLP enzyme inactivators; namely, a family of quaternary, α-(1'-fluoro)vinyl amino acids, bearing the side chains of the cognate amino acids. These are obtained by the capture of suitably protected amino acid enolates with β,β-difluorovinyl phenyl sulfone, a new (1'-fluoro)vinyl cation equivalent, and an electrophile that previously eluded synthesis, capture and characterization. A significant variety of biologically relevant AA side chains are tolerated including those for alanine, valine, leucine, methionine, lysine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan. Following addition/elimination, the resulting transoid α-(1'-fluoro)-β-(phenylsulfonyl)vinyl AA-esters undergo smooth sulfone-stannane interchange to stereoselectively give the corresponding transoid α-(1'-fluoro)-β-(tributylstannyl)vinyl AA-esters. Protodestannylation and global deprotection then yield these sterically encumbered and densely functionalized quaternary amino acids. The α-(1'-fluoro)vinyl trigger, a potential allene-generating functionality originally proposed by Abeles, is now available in a quaternary AA context for the first time. In an initial test of this new inhibitor class, α-(1'-fluoro)vinyllysine is seen to act as a time-dependent, irreversible inactivator of lysine decarboxylase from Hafnia alvei. The enantiomers of the inhibitor could be resolved, and each is seen to give time-dependent inactivation with this enzyme. Kitz-Wilson analysis reveals similar inactivation parameters for the two antipodes, L-α-(1'-fluoro)vinyllysine (Ki = 630 ± 20 μM; t1/2 = 2.8 min) and D-α-(1'-fluoro)vinyllysine (Ki = 470 ± 30 μM; t1/2 = 3.6 min). The stage is now set for exploration of the efficacy of this trigger in other PLP-enzyme active sites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Brendan M. Darnell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0304
| | - David B. Berkowitz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0304
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9
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Yamada S, Hashishita S, Konishi H, Nishi Y, Kubota T, Asai T, Ishihara T, Konno T. New entry for fluorinated carbocycles: Unprecedented 3,6-disubstituted 1,1,2,2-tetrafluorocyclohexane derivatives. J Fluor Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2017.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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10
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Leclerc MC, Gabidullin BM, Da Gama JG, Daifuku SL, Iannuzzi TE, Neidig ML, Baker RT. Transition-Metal-Free Formation of C-E Bonds (E = C, N, O, S) and Formation of C-M Bonds (M = Mn, Mo) from N-Heterocyclic Carbene Mediated Fluoroalkene C-F Bond Activation. Organometallics 2017; 36:849-857. [PMID: 28670045 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.6b00908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Herein, a recently reported polyfluoroalkenyl imidazolium salt is shown to react with nitrogen-, oxygen- and sulfur-based nucleophiles at the C β position in a stereoselective and regioselective fashion, without the use of a transition metal. In contrast, reactivity with 1-methylimidazole demonstrates net substitution at C α . This product reacts quantitatively with water, affording clean transformation of a difluoromethylene group to give an α,β-unsaturated trifluoromethyl ketone. Further reactivity studies demonstrate that the difluoromethyl fragment of an N-heterocyclic fluoroalkene is capable of direct C-C bond formation with NaCp through loss of sodium fluoride and double C-F bond activation (Cp = cyclopentadienide). TD-DFT calculations of this product indicate that both the HOMO and LUMO are of mixed π/π* character and are delocalized over the N-heterocyclic and Cp fragments, giving rise to a very intense absorption feature in the UV-vis spectrum. Additionally, two carbonylmetalate-substituted fluorovinyl imidazolium complexes featuring Mn and Mo were isolated and fully characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Leclerc
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences and Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Bulat M Gabidullin
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences and Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Jason G Da Gama
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences and Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Stephanie L Daifuku
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Theresa E Iannuzzi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Michael L Neidig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - R Tom Baker
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences and Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
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Sakaguchi Y, Yamada S, Konno T, Agou T, Kubota T. Stereochemically Defined Various Multisubstituted Alkenes Bearing a Tetrafluoroethylene (-CF 2CF 2-) Fragment. J Org Chem 2017; 82:1618-1631. [PMID: 28071049 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b02793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Highly regio- and stereoselective transformation of commercially available 4-bromo-3,3,4,4-tetrafluoro-1-butene into multisubstituted alkenes having a tetrafluoroethylene fragment through Heck reactions and/or Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions was established. Thus, the obtained alkenes underwent a smooth reductive coupling reaction with aldehydes under the influence of MeLi/LiBr-free, affording structurally unprecedented fluorinated materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiho Sakaguchi
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology , Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Yamada
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology , Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Konno
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology , Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Agou
- Department of Materials Science, Ibaraki University , 4-12-1 Nakanarusawa, Hitachi 316-8511, Japan
| | - Toshio Kubota
- Department of Materials Science, Ibaraki University , 4-12-1 Nakanarusawa, Hitachi 316-8511, Japan
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12
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Tamamoto K, Yamada S, Higashi M, Konno T, Ishihara T. Radical reactivity of α,β,β-trifluoroacrylic ester: Facile approach to γ-silyloxy-α,β,β-trifluorobutyric acid derivatives involving regioselective nucleophilic radical addition reaction. J Fluor Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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13
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Yamada S, Higashi M, Konno T, Ishihara T. Straightforward and Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of 3,3,4-Trifluoropyrrolidines Involving 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition with 2,3,3-Trifluoroacrylate. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201600837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shigeyuki Yamada
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering; Kyoto Institute of Technology; Matsugasaki 606-8585 Sakyo-ku, Kyoto Japan
| | - Masao Higashi
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering; Kyoto Institute of Technology; Matsugasaki 606-8585 Sakyo-ku, Kyoto Japan
| | - Tsutomu Konno
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering; Kyoto Institute of Technology; Matsugasaki 606-8585 Sakyo-ku, Kyoto Japan
| | - Takashi Ishihara
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering; Kyoto Institute of Technology; Matsugasaki 606-8585 Sakyo-ku, Kyoto Japan
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