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Bon L, Banaś A, Dias I, Melo-Marques I, Cardoso SM, Chaves S, Santos MA. New Multitarget Rivastigmine-Indole Hybrids as Potential Drug Candidates for Alzheimer's Disease. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:281. [PMID: 38399339 PMCID: PMC10892719 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16020281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia with no cure so far, probably due to the complexity of this multifactorial disease with diverse processes associated with its origin and progress. Several neuropathological hallmarks have been identified that encourage the search for new multitarget drugs. Therefore, following a multitarget approach, nine rivastigmine-indole (RIV-IND) hybrids (5a1-3, 5b1-3, 5c1-3) were designed, synthesized and evaluated for their multiple biological properties and free radical scavenging activity, as potential multitarget anti-AD drugs. The molecular docking studies of these hybrids on the active center of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) suggest their capacity to act as dual enzyme inhibitors with probable greater disease-modifying impact relative to AChE-selective FDA-approved drugs. Compounds 5a3 (IC50 = 10.9 µM) and 5c3 (IC50 = 26.8 µM) revealed higher AChE inhibition than the parent RIV drug. Radical scavenging assays demonstrated that all the hybrids containing a hydroxyl substituent in the IND moiety (5a2-3, 5b2-3, 5c2-3) have good antioxidant activity (EC50 7.8-20.7 µM). The most effective inhibitors of Aβ42 self-aggregation are 5a3, 5b3 and 5c3 (47.8-55.5%), and compounds 5b2 and 5c2 can prevent the toxicity induced by Aβ1-42 to cells. The in silico evaluation of the drug-likeness of the hybrids also showed that all the compounds seem to have potential oral availability. Overall, within this class of RIV-IND hybrids, 5a3 and 5c3 appear as lead compounds for anti-AD drug candidates, deserving further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Bon
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (L.B.); (A.B.); (I.D.)
| | - Angelika Banaś
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (L.B.); (A.B.); (I.D.)
| | - Inês Dias
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (L.B.); (A.B.); (I.D.)
| | - Inês Melo-Marques
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; (I.M.-M.); (S.M.C.)
| | - Sandra M. Cardoso
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; (I.M.-M.); (S.M.C.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Chaves
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (L.B.); (A.B.); (I.D.)
| | - M. Amélia Santos
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (L.B.); (A.B.); (I.D.)
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Benzothiazole-tethered 1,2,3-triazoles: Synthesis, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and molecular docking studies. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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3
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Costantino AR, Charbe N, Duarte Y, Gutiérrez M, Giordano A, Prasher P, Dua K, Mandolesi S, Zacconi FC. Toward the cholinesterase inhibition potential of TADDOL derivatives: Seminal biological and computational studies. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2022; 355:e2200142. [PMID: 35892245 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202200142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a degenerative neurological disease characterized by gradual loss of cognitive skills and memory. The exact pathogenesis involved still remains unrevealed, but several studies indicate the involvement of an array of different enzymes, underlining the multifactorial character of the disease. Inhibition of these enzymes is therefore a powerful approach in the development of AD treatments, with promising candidates, including acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), and monoamine oxidase. Interestingly, AChE is the target of a major pesticide family (organophosphates), with several reports indicating an intersection between the pesticide's activity and AD. In this study, various TADDOL derivatives were synthesized and their in vitro activities as AChE/BuChE inhibitors as well as their antioxidant activities were studied. Molecular modeling studies revealed the capability of TADDOL derivatives to bind to AChE and induce inhibition, especially compounds 2b and 3c furnishing IC50 values of 36.78 ± 8.97 and 59.23 ± 5.31 µM, respectively. Experimental biological activities and molecular modeling studies clearly demonstrate that TADDOL derivatives with specific stereochemistry have an interesting potential for the design of potent AChE inhibitors. The encouraging results for compounds 2b and 3c indicate them as promising scaffolds for selective and potent AChE inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea R Costantino
- INQUISUR, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Nitin Charbe
- Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, Kingsville, Texas, USA
| | - Yorley Duarte
- Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Margarita Gutiérrez
