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Le QB, Zondaka Z, Nguyen NT, Kiefer R. Ion‐selectivity of polypyrrole carbide‐derived carbon films in aqueous electrolytes. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Quoc Bao Le
- Conducting Polymers in Composites and Applications Research Group, Faculty of Applied Sciences Ton Duc Thang University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Zane Zondaka
- Intelligent Materials and Systems Lab, Institute of Technology University of Tartu Tartu Estonia
| | - Ngoc Tuan Nguyen
- Faculty of Applied Sciences Ton Duc Thang University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Rudolf Kiefer
- Conducting Polymers in Composites and Applications Research Group, Faculty of Applied Sciences Ton Duc Thang University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
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Zondaka Z, Le QB, Kiefer R. Polypyrrole with Embedded Carbide-Derived Carbon with and without Phosphor Tungsten Acid: Linear Actuation and Energy Storage. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14214757. [PMID: 36365750 PMCID: PMC9658178 DOI: 10.3390/polym14214757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Researchers have focused on incorporating porous carbon particles such as carbon-derived carbon (CDC) into polypyrrole (PPy), preferably on the surface, to achieve high-capacitive electrodes. Less attention is afforded to their linear actuation properties. Therefore, in this work, we chose two different electropolymerization processes using the typical PPy doped with dodecylbenzene sulfonate (DBS−) and added CDC particles, compared with CDC with phosphotungstic acid (PTA), forming CDC-PT4− dopants. The resulting PPy/DBS-CDC (PPyCDC) and PPy/DBS-CDC-PT (PPyCDC-PT) films showed different morphologies, with PPyCDC having the most CDC particles on the surface with less surrounding PPy, while in PPyCDC-PT, all the CDC particles were covered with PPy. Their linear actuation properties, applying electrochemical techniques (cyclic voltammetry and square wave potential steps), were found to enhance the PPyCDC-PT films in organic (2-times-higher strain) and aqueous electrolytes (2.8-times-higher strain) in an applied potential range of 0.8 V to −0.5 V. The energy storage capability found for the PPyCDC was favorable, with 159 ± 13 F cm−3 (1.2 times lower for PPyCDC-PT) in the organic electrolyte, while in the aqueous electrolyte, a result of 135 ± 11 F cm−3 was determined (1.8 times lower for PPyCDC-PT). The results showed that PPyCDC was more favorable in terms of energy storage, while PPyCDC-PT was suitable for linear actuator applications. The characterization of both the film samples included scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman, FTIR, and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zane Zondaka
- Intelligent Materials and Systems Lab, Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Quoc Bao Le
- Conducting Polymers in Composites and Applications Research Group, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Rudolf Kiefer
- Conducting Polymers in Composites and Applications Research Group, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +84-784566419
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Role of Polyoxometalate Contents in Polypyrrole: Linear Actuation and Energy Storage. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15103619. [PMID: 35629645 PMCID: PMC9145510 DOI: 10.3390/ma15103619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
A combination of polyoxometalates with polypyrrole is introduced in this work. Our goal was to include phosphotungstic acid (PTA) in different molar concentrations (0.005, 0.01, and 0.05 M) in the electropolymerization of pyrrole doped with dodecylbenzene sulfonate (DBS) and phosphotungstinates (PT), forming PPy/DBS-PT films. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that the PPy/DBS-PT films became denser and more compact with increasing PTA concentrations. The incorporation of PT in PPy/DBS was analyzed using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. The linear actuation in cyclic voltammetry and potential square wave steps in an organic electrolyte revealed increasing mixed actuation, with major expansion upon oxidation found for PPy/DBS-PT films with a PTA concentration of 0.005 M. Best results of a strain of 12.8% and stress at 0.68 MPa were obtained for PPy/DBS-PT (0.01 M). The PPy/DBS-PT films polymerized in the presence of 0.05 M of PTA and showed main expansion upon reduction, changing the actuation direction. Chronopotentiometric measurements of PPy/DBS-PT samples were conducted to determine the specific capacitance optimal for a 0.01 M PTA concentration in the range of 80 F g−1 (±0.22 A g−1).
