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Subramaniam S, Joyce P, Ogunniyi AD, Dube A, Sampson SL, Lehr CM, Prestidge CA. Minimum Information for Conducting and Reporting In Vitro Intracellular Infection Assays. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:337-349. [PMID: 38295053 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens are constantly evolving to outsmart the host immune system and antibiotics developed to eradicate them. One key strategy involves the ability of bacteria to survive and replicate within host cells, thereby causing intracellular infections. To address this unmet clinical need, researchers are adopting new approaches, such as the development of novel molecules that can penetrate host cells, thus exerting their antimicrobial activity intracellularly, or repurposing existing antibiotics using nanocarriers (i.e., nanoantibiotics) for site-specific delivery. However, inconsistency in information reported across published studies makes it challenging for scientific comparison and judgment of experiments for future direction by researchers. Together with the lack of reproducibility of experiments, these inconsistencies limit the translation of experimental results beyond pre-clinical evaluation. Minimum information guidelines have been instrumental in addressing such challenges in other fields of biomedical research. Guidelines and recommendations provided herein have been designed for researchers as essential parameters to be disclosed when publishing their methodology and results, divided into four main categories: (i) experimental design, (ii) establishing an in vitro model, (iii) assessment of efficacy of novel therapeutics, and (iv) statistical assessment. These guidelines have been designed with the intention to improve the reproducibility and rigor of future studies while enabling quantitative comparisons of published studies, ultimately facilitating translation of emerging antimicrobial technologies into clinically viable therapies that safely and effectively treat intracellular infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santhni Subramaniam
- UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Paul Joyce
- UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Abiodun D Ogunniyi
- Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Roseworthy Campus, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia
| | - Admire Dube
- School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, 7535 Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Samantha L Sampson
- South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, and Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7602 Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Claus-Michael Lehr
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Campus Building E 8.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus Building E8.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Clive A Prestidge
- UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
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Almeida Furquim de Camargo B, Fonseca-Santos B, Gonçalves Carvalho S, Corrêa Carvalho G, Delello Di Filippo L, Sousa Araújo VH, Lobato Duarte J, Polli Silvestre AL, Bauab TM, Chorilli M. Functionalized lipid-based drug delivery nanosystems for the treatment of human infectious diseases. Crit Rev Microbiol 2023; 49:214-230. [PMID: 35634703 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2022.2047007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases are still public health problems. Microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, and parasites are the main causing agents related to these diseases. In this context, the search for new effective strategies in prevention and/or treatment is considered essential, since current drugs often have side effects or end up, causing microbial resistance, making it a serious health problem. As an alternative to these limitations, nanotechnology has been widely used. The use of lipid-based drug delivery nanosystems (DDNs) has some advantages, such as biocompatibility, low toxicity, controlled release, the ability to carry both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs, in addition to be easel scalable. Besides, as an improvement, studies involving the conjugation of signalling molecules on the surfaces of these nanocarriers can allow the target of certain tissues or cells. Thus, this review summarizes the performance of functionalized lipid-based DDNs for the treatment of infectious diseases caused by viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, bacteria, fungi, and parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruno Fonseca-Santos
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campinas State University (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Jonatas Lobato Duarte
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | | | - Taís Maria Bauab
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Marlus Chorilli
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
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Subramaniam S, Joyce P, Thomas N, Prestidge CA. Bioinspired drug delivery strategies for repurposing conventional antibiotics against intracellular infections. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 177:113948. [PMID: 34464665 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria have developed a wealth of strategies to avoid and resist the action of antibiotics, one of which involves pathogens invading and forming reservoirs within host cells. Due to the poor cell membrane permeability, stability and retention of conventional antibiotics, this renders current treatments largely ineffective, since achieving a therapeutically relevant antibiotic concentration at the site of intracellular infection is not possible. To overcome such challenges, current antibiotics are 'repurposed' via reformulation using micro- or nano-carrier systems that effectively encapsulate and deliver therapeutics across cellular membranes of infected cells. Bioinspired materials that imitate the uptake of biological particulates and release antibiotics in response to natural stimuli are recently explored to improve the targeting and specificity of this 'nanoantibiotic' approach. In this review, the mechanisms of internalization and survival of intracellular bacteria are elucidated, effectively accentuating the current treatment challenges for intracellular infections and the implications for repurposing conventional antibiotics. Key case studies of nanoantibiotics that have drawn inspiration from natural biological particles and cellular uptake pathways to effectively eradicate intracellular pathogens are detailed, clearly highlighting the rational for harnessing bioinspired drug delivery strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santhni Subramaniam