- Organic Synthesis Laboratory and Biological Activity (LSO-Act-Bio), Institute of Chemistry and Natural Resources, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Ady Giordano
- Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Parteek Prasher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia.,Uttaranchal Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India
| | - Sandra Mandolesi
- INQUISUR, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Flavia C Zacconi
- Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Institute for Biological and Medical Engineering, Schools of Engineering, Medicine and Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,The Research Center for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, CIEN-UC, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Novel Donepezil-Arylsulfonamide Hybrids as Multitarget-Directed Ligands for Potential Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26061658. [PMID: 33809771 PMCID: PMC8002323 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the most devastating neurodegenerative disorders, characterized by multiple pathological features. Therefore, multi-target drug discovery has been one of the most active fields searching for new effective anti-AD therapies. Herein, a series of hybrid compounds are reported which were designed and developed by combining an aryl-sulfonamide function with a benzyl-piperidine moiety, the pharmacophore of donepezil (a current anti-AD acetylcholinesterase AChE inhibitor drug) or its benzyl-piperazine analogue. The in vitro results indicate that some of these hybrids achieve optimized activity towards two main AD targets, by displaying excellent AChE inhibitory potencies, as well as the capability to prevent amyloid-β (Aβ) aggregation. Some of these hybrids also prevented Aβ-induced cell toxicity. Significantly, drug-like properties were predicted, including for blood-brain permeability. Compound 9 emerged as a promising multi-target lead compound (AChE inhibition (IC50 1.6 μM); Aβ aggregation inhibition 60.7%). Overall, this family of hybrids is worthy of further exploration, due to the wide biological activity of sulfonamides.
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Conjugates of desferrioxamine and aromatic amines improve markers of iron-dependent neurotoxicity. Biometals 2021; 34:259-275. [PMID: 33389339 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-020-00277-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder associated in some instances with dyshomeostasis of redox-active metal ions, such as copper and iron. In this work, we investigated whether the conjugation of various aromatic amines would improve the pharmacological efficacy of the iron chelator desferrioxamine (DFO). Conjugates of DFO with aniline (DFOANI), benzosulfanylamide (DFOBAN), 2-naphthalenamine (DFONAF) and 6-quinolinamine (DFOQUN) were obtained and their properties examined. DFOQUN had good chelating activity, promoted a significant increase in the inhibition of β-amyloid peptide aggregation when compared to DFO, and also inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity both in vitro and in vivo (Caenorhabditis elegans). These data indicate that the covalent conjugation of a strong iron chelator to an AChE inhibitor offers a powerful approach for the amelioration of iron-induced neurotoxicity symptoms.
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Ramaiah MJ, Karthikeyan D, Mathavan S, Yamajala RBRD, Ramachandran S, Vasavi PJ, Chandana NV. Synthesis, in vitro and structural aspects of benzothiazole analogs as anti-oxidants and potential neuroprotective agents. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 79:103415. [PMID: 32470609 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2020.103415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Catalase, an important antioxidant enzyme, is known to have a neuroprotective role against neurodegenerative disorder. Earlier study has focussed on benzothiazole-triazole hybrid molecules that are larger in size and molecular weight and inhibit the amyloid β (Aβ)-catalase interaction thus aid in neuroprotection. Here we have synthesized the novel benzothiazole molecules with low molecular weight using One-pot methodology and assayed the neuroprotective effects of the synthesized compounds in the U87 MG cell line under H2O2 induced stressed condition and compared with other cell lines such as breast cancer (MCF-7) and macrophage (RAW-264.7) using cell viability assay. These analogs were found to enhance the neuronal cell viability and protect neuronal cells from the ROS mediated neuronal damage induced by H2O2. Furthermore, compounds 6a, 6b, 6c, 6d, and 7a modulate catalase and enhanced the catalase activity up to 90 % during the H2O2 exposure in the U87MG cell line. These analogs (6a, 6b, 6c and 6d) have exhibited strong binding energies of -7.39, -7.52, -6.5 and -7.1 as observed by molecular modeling studies using AutoDockTool-1.5.6. Lig Plot + program using potent analogs 6b and 6c and catalase enzyme indicated the presence of hydrophobic interactions in the catalytic site of catalase enzyme. Furthermore, a simulation study was conducted between ligand and catalase protein by DESMOND software that further strengthens these ligand and enzyme interactions. In silico ADMET study was conducted by the Swiss ADME program revealed the drug-likeliness of these analogs. The present study has identified benzothiazole analogs such as 6b, 6c and 6d have potential catalase modulating activity and is comparable with that of known drug Valproic acid, thus help in neuroprotection. This study can be further taken up for the in vivo animal model study for the possible therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Janaki Ramaiah