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Abstract
In contrast to conventional hard actuators, soft actuators offer many vivid advantages, such as improved flexibility, adaptability, and reconfigurability, which are intrinsic to living systems. These properties make them particularly promising for different applications, including soft electronics, surgery, drug delivery, artificial organs, or prosthesis. The additional degree of freedom for soft actuatoric devices can be provided through the use of intelligent materials, which are able to change their structure, macroscopic properties, and shape under the influence of external signals. The use of such intelligent materials allows a substantial reduction of a device's size, which enables a number of applications that cannot be realized by externally powered systems. This review aims to provide an overview of the properties of intelligent synthetic and living/natural materials used for the fabrication of soft robotic devices. We discuss basic physical/chemical properties of the main kinds of materials (elastomers, gels, shape memory polymers and gels, liquid crystalline elastomers, semicrystalline ferroelectric polymers, gels and hydrogels, other swelling polymers, materials with volume change during melting/crystallization, materials with tunable mechanical properties, and living and naturally derived materials), how they are related to actuation and soft robotic application, and effects of micro/macro structures on shape transformation, fabrication methods, and we highlight selected applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indra Apsite
- Faculty of Engineering Science, Department of Biofabrication, University of Bayreuth, Ludwig Thoma Str. 36A, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Sahar Salehi
- Department of Biomaterials, Center of Energy Technology und Materials Science, University of Bayreuth, Prof.-Rüdiger-Bormann-Straße 1, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Leonid Ionov
- Faculty of Engineering Science, Department of Biofabrication, University of Bayreuth, Ludwig Thoma Str. 36A, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany.,Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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Tran CB, Zondaka Z, Le QB, Velmurugan BK, Kiefer R. Polypyrrole with Phosphor Tungsten Acid and Carbide-Derived Carbon: Change of Solvent in Electropolymerization and Linear Actuation. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14216302. [PMID: 34771828 PMCID: PMC8585407 DOI: 10.3390/ma14216302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Linear actuators based on polypyrrole (PPy) are envisaged to have only one ion that triggers the actuation direction, either at oxidation (anion-driven) or at reduction (cation-driven). PPy doped with dodecylbenzenesulfonate (PPy/DBS) is the most common applied conducting polymer having cation-driven actuation in aqueous solvent and mainly anion-driven actuation in an organic electrolyte. It is somehow desired to have an actuator that is independent of the applied solvent in the same actuation direction. In this research we made PPy/DBS with the addition of phosphorus tungsten acid, forming PPyPT films, as well with included carbide derived carbon (CDC) resulting in PPyCDC films. The solvent in electropolymerization was changed from an aqueous ethylene glycol mixture to pure EG forming PPyPT-EG and PPyCDC-EG composites. Our goal in this study was to investigate the linear actuation properties of PPy composites applying sodium perchlorate in aqueous (NaClO4-aq) and propylene carbonate (NaClO4-PC) electrolytes. Cyclic voltammetry and square potential steps in combination with electro-chemo-mechanical-deformation (ECMD) measurements of PPy composite films were performed. The PPyPT and PPyCDC had mixed ion-actuation in NaClO4-PC while in NaClO4-aq expansion at reduction (cation-driven) was observed. Those novel PPy composites electropolymerized in EG solvent showed independently which solvent applied mainly expansion at reduction (cation-driven actuator). Chronopotentiometric measurements were performed on all composites, revealing excellent specific capacitance up to 190 F g-1 for PPyCDC-EG (best capacitance retention of 90 % after 1000 cycles) and 130 F g-1 for PPyPT-EG in aqueous electrolyte. The films were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chau B. Tran
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam;
| | - Zane Zondaka
- Intelligent Materials and Systems Lab, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia;
| | - Quoc Bao Le
- Conducting Polymers in Composites and Applications Research Group, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam;
| | - Bharath Kumar Velmurugan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan;
| | - Rudolf Kiefer
- Conducting Polymers in Composites and Applications Research Group, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-905605515
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Khuyen NQ, Kiefer R, Elhi F, Anbarjafari G, Martinez JG, Tamm T. A Biomimetic Approach to Increasing Soft Actuator Performance by Friction Reduction. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1120. [PMID: 32422917 PMCID: PMC7284564 DOI: 10.3390/polym12051120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
While increasing power output is the most straight-forward solution for faster and stronger motion in technology, sports, or elsewhere, efficiency is what separates the best from the rest. In nature, where the possibilities of power increase are limited, efficiency of motion is particularly important; the same principle can be applied to the emerging biomimetic and bio-interacting technologies. In this work, by applying hints from nature, we consider possible approaches of increasing the efficiency of motion through liquid medium of bilayer ionic electroactive polymer actuations, focusing on the reduction of friction by means of surface tension and hydrophobicity. Conducting polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bilayers were chosen as the model actuator system. The actuation medium consisted of aqueous solutions containing tetramethylammonium chloride and sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate in different ratios. The roles of ion concentrations and the surface tension are discussed. Hydrophobicity of the PET support layer was further tuned by adding a spin-coated silicone layer to it. As expected, both approaches increased the displacement-the best results having been obtained by combining both, nearly doubling the bending displacement. The simple approaches for greatly increasing actuation motion efficiency can be used in any actuator system operating in a liquid medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Quang Khuyen
- Conducting Polymers in Composites and Applications Research Group, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam;
| | - Rudolf Kiefer
- Conducting Polymers in Composites and Applications Research Group, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam;
| | - Fred Elhi
- Intelligent Materials and System Lab, Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (F.E.); (T.T.)
| | - Gholamreza Anbarjafari
- iCV Research Lab, Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia;
- Faculty of Engineering, Hasan Kalyoncu University, 27100 Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Jose G. Martinez
- Division of Sensor and Actuator Systems, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden;
| | - Tarmo Tamm
- Intelligent Materials and System Lab, Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (F.E.); (T.T.)
