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Bacchus A, Fatehi P. Drying temperature effect on the characteristics of cationically polymerized kraft lignin. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 280:135935. [PMID: 39317282 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.135935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2024] [Revised: 09/01/2024] [Accepted: 09/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024]
Abstract
In this work, the effect of drying temperature (55-130 °C) on the properties of kraft lignin (KL) polymerized with [2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl] trimethyl ammonium chloride, as a sustainable polymer (KLM) was investigated. KLM exhibited a 3-fold drop in charge density and a 10 % reduction in water solubility. These alterations were found to be associated with both chemical and physical changes determined by NMR and XPS analyses. At 55 °C, chain interactions were predominant due to electrostatic interactions amongst the pMETAC chains with the electronegative atoms present in KL. At 80, 105, and 130 °C drying temperatures, hydrolysis reactions predominated. The KLM polymer possessed, comparatively, a lesser resistance to thermal degradation than KL, and the KLM polymer had a more uniform thermal degradation behavior across the drying temperatures. Glass transition temperature, Tg, was shown to be comparable for KL across the various drying temperatures. KLM, however, showed an increasing trend as drying temperature increased, up to 130 °C, at which point Tg dropped due to KL degradation. Therefore, the drying temperature has a significant impact on the properties of kraft lignin and its cationic polymerized derivative, and it should be carefully selected to minimize the undesired changes in lignin properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameena Bacchus
- Green Processes Research Centre and Chemical Engineering Department, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON P7B5E1, Canada
| | - Pedram Fatehi
- Green Processes Research Centre and Chemical Engineering Department, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON P7B5E1, Canada.
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2
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Sun D, Zeng J, Yang D, Qiu X, Liu W. Full biomass-based multifunctional flocculant from lignin and cationic starch. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127287. [PMID: 37806418 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Flocculation is a common process for wastewater treatment. However, the most commonly used organic synthetic flocculants such as polyacrylamide are petroleum-based. In this work, biomass lignin was grafted with cationic starch to synthesize low-cost, green and fully biomass-based multifunctional flocculants. The cationic polyacrylamide was replaced by cheap industrial cationic starch. Hyperbranched multifunctional lignin-grafted cationic starch flocculant (CS-L) was successfully prepared via ring-opening reaction with epichlorohydrin. The mass content of lignin in the grafted product was between 16.6 % and 70.1 %. With the dosage of CS-L between 4.0 and 7.5 mg/l, the turbidity removal rate for 500 mg/l kaolin suspension reached more than 97 %. When the dosage of CS-L was 24 mg/l, the removal rate of 50 mg/l Cu2+ reached 85.7 %. Importantly, when the mixed solution of kaolin particles and Cu2+ was treated, the synchronous removal rates of kaolin and Cu2+ reached 90 % and 72 % respectively in the range of 8.0-12.0 mg/l flocculant addition. The synthesized lignin-grafted cationic starch flocculant showed an excellent multifunctional flocculation function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danting Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Jia Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Dongjie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Xueqing Qiu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Weifeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China.
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3
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Preparation of carboxymethylated lignin-based multifunctional flocculant and its application for copper-containing wastewater. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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4
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Dey S, Patra P, Pal S. Functionalized polysaccharide-based flocculants for solid liquid separation of wastewater. J INDIAN CHEM SOC 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2021.100066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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5
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Sabaghi S, Fatehi P. Polarity of Cationic Lignin Polymers: Physicochemical Behavior in Aqueous Solutions and Suspensions. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:4722-4734. [PMID: 33448658 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202000897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The structure of cationic monomers can significantly impact the polarity of lignin after polymerization. Cationic hydrolysis lignin (CHL) polymers were produced by polymerizing hydrolysis lignin (HL) with [3-(methacryloylamino)propyl] trimethylammonium chloride (MAPTAC) or [2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl] trimethyl ammonium chloride (METAC). The METAC monomer has an oxygen atom, with larger electronegativity, in its molecular structure, whereas the MAPTAC monomer contains a nitrogen atom, as well as an extra nonpolar CH2 group, facilitating investigation into the effects of the polarity of CHLs on their physicochemical performance in an aqueous system. CHL polymers are analyzed and their interactions with clay particles are determined in colloidal systems. CHLs are designed to have similar charge densities (2.1-2.2 mmol g-1) and molecular weights (55000-60000 g mol-1 ). The hydrodynamic radius (Hy) and radius of gyration, (Rg) of HL-METAC are larger than those of HL-MAPTAC, implying a more 3-dimensional structure of HL-METAC in aqueous solution. The stability ratio of kaolin particles affirms the better performance of HL-METAC in comparison to HL-MAPTAC, which reflects the better flocculation efficiency of HL-METAC. The results also reveal that salt and urea aqueous solutions affect the Hy, Rg, and configuration of CHL polymers, which alters the flocculation efficiency of HL-METAC and HL-MAPTAC polymers in kaolin suspensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz Sabaghi