- Functional Genomics and Disease Biology Laboratory, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, 613401, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Divyapriya Karthikeyan
- Functional Genomics and Disease Biology Laboratory, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sivagami Mathavan
- Organic Synthesis and Catalysis Laboratory, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajesh B R D Yamajala
- Organic Synthesis and Catalysis Laboratory, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Srimathy Ramachandran
- Functional Genomics and Disease Biology Laboratory, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P Jaya Vasavi
- Functional Genomics and Disease Biology Laboratory, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nuthakki Venkata Chandana
- Functional Genomics and Disease Biology Laboratory, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
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Chaves S, Resta S, Rinaldo F, Costa M, Josselin R, Gwizdala K, Piemontese L, Capriati V, Pereira-Santos AR, Cardoso SM, Santos MA. Design, Synthesis, and In Vitro Evaluation of Hydroxybenzimidazole-Donepezil Analogues as Multitarget-Directed Ligands for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Molecules 2020; 25:E985. [PMID: 32098407 PMCID: PMC7070709 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25040985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of multi-target-directed ligands (MTDLs), obtained by attachment of a hydroxyphenylbenzimidazole (BIM) unit to donepezil (DNP) active mimetic moiety (benzyl-piperidine/-piperazine) was designed, synthesized, and evaluated as potential anti-Alzheimer's disease (AD) drugs in terms of biological activity (inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and β-amyloid (Aβ) aggregation), metal chelation, and neuroprotection capacity. Among the DNP-BIM hybrids studied herein, the structural isomerization did not significantly improve the biological properties, while some substitutions, namely fluorine atom in each moiety or the methoxy group in the benzyl ring, evidenced higher cholinergic AChE activity. All the compounds are able to chelate Cu and Zn metal ions through their bidentate BIM moieties, but compound 5, containing a three-dentate chelating unit, is the strongest Cu(II) chelator. Concerning the viability on neuroblastoma cells, compounds 9 and 10 displayed the highest reduction of Aβ-induced cell toxicity. In silico calculations of some pharmacokinetic descriptors indicate that all the compounds but the nitro derivatives have good potential oral-bioavailability. Overall, it can be concluded that most of the studied DNP-BIM conjugates showed quite good anti-AD properties, therefore deserving to be considered in further studies with the aim of understanding and treating AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia Chaves
- Centro de Química Estrutural and Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (S.C.); (S.R.); (F.R.); (M.C.); (R.J.); (K.G.)
| | - Simonetta Resta
- Centro de Química Estrutural and Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (S.C.); (S.R.); (F.R.); (M.C.); (R.J.); (K.G.)
- Dipartimento di Farmacia–Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via E. Orabona 4, I-70125 Bari, Italy; (L.P.); (V.C.)
| | - Federica Rinaldo
- Centro de Química Estrutural and Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (S.C.); (S.R.); (F.R.); (M.C.); (R.J.); (K.G.)
- Dipartimento di Farmacia–Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via E. Orabona 4, I-70125 Bari, Italy; (L.P.); (V.C.)
| | - Marina Costa
- Centro de Química Estrutural and Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (S.C.); (S.R.); (F.R.); (M.C.); (R.J.); (K.G.)
| | - Romane Josselin
- Centro de Química Estrutural and Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (S.C.); (S.R.); (F.R.); (M.C.); (R.J.); (K.G.)
| | - Karolina Gwizdala
- Centro de Química Estrutural and Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (S.C.); (S.R.); (F.R.); (M.C.); (R.J.); (K.G.)
| | - Luca Piemontese
- Dipartimento di Farmacia–Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via E. Orabona 4, I-70125 Bari, Italy; (L.P.); (V.C.)
| | - Vito Capriati
- Dipartimento di Farmacia–Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via E. Orabona 4, I-70125 Bari, Italy; (L.P.); (V.C.)
- Consorzio C.I.N.M.P.I.S., Via E. Orabona 4, I-70125 Bari, Italy
| | - A. Raquel Pereira-Santos
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.R.P.-S.); (S.M.C.)
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sandra M. Cardoso
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.R.P.-S.); (S.M.C.)