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Harjo M, Järvekülg M, Tamm T, Otero TF, Kiefer R. Concept of an artificial muscle design on polypyrrole nanofiber scaffolds. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232851. [PMID: 32392238 PMCID: PMC7213722 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we present the synthesis and characterization of two new conducting materials having a high electro-chemo-mechanical activity for possible applications as artificial muscles or soft smart actuators in biomimetic structures. Glucose-gelatin nanofiber scaffolds (CFS) were coated with polypyrrole (PPy) first by chemical polymerization followed by electrochemical polymerization doped with dodecylbenzensulfonate (DBS-) forming CFS-PPy/DBS films, or with trifluoromethanesulfonate (CF3SO3-, TF) giving CFS-PPy/TF films. The composition, electronic and ionic conductivity of the materials were determined using different techniques. The electro-chemo-mechanical characterization of the films was carried out by cyclic voltammetry and square wave potential steps in bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide lithium solutions of propylene carbonate (LiTFSI-PC). Linear actuation of the CFS-PPy/DBS material exhibited 20% of strain variation with a stress of 0.14 MPa, rather similar to skeletal muscles. After 1000 cycles, the creeping effect was as low as 0,2% having a good long-term stability showing a strain variation per cycle of -1.8% (after 1000 cycles). Those material properties are excellent for future technological applications as artificial muscles, batteries, smart membranes, and so on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madis Harjo
- Intelligent Materials and Systems Lab, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Martin Järvekülg
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tarmo Tamm
- Intelligent Materials and Systems Lab, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Toribio F. Otero
- Centre for Electrochemistry and Intelligent Materials (CEMI), Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Murcia, Spain
| | - Rudolf Kiefer
- Conducting polymers in composites and applications Research Group, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- * E-mail:
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Khuyen NQ, Zondaka Z, Harjo M, Torop J, Tamm T, Kiefer R. Comparative Analysis of Fluorinated Anions for Polypyrrole Linear Actuator Electrolytes. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E849. [PMID: 31083347 PMCID: PMC6571709 DOI: 10.3390/polym11050849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Either as salts or room temperature ionic liquids, fluorinated anion-based electrolytes have been a common choice for ionic electroactive polymer actuators, both linear and bending. In the present work, propylene carbonate solutions of four electrolytes of the three hugely popular anions-triflouromethanesulfonate, bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide, and hexafluorophosphate were compared and evaluated in polypyrrole linear actuators. The actuation direction, the characteristics-performance relations influence the behavior of the actuators. Isotonic Electro-chemo-mechanical deformation (ECMD) measurements were performed to study the response of the PPy/DBS samples. The highest strain for pristine PPy/DBS linear actuators was found in range of 21% for LiTFSI, while TBAPF6 had the least cation involvement, suggesting the potential for application in durable and controllable actuators. Interesting cation effects on the actuation of the same anions (CF3SO3-) were also observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Quang Khuyen
- Conducting Polymers in Composites and Applications Research Group, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
| | - Zane Zondaka
- Intelligent Materials and Systems Lab, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Madis Harjo
- Intelligent Materials and Systems Lab, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Janno Torop
- Intelligent Materials and Systems Lab, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Tarmo Tamm
- Intelligent Materials and Systems Lab, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Rudolf Kiefer
- Conducting Polymers in Composites and Applications Research Group, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
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Melling D, Martinez JG, Jager EWH. Conjugated Polymer Actuators and Devices: Progress and Opportunities. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1808210. [PMID: 30907471 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201808210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers (CPs), as exemplified by polypyrrole, are intrinsically conducting polymers with potential for development as soft actuators or "artificial muscles" for numerous applications. Significant progress has been made in the understanding of these materials and the actuation mechanisms, aided by the development of physical and electrochemical models. Current research is focused on developing applications utilizing the advantages that CP actuators have (e.g., low driving potential and easy to miniaturize) over other actuating materials and on developing ways of overcoming their inherent limitations. CP actuators are available as films, filaments/yarns, and textiles, operating in liquids as well as in air, ready for use by engineers. Here, the milestones made in understanding these unique materials and their development as actuators are highlighted. The primary focus is on the recent progress, developments, applications, and future opportunities for improvement and exploitation of these materials, which possess a wealth of multifunctional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Melling
- Division of Sensor and Actuator Systems, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, 58183, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jose G Martinez
- Division of Sensor and Actuator Systems, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, 58183, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Edwin W H Jager
- Division of Sensor and Actuator Systems, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, 58183, Linköping, Sweden