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan, Shangdong, 250353, P.R. China
| | - Pedram Fatehi
- Green Processes Research Centre and Chemical Engineering Department, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON, P7B 5E1, Canada
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan, Shangdong, 250353, P.R. China
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Guo Y, Kong F, Fatehi P. Generation and Use of Lignin- g-AMPS in Extended DLVO Theory for Evaluating the Flocculation of Colloidal Particles. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:21032-21041. [PMID: 32875240 PMCID: PMC7450620 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this work, Kraft lignin (KL) was polymerized with 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS) to generate an anionic water-soluble KL-g-AMPS polymer. The effects of reaction conditions on the charge density of polymers were evaluated to induce lignin-based polymers with the highest anionic charge density. The optimal process conditions were 2.5 mol/mol AMPS/lignin, 0.6 g/g solid/water ratio, 2.0 initiator/lignin weight ratio, 80 °C, 120 min, and pH 1.5, which yielded KL-g-AMPS with the anionic charge density of 4.28 mequiv/g and the grafting ratio of 285%. The chemical structure and compositions of the polymers were confirmed by 1H NMR and elemental analysis. The flocculation performance of the polymer was evaluated in an aluminum oxide suspension, and its performance was compared with that of a homopolymer of AMPS produced under the same conditions. In addition, the extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (XDLVO) theory was applied to study the flocculation mechanism of the polymers and alumina particles. The results revealed that electrostatic interaction was found to be the dominant force in this flocculation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhu Guo
- Liaoning
Key Lab of Pulp and Paper Engineering, Dalian
Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning 116034, China
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario P7B5E1, Canada
| | - Fangong Kong
- Key
Laboratory of Pulp & Paper Science and Technology, Ministry of
Education, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong 250353, China
| | - Pedram Fatehi
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario P7B5E1, Canada
- Key
Laboratory of Pulp & Paper Science and Technology, Ministry of
Education, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong 250353, China
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Tchameni AP, Xie B, Liu W, Li Y, Zhao L, Luo M. Amphoteric tetramer as a filtration-loss reducer in low-solid phase water-based drilling fluids under high thermal-saline conditions. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2020.1721296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alain Pierre Tchameni
- Lost Circulation Control Laboratory, National Engineering Laboratory for Petroleum Drilling Engineering, Yangtze University, Wuhan, China
| | - Binqiang Xie
- Lost Circulation Control Laboratory, National Engineering Laboratory for Petroleum Drilling Engineering, Yangtze University, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Liu
- No. 4 Institute of Geologincal & Mineral Resources Survey of Henan, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yagang Li
- No. 4 Institute of Geologincal & Mineral Resources Survey of Henan, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- Lost Circulation Control Laboratory, National Engineering Laboratory for Petroleum Drilling Engineering, Yangtze University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingwang Luo
- Lost Circulation Control Laboratory, National Engineering Laboratory for Petroleum Drilling Engineering, Yangtze University, Wuhan, China
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9
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Zhang Y, Gao W, Fatehi P. Structure and settling performance of aluminum oxide and poly(acrylic acid) flocs in suspension systems. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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10
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Flocculation of kaolin particles with cationic lignin polymers. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2672. [PMID: 30804391 PMCID: PMC6389989 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39135-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, lignin of black liquor is incinerated to generate energy in pulp mills; but it has potential to be valorized through different modification methods. In this work, kraft lignin (KL) was polymerized with 2-[(methacryloyloxy) ethyl] trimethylammonium chloride (DMC) to produce cationic water soluble polymers. After producing five polymers with different molecular weights and charge densities, their flocculation efficiency in kaolin suspensions was investigated. The adsorption, zeta potential and flocculation results confirmed that the polymer with the highest charge density and molecular weight (KLD5) was a more effective flocculant than other polymers. The structure and size of flocs formed from the interaction of kaolin with KLD were determined by a focused beam reflectance measurement (FBRM). The sedimentation studies, conducted under gravitational (by vertical scan analyzer) and centrifugal force (by Lumisizer analytical centrifuge), revealed that KLD5 was very effective in flocculating kaolin particles.