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - M. Amélia Santos
- Centro de Química Estrutural and Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (S.C.); (S.R.); (F.R.); (M.C.); (R.J.); (K.G.)
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Xie J, Liang R, Wang Y, Huang J, Cao X, Niu B. Progress in Target Drug Molecules for Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Top Med Chem 2020; 20:4-36. [DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666191203113745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that 4 widespread in the elderly.
The etiology of AD is complicated, and its pathogenesis is still unclear. Although there are many
researches on anti-AD drugs, they are limited to reverse relief symptoms and cannot treat diseases.
Therefore, the development of high-efficiency anti-AD drugs with no side effects has become an urgent
need. Based on the published literature, this paper summarizes the main targets of AD and their drugs,
and focuses on the research and development progress of these drugs in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayang Xie
- School of Life Science, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Ruirui Liang
- School of Life Science, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yajiang Wang
- School of Life Science, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Junyi Huang
- School of Life Science, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Xin Cao
- Zhongshan Hospital Institute of Clinical Science, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Niu
- School of Life Science, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China
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Propargylamine-derived multi-target directed ligands for Alzheimer's disease therapy. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 30:126880. [PMID: 31864798 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.126880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Current options for the treatment of Alzheimeŕs disease have been restricted to prescription of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors or N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist, memantine. Propargylamine-derived multi-target directed ligands, such as ladostigil, M30, ASS234 and contilisant, involve different pathways. Apart from acting as inhibitors of both cholinesterases and monoamine oxidases, they show improvement of cognitive impairment, antioxidant activities, enhancement of iron-chelating activities, protect against tau hyperphosphorylation, block metal-associated oxidative stress, regulate APP and Aβ expression processing by the non-amyloidogenic α-secretase pathway, suppress mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening, and coordinate protein kinase C signaling and Bcl-2 family proteins. Other hybrid propargylamine derivatives are also reported.
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Design and Synthesis of 2-Substitutedphenyl Benzo[D]Thiazole Derivatives and Their β-Amyloid Aggregation and Cholinesterase Inhibitory Activities. Pharm Chem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-019-02000-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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11
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Saxena M, Dubey R. Target Enzyme in Alzheimer’s Disease: Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:264-275. [DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190128125912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), affecting a large population worldwide is characterized by the
loss of memory and learning ability in the old population. The enzyme Acetylcholinesterase Enzyme
(AChE) is the key enzyme in the hydrolysis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and is also the target
of most of the clinically used drugs for the treatment of AD but these drugs provide only symptomatic
treatment and have the limitation of loss of therapeutic efficacy with time. The development of different
strategies targeting the AChE enzyme along with other targets like Butyl Cholinesterase (BChE),
amyloid-β (Aβ), β-secretase-1 (BACE), metals antioxidant properties and free radical scavenging capacity
has been focused in recent years. Literature search was conducted for the molecules and their
rational design which have shown inhibition for AChE and the other abovementioned targets. Several
hybrid molecules incorporating the main sub-structures derived from diverse chemotypes like acridine,
quinoline, carbamates, and other heterocyclic analogs have shown desired pharmacological activity
with a good profile in a single molecule. It is followed by optimization of the activity through structural
modifications guided by structure-activity relationship studies. It has led to the discovery of novel
molecules 17b, 20, and 23 with desired AChE inhibition along with desirable activity against other
abovementioned targets for further pre-clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mridula Saxena
- Amity School of Applied Sciences, Amity University, Lucknow-226010, India
| | - Ragini Dubey
- Amity School of Applied Sciences, Amity University, Lucknow-226010, India
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Rajeshwari R, Chand K, Candeias E, Cardoso SM, Chaves S, Santos MA. New Multitarget Hybrids Bearing Tacrine and Phenylbenzothiazole Motifs as Potential Drug Candidates for Alzheimer's Disease. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24030587. [PMID: 30736397 PMCID: PMC6385087 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24030587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on neurodegenerative brain disorders, namely the age-dependent Alzheimer's disease (AD), has been intensified in the last decade due to the absence of a cure and the recognized increasing of life expectancy for populations. To address the multifactorial nature and complexity of AD, a multi-target-directed ligand approach was herein employed, by designing a set of six selected hybrids (14⁻19) that combine in the same entity two pharmacophores: tacrine (TAC) and 2-phenylbenzothiazole (PhBTA). The compounds contain a methoxy substituent at the PhBTA moiety and have a variable length linker between that and the TAC moiety. The docking studies showed that all the compounds assure a dual-binding mode of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition, establishing π-stacking and H-bond interactions with aminoacid residues at both active binding sites of the enzyme (CAS and PAS). The bioassays revealed that the designed compounds display excellent AChE inhibitory activity in the sub-micromolar range (0.06⁻0.27 μM) and moderate inhibition values for amyloid-β (Aβ) self-aggregation (27⁻44.6%), compounds 14 and 15 being the lead compounds. Regarding neuroprotective effects in neuroblastoma cells, compounds 15, 16 and 19 revealed the capacity to prevent Aβ-induced toxicity, but compound 16 showed the highest neuroprotective effect. Overall these hybrid compounds, in particular 15 and 16, with promising multitarget anti-AD ability, encourage further pursuing studies on this type of TAC-PhBTA derivatives for potential AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeshwari Rajeshwari
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Karam Chand
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Emanuel Candeias
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Sandra M Cardoso
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal.