- University of South Australia, UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, SA 5000, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Paul Joyce
- University of South Australia, UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, SA 5000, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Nicky Thomas
- University of South Australia, UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, SA 5000, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; The Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Woodville, SA 5011, Australia
| | - Clive A Prestidge
- University of South Australia, UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, SA 5000, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
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Guyon L, Groo AC, Malzert-Fréon A. Relevant Physicochemical Methods to Functionalize, Purify, and Characterize Surface-Decorated Lipid-Based Nanocarriers. Mol Pharm 2020; 18:44-64. [PMID: 33244972 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Surface functionalization of lipid-based nanocarriers (LBNCs) with targeting ligands has attracted huge interest in the field of nanomedicines for their ability to overcome some physiological barriers and their potential to deliver an active molecule to a specific target without causing damage to healthy tissues. The principal objective of this review is to summarize the present knowledge on LBNC decoration used for biomedical applications, with an emphasis on the ligands used, the functionalization approaches, and the purification methods after ligand corona formation. The most potent experimental techniques for the LBNC surface characterization are described. The potential of promising methods such as nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and isothermal titration calorimetry to characterize ligand surface corona is also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léna Guyon
- CERMN, UNICAEN Université de Caen Normandie, F-14000 Caen, France
| | - Anne-Claire Groo
- CERMN, UNICAEN Université de Caen Normandie, F-14000 Caen, France
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Li Y, Liu Y, Ren Y, Su L, Li A, An Y, Rotello V, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Liu Y, Liu S, Liu J, Laman JD, Shi L, van der Mei HC, Busscher HJ. Coating of a Novel Antimicrobial Nanoparticle with a Macrophage Membrane for the Selective Entry into Infected Macrophages and Killing of Intracellular Staphylococci. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2020; 30:2004942. [PMID: 34737689 PMCID: PMC8562776 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202004942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Internalization of Staphylococcus aureus by macrophages can inactivate bacterial killing mechanisms, allowing intracellular residence and dissemination of infection. Concurrently, these staphylococci can evade antibiotics that are frequently unable to pass mammalian cell membranes. A binary, amphiphilic conjugate composed of triclosan and ciprofloxacin is synthesized that self-assemble through micelle formation into antimicrobial nanoparticles (ANPs). These novel ANPs are stabilized through encapsulation in macrophage membranes, providing membrane-encapsulated, antimicrobial-conjugated NPs (Me-ANPs) with similar protein activity, Toll-like receptor expression and negative surface charge as their precursor murine macrophage/human monocyte cell lines. The combination of Toll-like receptors and negative surface charge allows uptake of Me-ANPs by infected macrophages/monocytes through positively charged, lysozyme-rich membrane scars created during staphylococcal engulfment. Me-ANPs are not engulfed by more negatively charged sterile cells possessing less lysozyme at their surface. The Me-ANPs kill staphylococci internalized in macrophages in vitro. Me-ANPs likewise kill staphylococci more effectively than ANPs without membrane-encapsulation or clinically used ciprofloxacin in a mouse peritoneal infection model. Similarly, organ infections in mice created by dissemination of infected macrophages through circulation in the blood are better eradicated by Me-ANPs than by ciprofloxacin. These unique antimicrobial properties of macrophage-monocyte Me-ANPs provide a promising direction for human clinical application to combat persistent infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Materials and Ministry, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Materials and Ministry, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yijin Ren
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Linzhu Su
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Materials and Ministry, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Ang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Materials and Ministry, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Yingli An
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Materials and Ministry, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Vincent Rotello
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Zhanzhan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Materials and Ministry, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Yin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Materials and Ministry, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Materials and Ministry, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Sidi Liu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Rd, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jian Liu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Rd, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jon D Laman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Linqi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Materials and Ministry, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Henny C van der Mei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henk J Busscher
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Woith E, Fuhrmann G, Melzig MF. Extracellular Vesicles-Connecting Kingdoms. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5695. [PMID: 31739393 PMCID: PMC6888613 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that extracellular vesicles (EVs) are shed from cells of almost every type of cell or organism, showing their ubiquity in all empires of life. EVs are defined as naturally released particles from cells, delimited by a lipid bilayer, and cannot replicate. These nano- to micrometer scaled spheres shuttle a set of bioactive molecules. EVs are of great interest as vehicles for drug targeting and in fundamental biological research, but in vitro culture of animal cells usually achieves only small yields. The exploration of other biological kingdoms promises comprehensive knowledge on EVs broadening the opportunities for basic understanding and therapeutic use. Thus, plants might be sustainable biofactories producing nontoxic and highly specific nanovectors, whereas bacterial and fungal EVs are promising vaccines for the prevention of infectious diseases. Importantly, EVs from different eukaryotic and prokaryotic kingdoms are involved in many processes including host-pathogen interactions, spreading of resistances, and plant diseases. More extensive knowledge of inter-species and interkingdom regulation could provide advantages for preventing and treating pests and pathogens. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of EVs derived from eukaryota and prokaryota and we discuss how better understanding of their intercommunication role provides opportunities for both fundamental and applied biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Woith