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Hasan A, Fatehi P. Cationic kraft lignin-acrylamide copolymer as a flocculant for clay suspensions: (2) Charge density effect. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2018.08.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Hasan A, Fatehi P. Cationic kraft lignin-acrylamide as a flocculant for clay suspensions: 1. Molecular weight effect. Sep Purif Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2018.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Interaction of poly(acrylic acid) and aluminum oxide particles in suspension: Particle size effect. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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15
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Heydarifard S, Gao W, Fatehi P. Generation of New Cationic Xylan-Based Polymer in Industrially Relevant Process. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b02589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Solmaz Heydarifard
- Chemical Engineering Department, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Weijue Gao
- Chemical Engineering Department, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Pedram Fatehi
- Chemical Engineering Department, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario P7B 5E1, Canada
- Key Laboratory of Paper Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
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16
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Cave G, Fatehi P. Adsorption optimization of a biomass-based fly ash for treating thermomechanical pulping (TMP) pressate using definitive screening design (DSD). CAN J CHEM ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.23128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Germaine Cave
- Chemical Engineering Department; Lakehead University; 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON, P7B5E1, Canada
| | - Pedram Fatehi
- Chemical Engineering Department; Lakehead University; 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON, P7B5E1, Canada
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Guo H, Hong C, Zhang C, Zheng B, Jiang D, Qin W. Bioflocculants' production from a cellulase-free xylanase-producing Pseudomonas boreopolis G22 by degrading biomass and its application in cost-effective harvest of microalgae. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 255:171-179. [PMID: 29414164 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.01.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The major problem for industrial application of bioflocculants is its high production cost. Here, a novel bacterium Pseudomonas boreopolis G22, which can secret a cellulase-free xylanase and simultaneously produce bioflocculants (MBF-G22) through directly converting untreated biomass, was isolated. The bioflocculants' production of G22 was closely related to its xylanase activity, hydrolysis ability of biomass and the hemicellulose loss caused by G22. The optimal fermentation conditions with the highest bioflocculants' yield (3.75 mg g-1 dry biomass) were obtained at the fermentation time of 96 h, incubation temperature of 30 °C, inoculum concentration of 1.0% and biomass concentration of 1.0% in an initial pH value of 7.0. MBF-G22 mainly consisted of polysaccharides (63.3%) with a molecular weight of 3.982 × 106 Da and showed the highest flocculating efficiency of 97.1% at a dosage of 3.5 mg L-1. In addition, MBF-G22 showed high flocculating efficiency of microalgae (95.7%) at a dosage of 80 mg L-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haipeng Guo
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada; State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Chuntao Hong
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Ningbo City, Ningbo 315040, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Bingsong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Dean Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wensheng Qin
- Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada.
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Chen X, Si C, Fatehi P. Cationic xylan- (2-methacryloyloxyethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride) polymer as a flocculant for pulping wastewater. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 186:358-366. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.01.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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19
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Konduri MK, Fatehi P. Influence of pH and ionic strength on flocculation of clay suspensions with cationic xylan copolymer. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2017.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Guo H, Hong C, Zheng B, Lu F, Jiang D, Qin W. Bioflocculants' production in a biomass-degrading bacterium using untreated corn stover as carbon source and use of bioflocculants for microalgae harvest. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2017; 10:306. [PMID: 29270220 PMCID: PMC5738095 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-017-0987-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bioflocculation has been developed as a cost-effective and environment-friendly method to harvest multiple microalgae. However, the high production cost of bioflocculants makes it difficult to scale up. In the current study, low-cost bioflocculants were produced from untreated corn stover by a biomass-degrading bacterium Pseudomonas sp. GO2. RESULTS Pseudomonas sp. GO2 showed excellent production ability of bioflocculants through directly hydrolyzing various biomasses. The untreated corn stover was selected as carbon source for bioflocculants' production due to its highest flocculating efficiency compared to that when using other biomasses as carbon source. The effects of fermentation parameters on bioflocculants' production were optimized via response surface methodology. According to the optimal model, an ideal flocculating efficiency of 99.8% was obtained with the fermentation time of 130.46 h, initial pH of 7.46, and biomass content of 0.64%. The relative importance of carboxymethyl cellulase and xylanase accounted for 51.8% in the process of bioflocculants' production by boosted regression tree analysis, further indicating that the bioflocculants were mainly from the hydrolysates of biomass. Biochemical analysis showed that it contained 59.0% polysaccharides with uronic acid (34.2%), 32.1% protein, and 6.1% nucleic acid in the bioflocculants, which had an average molecular weight as 1.33 × 106 Da. In addition, the bioflocculants showed the highest flocculating efficiency at a concentration of 12.5 mg L-1 and were stable over broad ranges of pH and temperature. The highest flocculating efficiencies obtained for Chlorella zofingiensis and Neochloris oleoabundans were 77.9 and 88.9%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The results indicated that Pseudomonas sp. GO2 can directly utilize various untreated lignocellulolytic biomasses to produce low-cost bioflocculants, which showed the high efficiency to harvest two green microalgae in a low GO2 fermentation broth/algal culture ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haipeng Guo
- Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1 Canada
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Chuntao Hong
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Ningbo City, Ningbo, 315040 China
| | - Bingsong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, 311300 China
| | - Fan Lu
- School of Biological Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068 China
| | - Dean Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Wensheng Qin
- Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1 Canada
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