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Sílvia Chaves
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - M Amélia Santos
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
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Ahmadi A, Roghani M, Noori S, Nahri-Niknafs B. Substituted Aminobenzothiazole Derivatives of Tacrine: Synthesis and Study on Learning and Memory Impairment in Scopolamine-Induced Model of Amnesia in Rat. Mini Rev Med Chem 2019; 19:72-78. [PMID: 30009706 DOI: 10.2174/1389557518666180716122608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, there is no conclusive cure for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and existing treatments mainly offer symptomatic relief. Dysfunction of the cholinergic system plays an important role in the pathogenesis of AD. Tacrine (1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydroacridin-9-amine, III) was the first approved agent for the palliative therapy of AD but its use is associated with some complications. Development of novel multi target derivatives of Tacrine with lower complications is strongly warranted. In this study, new aminobenzothiazole (1-5, with many useful biological and pharmacological properties) analogues (IV-VIII) were synthesized by changing of amine moiety of III. Then, the effects of these new compounds on learning and memory impairment in scopolamine-induced model of amnesia were studied and the outcomes were compared with control and Tacrine groups in rat. MATERIAL AND METHODS The rats received Tacrine or its derivatives (IV-VIII) i.p. for two weeks at a dose of 10 mg/kg. For induction of amnesia, scopolamine at a dose of 1 mg/kg was daily administered i.p. started on day-8 till the end of the study. Behavioral experiments including Y-maze, novel object recognition (discrimination) and passive avoidance paradigms were conducted at week 2. RESULTS Data analysis showed that some Tacrine derivatives, especially VII with 2-amino, 6-nitrobenzothiazole moiety, could markedly and significantly improve alternation score, discrimination ratio and step through latency compared to control and Tacrine groups. CONCLUSION These findings indicated that some of these derivatives (especially compounds VI and VII) are capable to mitigate learning and memory deficits in scopolamine-induced model of amnesia in rats and may have potential benefit in management of patients with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Ahmadi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Roghani
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sanaz Noori
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
| | - Babak Nahri-Niknafs
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
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Piemontese L, Tomás D, Hiremathad A, Capriati V, Candeias E, Cardoso SM, Chaves S, Santos MA. Donepezil structure-based hybrids as potential multifunctional anti-Alzheimer's drug candidates. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2018; 33:1212-1224. [PMID: 30160188 PMCID: PMC6127844 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2018.1491564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A new series of multifunctional hybrids, based on the structure of the donepezil (DNP) drug, have been developed and evaluated as potential anti Alzheimer's disease (AD) agents. The rationale of this study was the conjugation of a benzylpiperidine/benzylpiperazine moiety with derivatives of bioactive heterocyclics (benzimidazole or benzofuran), to mimic the main structure of DNP and to endow the hybrids with additional relevant properties such as inhibition of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide aggregation, antioxidant activity and metal chelation. Overall, they showed good activity for AChE inhibition (IC50=4.0-30.0 μΜ) and moderate ability for inhibition of Aβ1-42 self-mediated aggregation. The hybrids containing chelating groups showed improvement in the inhibition of Cu-induced Aβ42 aggregation and the antioxidant capacity. Moreover, neuroprotective effects of these compounds were evidenced in neuroblastoma cells after Aβ1-42 induced toxicity. Structure-activity relationship allowed the identification of some promising compounds and the main determinant structural features for the targeted properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Piemontese
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Dipartimento di Farmacia–Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”, Consortium C.I.N.M.P.I.S, Bari, Italy
| | - Daniel Tomás
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Asha Hiremathad
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Vito Capriati