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Dahlem Center of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, D-14195 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Gregor Fuhrmann
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Biogenic Nanotherapeutics Group (BION), Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Campus E8.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus E8.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Matthias F. Melzig
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Dahlem Center of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, D-14195 Berlin, Germany;
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Menina S, Eisenbeis J, Kamal MAM, Koch M, Bischoff M, Gordon S, Loretz B, Lehr C. Bioinspired Liposomes for Oral Delivery of Colistin to Combat Intracellular Infections by Salmonella enterica. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1900564. [PMID: 31328434 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201900564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial invasion into eukaryotic cells and the establishment of intracellular infection has proven to be an effective means of resisting antibiotic action, as anti-infective agents commonly exhibit a poor permeability across the host cell membrane. Encapsulation of anti-infectives into nanoscaled delivery systems, such as liposomes, is shown to result in an enhancement of intracellular delivery. The aim of the current work is, therefore, to formulate colistin, a poorly permeable anti-infective, into liposomes suitable for oral delivery, and to functionalize these carriers with a bacteria-derived invasive moiety to enhance their intracellular delivery. Different combinations of phospholipids and cholesterol are explored to optimize liposomal drug encapsulation and stability in biorelevant media. These liposomes are then surface-functionalized with extracellular adherence protein (Eap), derived from Staphylococcus aureus. Treatment of HEp-2 and Caco-2 cells infected with Salmonella enterica using colistin-containing, Eap-functionalized liposomes resulted in a significant reduction of intracellular bacteria, in comparison to treatment with nonfunctionalized liposomes as well as colistin alone. This indicates that such bio-invasive carriers are able to facilitate intracellular delivery of colistin, as necessary for intracellular anti-infective activity. The developed Eap-functionalized liposomes, therefore, present a promising strategy for improving the therapy of intracellular infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Menina
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS)Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI) Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
- Department of PharmacySaarland University Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
| | - Janina Eisenbeis
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and HygieneSaarland University Homburg 66421 Germany
| | - Mohamed Ashraf M. Kamal
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS)Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI) Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
| | - Marcus Koch
- Institute for New MaterialsSaarland University Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
| | - Markus Bischoff
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and HygieneSaarland University Homburg 66421 Germany
| | - Sarah Gordon
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS)Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI) Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular SciencesJohn Moores University Liverpool L3 3AF UK
| | - Brigitta Loretz
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS)Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI) Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
| | - Claus‐Michael Lehr
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS)Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI) Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
- Department of PharmacySaarland University Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
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Metal Organic Framework (MOF) Particles as Potential Bacteria-Mimicking Delivery Systems for Infectious Diseases: Characterization and Cellular Internalization in Alveolar Macrophages. Pharm Res 2019; 36:53. [PMID: 30790066 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-019-2589-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Intramacrophagic bacteria pose a great challenge for the treatment of infectious diseases despite many macrophage targeted drug delivery approaches explored. The use of biomimetic approaches for treating infectious diseases is promising, but not studied extensively. The study purpose is to evaluate iron-based metal-organic frameworks (MOF) as a potential bacteria-mimicking delivery system for infectious diseases. METHODS Two types of carboxylated MOFs, MIL-88A(Fe) and MIL-100(Fe) were developed as "pathogen-like" particles by surface coating with mannose. MOF morphology, cellular uptake kinetics, and endocytic mechanisms in 3D4/21 alveolar macrophages were characterized. RESULTS MIL-88A(Fe) is rod-shape (aspect ratio 1:5) with a long-axis size of 3628 ± 573 nm and MIL-100(Fe) is spherical with diameter of 103.9 ± 7.2 nm. Cellular uptake kinetics of MOFs showed that MIL-100(Fe) nanoparticles were internalized at a faster rate and higher extent compared to MIL-88A(Fe) microparticles. Mannosylation did not improve the uptake of MIL-100(Fe) particles, whereas it highly increased MIL-88A(Fe) cellular uptake and number of cells involved in internalization. Cell uptake inhibition studies indicated that macropinocytosis/phagocytosis was the main endocytic pathway for internalization of MOFs. Accumulation of MOF particles in acidic compartments was clearly observed. CONCLUSIONS The successfully synthesized "pathogen-like" particles provide a novel application of MOF-based particles as biomimetic delivery system for intramacrophagic-based infections.