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Khanh TT, Lee RJ, Kilmartin PA, Khan MA, Khorram MS, Tamm T, Kiefer R. Actuation increase in polypyrrole bilayer by photo-activated dopants. SYNTHETIC METALS 2018; 246:57-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.synthmet.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
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Zondaka Z, Harjo M, Khan MA, Khanh TT, Tamm T, Kiefer R. Optimal phosphotungstinate concentration for polypyrrole linear actuation and energy storage. MULTIFUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2018; 1:014003. [DOI: 10.1088/2399-7532/aae8a4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
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12
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Polypyrrole/carbide-derived carbon composite in organic electrolyte: Characterization as a linear actuator. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2018.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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13
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Khadka R, Zondaka Z, Kesküla A, Khorram MS, Khanh TT, Tamm T, Travas-Sejdic J, Kiefer R. Influence of solvent on linear polypyrrole-polyethylene oxide actuators. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roshan Khadka
- Polymer Electronics Research Center, School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland; Private Bag, 92019 Auckland New Zealand
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology; Wellington 6140 New Zealand
| | - Zane Zondaka
- IMS Lab; Institute of Technology, University of Tartu; Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu Estonia
| | - Arko Kesküla
- IMS Lab; Institute of Technology, University of Tartu; Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu Estonia
| | - Mahdi Safaei Khorram
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry; Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 511 Kehuajie, Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Tran Thien Khanh
- Conducting polymers in composites and applications Research Group; Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University; Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Tarmo Tamm
- IMS Lab; Institute of Technology, University of Tartu; Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu Estonia
| | - Jadranka Travas-Sejdic
- Polymer Electronics Research Center, School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland; Private Bag, 92019 Auckland New Zealand
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology; Wellington 6140 New Zealand
| | - Rudolf Kiefer
- Conducting polymers in composites and applications Research Group; Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University; Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
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Yan B, Wu Y, Guo L. Recent Advances on Polypyrrole Electroactuators. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:E446. [PMID: 30965751 PMCID: PMC6418990 DOI: 10.3390/polym9090446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Featuring controllable electrochemomechanical deformation and excellent biocompatibility, polypyrrole electroactuators used as artificial muscles play a vital role in the design of biomimetic robots and biomedical devices. In the past decade, tremendous efforts have been devoted to their optimization on electroactivity, electrochemical stability, and actuation speed, thereby gradually filling the gaps between desired capabilities and practical performances. This review summarizes recent advances on polypyrrole electroactuators, with particular emphases on novel counterions and conformation-reinforcing skeletons. Progress and challenges are comparatively demonstrated and critically analyzed, to enlighten future developments of advanced electroactuators based on polypyrrole and other conducting polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingxi Yan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Yu Wu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Liang Guo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Radtke M, Ignaszak A. Carbon allotropes grafted with poly(pyrrole) derivatives via living radical polymerizations: electrochemical analysis of nano-composites for energy storage. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra06981b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon-based nanomaterials are key components in energy storage devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Radtke
- Department of Chemistry
- University of New Brunswick
- Fredericton
- Canada
| | - Anna Ignaszak
- Department of Chemistry
- University of New Brunswick
- Fredericton
- Canada
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Kivilo A, Zondaka Z, Kesküla A, Rasti P, Tamm T, Kiefer R. Electro-chemo-mechanical deformation properties of polypyrrole/dodecylbenzenesulfate linear actuators in aqueous and organic electrolyte. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra20766a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The immobilization of dodecylbenzenesulfonate (DBS−) in polypyrrole (PPy) during electropolymerization is typically expected to lead to cation-driven activity. Here we demonstrate that the actuation direction changed by using same electrolyte but different solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Kivilo
- Intelligent Materials and Systems Lab
- Institute of Technology
- University of Tartu
- 50411 Tartu
- Estonia
| | - Z. Zondaka
- Intelligent Materials and Systems Lab
- Institute of Technology
- University of Tartu
- 50411 Tartu
- Estonia
| | - A. Kesküla
- Intelligent Materials and Systems Lab
- Institute of Technology
- University of Tartu
- 50411 Tartu
- Estonia
| | - P. Rasti
- iCV Research Group
- Institute of Technology
- University of Tartu
- 50411 Tartu
- Estonia
| | - T. Tamm
- Intelligent Materials and Systems Lab
- Institute of Technology
- University of Tartu
- 50411 Tartu
- Estonia
| | - R. Kiefer
- Intelligent Materials and Systems Lab
- Institute of Technology
- University of Tartu
- 50411 Tartu
- Estonia
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