- Dipartimento di Farmacia–Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”, Consortium C.I.N.M.P.I.S, Bari, Italy
| | - Emanuel Candeias
- CNC–Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sandra M. Cardoso
- CNC–Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Chaves
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - M. Amélia Santos
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Chand K, Rajeshwari, Candeias E, Cardoso SM, Chaves S, Santos MA. Tacrine-deferiprone hybrids as multi-target-directed metal chelators against Alzheimer's disease: a two-in-one drug. Metallomics 2018; 10:1460-1475. [PMID: 30183790 DOI: 10.1039/c8mt00143j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a severe age-dependent neurodegenerative disorder affecting several million people worldwide. So far, there is no adequate medication to prevent or slow down the progression of the disease, only medication with palliative effects allowing temporary symptomatic reliefs. As part of our continuing efforts into the development of innovative drugs following a polypharmacological strategy, we decided to use a former anti-AD palliative drug (tacrine) and to reposition it by hybridization with a metal chelating drug (deferiprone, DFP). This combination endows the hybrids with good capacity to inhibit acetylcholinesterase (low micromolar range) and self-/Cu-induced Aβ aggregation (up to ca. 90%) as well as a good radical scavenging ability (micromolar range) and metal (M) chelating capacity, with pM (pM = -log[M], CL/CM = 10, CM = 10-6 M at pH = 7.4, M = Fe, Cu, Zn) values close to those of DFP. The most promising compounds have 2-hydroxypropyl linkers, and a selection of compounds have demonstrated neuroprotective roles in neuroblastoma cells treated with Aβ1-42 and ascorbate/iron stressors. Consequently, these hybrids can be considered as attractive multipotent therapeutic molecules that will eventually play key roles against AD progression, namely in the control of cholinergic dysfunction, amyloid peptide aggregation, oxidative stress, and metal modulation, besides presenting a good pharmacokinetic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karam Chand
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Rajeshwari
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Emanuel Candeias
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sandra M Cardoso
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal and Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Chaves
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - M Amélia Santos
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal.
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Natural Scaffolds with Multi-Target Activity for the Potential Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23092182. [PMID: 30158491 PMCID: PMC6225478 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A few symptomatic drugs are currently available for Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) therapy, but these molecules are only able to temporary improve the cognitive capacity of the patients if administered in the first stages of the pathology. Recently, important advances have been achieved about the knowledge of this complex condition, which is now considered a multi-factorial disease. Researchers are, thus, more oriented toward the preparation of molecules being able to contemporaneously act on different pathological features. To date, the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and of β-amyloid (Aβ) aggregation as well as the antioxidant activity and the removal and/or redistribution of metal ions at the level of the nervous system are the most common investigated targets for the treatment of AD. Since many natural compounds show multiple biological properties, a series of secondary metabolites of plants or fungi with suitable structural characteristics have been selected and assayed in order to evaluate their potential role in the preparation of multi-target agents. Out of six compounds evaluated, 1 showed the best activity as an antioxidant (EC50 = 2.6 ± 0.2 μmol/µmol of DPPH) while compound 2 proved to be effective in the inhibition of AChE (IC50 = 6.86 ± 0.67 μM) and Aβ1–40 aggregation (IC50 = 74 ± 1 μM). Furthermore, compound 6 inhibited BChE (IC50 = 1.75 ± 0.59 μM) with a good selectivity toward AChE (IC50 = 86.0 ± 15.0 μM). Moreover, preliminary tests on metal chelation suggested a possible interaction between compounds 1, 3 and 4 and copper (II). Molecules with the best multi-target profiles will be used as starting hit compounds to appropriately address future studies of Structure-Activity Relationships (SARs).