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Aspherical and Spherical InvA497-Functionalized Nanocarriers for Intracellular Delivery of Anti-Infective Agents. Pharm Res 2018; 36:22. [PMID: 30519925 PMCID: PMC6290668 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-018-2521-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Purpose The objective of this work was to evaluate the potential of polymeric spherical and aspherical invasive nanocarriers, loaded with antibiotic, to access and treat intracellular bacterial infections. Methods Aspherical nanocarriers were prepared by stretching of spherical precursors, and both aspherical and spherical nanocarriers were surface-functionalized with the invasive protein InvA497. The relative uptake of nanocarriers into HEp-2 epithelial cells was then assessed. Nanocarriers were subsequently loaded with a preparation of the non-permeable antibiotic gentamicin, and tested for their ability to treat HEp-2 cells infected with the enteroinvasive bacterium Shigella flexneri. Results InvA497-functionalized nanocarriers of both spherical and aspherical shape showed a significantly improved rate and extent of uptake into HEp-2 cells in comparison to non-functionalized nanocarriers. Functionalized and antibiotic-loaded nanocarriers demonstrated a dose dependent killing of intracellular S. flexneri. A slight but significant enhancement of intracellular bacterial killing was also observed with aspherical as compared to spherical functionalized nanocarriers at the highest tested concentration. Conclusions InvA497-functionalized, polymer-based nanocarriers were able to efficiently deliver a non-permeable antibiotic across host cell membranes to affect killing of intracellular bacteria. Functionalized nanocarriers with an aspherical shape showed an interesting future potential for intracellular infection therapy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s11095-018-2521-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Goes A, Fuhrmann G. Biogenic and Biomimetic Carriers as Versatile Transporters To Treat Infections. ACS Infect Dis 2018; 4:881-892. [PMID: 29553240 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.8b00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Biogenic and biomimetic therapeutics are a relatively new class of systems that are of physiological origin and/or take advantage of natural pathways or aim at mimicking these to improve selective interaction with target tissue. The number of biogenic and bioengineered avenues for drug therapy and diagnostics has multiplied over the past years for many applications, indicating the high expectations associated with this biological route. Nevertheless, the use of "bio"-related approaches for treating or diagnosing infectious diseases is still rare. Given that infectious diseases, in particular bacterial resistances, are seriously on the rise, there is an urgent need to take advantage of biogenic and bioengineered systems to target these challenges. In this manuscript, we first give a definition of the various "bio" terms, including biogenic, biomimetic, bioinspired, and bioengineered and we highlight them using tangible applications in the field of infectious diseases. Our examples cover cell-derived systems, including bioengineered bacteria, virus-like particles, and different cell-mimetics. Moreover, we discuss natural and bioengineered particles such as extracellular vesicles from mammalian and bacterial sources and liposomes. A concluding section outlines the potential for biomaterial-related avenues to overcome challenges associated with difficult-to-treat infections. We critically discuss benefits and risks for these applications and give an outlook on the future of biogenic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriely Goes
- Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Biogenic Nanotherapeutics group (BION), Campus E8.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus Building E8.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Gregor Fuhrmann
- Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Biogenic Nanotherapeutics group (BION), Campus E8.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus Building E8.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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Murgia X, Loretz B, Hartwig O, Hittinger M, Lehr CM. The role of mucus on drug transport and its potential to affect therapeutic outcomes. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 124:82-97. [PMID: 29106910 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A layer of mucus covers the surface of all wet epithelia throughout the human body. Mucus is a hydrogel mainly composed of water, mucins (glycoproteins), DNA, proteins, lipids, and cell debris. This complex composition yields a tenacious viscoelastic hydrogel that lubricates and protects the exposed epithelia from external threats and enzymatic degradation. The natural protective role of mucus is nowadays acknowledged as a major barrier to be overcome in non-invasive drug delivery. The heterogeneity of mucus components offers a wide range of potential chemical interaction sites for macromolecules, while the mesh-like architecture given to mucus by the intermolecular cross-linking of mucin molecules results in a dense network that physically, and in a size-dependent manner, hinders the diffusion of nanoparticles through mucus. Consequently, drug diffusion, epithelial absorption, drug bioavailability, and ultimately therapeutic outcomes of mucosal drug delivery can be attenuated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xabier Murgia
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Brigitta Loretz
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Olga Hartwig
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Marius Hittinger
- PharmBioTec GmbH, Science Park 1 Campus D 1.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Claus-Michael Lehr
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; PharmBioTec GmbH, Science Park 1 Campus D 1.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
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