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Hiremathad A, Chand K, Keri RS. Development of coumarin-benzofuran hybrids as versatile multitargeted compounds for the treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Chem Biol Drug Des 2018; 92:1497-1503. [PMID: 29679445 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia, is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive deterioration of memory and cognition. The evidenced multifactorial nature of AD has been considered the main reason for the absence of cure so far. Therefore, the development of novel hybrids to treat the disease is very much essential. Focusing on this, a novel series of coumarin-benzofuran hybrids have been designed and screened as anti-Alzheimer's disease agents. The strategy is to obtain an effective mimetic of donepezil, which is acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. Herein, the two main scaffolds namely coumarin and benzofuran are known pharmacophore moieties and we have performed their molecular design, pharmacokinetic descriptor studies for drug-likeliness. Further, in vitro studies such as antioxidant capacity, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition and amyloid-β (Aβ) self-aggregation inhibition have also been performed. Most importantly, these studies revealed that the newly synthesized hybrids can be versatile and promising drug-like moieties as efficient anti-AD agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha Hiremathad
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Bangalore, India
| | - Karam Chand
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Rangappa S Keri
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Bangalore, India
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18
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Saima, Kumar L, Lavekar AG, Sharma T, Shamsuzzama, Equbal D, Siddiqi MI, Sinha AK, Nazir A. Chemo‐Biocatalytic Oxidative Condensation of Natural Arylpropene with 2‐Aminobenzothiazole into Schiff‐Bases as Potent Anti‐Amyloid Agents: Studies Employing Transgenic
C. elegans. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201800243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Saima
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry DivisionCSIR-Central Drug Research Institute Jankipuram extension Sitapur Road Lucknow, U.P. India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research New Delhi India
| | - Lalit Kumar
- Toxicology divisionCSIR-Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow, U.P. India
| | - Aditya G. Lavekar
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry DivisionCSIR-Central Drug Research Institute Jankipuram extension Sitapur Road Lucknow, U.P. India
| | - Tanuj Sharma
- Molecular and Structural Biology DivisionCSIR-Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow, U.P. India
| | - Shamsuzzama
- Toxicology divisionCSIR-Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow, U.P. India
| | - Danish Equbal
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry DivisionCSIR-Central Drug Research Institute Jankipuram extension Sitapur Road Lucknow, U.P. India
| | - Mohammad Imran Siddiqi
- Molecular and Structural Biology DivisionCSIR-Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow, U.P. India
| | - Arun K. Sinha
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry DivisionCSIR-Central Drug Research Institute Jankipuram extension Sitapur Road Lucknow, U.P. India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research New Delhi India
| | - Aamir Nazir
- Toxicology divisionCSIR-Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow, U.P. India
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19
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Chaves S, Hiremathad A, Tomás D, Keri RS, Piemontese L, Santos MA. Exploring the chelating capacity of 2-hydroxyphenyl-benzimidazole based hybrids with multi-target ability as anti-Alzheimer's agents. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj00117k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Donepezil and tacrine hybrids, containing a 2-hydroxyphenyl-benzimidazole chelating moiety and with multifunctional anti-AD activity, are evaluated in terms of metal (Cu and Zn) chelating capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia Chaves
- Centro de Química Estrutural
- Instituto Superior Técnico
- Universidade de Lisboa
- 1049-001 Lisboa
- Portugal
| | - Asha Hiremathad
- Centro de Química Estrutural
- Instituto Superior Técnico
- Universidade de Lisboa
- 1049-001 Lisboa
- Portugal
| | - Daniel Tomás
- Centro de Química Estrutural
- Instituto Superior Técnico
- Universidade de Lisboa
- 1049-001 Lisboa
- Portugal
| | - Rangappa S. Keri
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences
- Jain University
- Jain Global Campus
- Bangalore 562112
- India
| | - Luca Piemontese
- Centro de Química Estrutural
- Instituto Superior Técnico
- Universidade de Lisboa
- 1049-001 Lisboa
- Portugal
| | - M. Amélia Santos
- Centro de Química Estrutural
- Instituto Superior Técnico
- Universidade de Lisboa
- 1049-001 Lisboa
- Portugal
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20
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Hiremathad A, Chand K, Tolayan L, Rajeshwari, Keri RS, Esteves AR, Cardoso SM, Chaves S, Santos MA. Hydroxypyridinone-benzofuran hybrids with potential protective roles for Alzheimer´s disease therapy. J Inorg Biochem 2017; 179:82-96. [PMID: 29182921 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2017.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A series of (3-hydroxy-4-pyridinone)-benzofuran hybrids have been developed and studied as potential multitargeting drugs for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Their design envisaged mainly to mimic the donepezil drug, a marketed inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and to endow the conjugate molecules with extra-properties such as metal chelation, radical scavenging and inhibition of amyloid peptide (Aβ) aggregation. Thus, a set of eleven new hybrid compounds was developed and evaluated for chemical and biological properties, in solution and in neuronal cell environment. The results are discussed in terms of the type of substituents on both main moieties and the linker size. The closest similarity with donepezil, in terms of AChE inhibitory activity, was obtained for the O-benzyl-hydroxypyridinone hybrids containing a 2-methylene linker, although still less active than the drug. However, the free-hydroxypyridinone hybrids present higher activity for the Aβ aggregation inhibition, metal chelating capacity and radical scavenging activity. Overall, some compounds demonstrated capacity to exert a multiple action by hitting three- (7d) or four- (8d, 8f) pathophysiological targets of AD. Furthermore, the compounds showed neuroprotective effects in neuronal cells subjected to model stressors of AD, but not significant dependence on the substituent groups. Importantly, the compounds evidenced drug-likeness properties, including good membrane permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha Hiremathad
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Jain Global Campus, Kanakapura, Ramanagara, Bangalore 562112, India
| | - Karam Chand
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Lori Tolayan
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rajeshwari
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rangappa S Keri
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Jain Global Campus, Kanakapura, Ramanagara, Bangalore 562112, India.
| | - A Raquel Esteves
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sandra M Cardoso
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Chaves
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M Amélia Santos
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
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Hiremathad A, Piemontese L. Heterocyclic compounds as key structures for the interaction with old and new targets in Alzheimer's disease therapy. Neural Regen Res 2017; 12:1256-1261. [PMID: 28966636 PMCID: PMC5607816 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.213541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is widely recognized as a real social problem. In fact, only five drugs are FDA approved for the therapy of this widespread neurodegenerative disease, but with low results so far. Three of them (rivastigmine, donepezil and galantamine) are acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, memantine is a N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, whereas the fifth formulation is a combination of donepezil with memantine. The prevention and treatment of AD is the new challenge for pharmaceutical industry, as well as for public institutions, physicians, patients, and their families. The discovery of a new and safe way to cure this neurodegenerative disease is urgent and should not be delayed further. Because of the multiple origin of this pathology, a multi-target strategy is currently strongly pursued by researchers. In this review, we have discussed new structures designed to better the activity on the classical AD targets. We have also examined old and new potential drugs that could prove useful future for the therapy of the pathology by acting on innovative, not usual, and not yet fully explored targets like peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha Hiremathad
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Jain Global Campus, Kanakapura, Ramanagaram, Bangalore, India
| | - Luca Piemontese
- Dipartimento di Farmacia–Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
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Ramsay RR, Tipton KF. Assessment of Enzyme Inhibition: A Review with Examples from the Development of Monoamine Oxidase and Cholinesterase Inhibitory Drugs. Molecules 2017; 22:E1192. [PMID: 28714881 PMCID: PMC6152246 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22071192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The actions of many drugs involve enzyme inhibition. This is exemplified by the inhibitors of monoamine oxidases (MAO) and the cholinsterases (ChE) that have been used for several pharmacological purposes. This review describes key principles and approaches for the reliable determination of enzyme activities and inhibition as well as some of the methods that are in current use for such studies with these two enzymes. Their applicability and potential pitfalls arising from their inappropriate use are discussed. Since inhibitor potency is frequently assessed in terms of the quantity necessary to give 50% inhibition (the IC50 value), the relationships between this and the mode of inhibition is also considered, in terms of the misleading information that it may provide. Incorporation of more than one functionality into the same molecule to give a multi-target-directed ligands (MTDLs) requires careful assessment to ensure that the specific target effects are not significantly altered and that the kinetic behavior remains as favourable with the MTDL as it does with the individual components. Such factors will be considered in terms of recently developed MTDLs that combine MAO and ChE inhibitory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rona R Ramsay
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 8QP, UK.
| | - Keith F Tipton
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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Multi-target-directed therapeutic potential of 7-methoxytacrine-adamantylamine heterodimers in the Alzheimer's disease treatment. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:607-619. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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