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Guo B, Liang J, Chen J, Zhao Y. Highly flexible and ultrathin electromagnetic-interference-shielding film with a sandwich structure based on PTFE@Cu and Ni@PVDF nanocomposite materials. RSC Adv 2022; 12:29688-29696. [PMID: 36321092 PMCID: PMC9575156 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra05439f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Light and flexible electromagnetic-interference-shielding materials are of great significance to control electromagnetic pollution and protect the human body and other nearby equipment or systems. In this study, a film of polytetrafluoroethylene wrapped with copper (PTFE@Cu) was prepared by depositing Cu using electroless plating on the surface of a microporous PTFE film modified by dopamine. A Ni@PVDF membrane was fabricated by casting a suspension of Ni nanochains in PVDF. The two kinds of films were hot-pressed into an ultrathin and efficient electromagnetic-shielding film with a sandwich structure. PTFE and PVDF provided high flexibility to the composite film, while the metal-wrapped polymer fiber structure gave the film an excellent electromagnetic-shielding efficiency, and the Ni nanochains and laminated hot-pressing process further enhanced the shielding ability of the film. Through these combined effects, the conductivity of the composite film reached 1117.57 S cm−1 while the thickness was only about 80 μm, and the average shielding efficiency in the X-band range was as high as 57.16 dB with absorption accounting for about 67.2% of the total shielding. At the same time, the composite film had high strength and flexibility, and the tensile strength could reach 43.49 MPa. Even after bending 1000 times, the conductivity could still be maintained at 174.55 S cm−1, while the average shielding effectiveness in the X-band range was retained at 44.29 dB. The film has great latent applications in flexible devices and portable wearable intelligent devices. Light and flexible electromagnetic-interference-shielding materials are of great significance to control electromagnetic pollution and protect the human body and other nearby equipment or systems.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingzhi Guo
- Beijing Institute of TechnologyZhuhai 519088P. R. China
| | - Jianying Liang
- Beijing Institute of TechnologyZhuhai 519088P. R. China,Guangxi UniversityNanning 530004P. R. China
| | | | - Yun Zhao
- Beijing Institute of TechnologyZhuhai 519088P. R. China,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing 100081P. R. China
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2
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Hao M, Li L, Shao X, Tian M, Zou H, Zhang L, Wang W. Fabrication of Highly Conductive Silver-Coated Aluminum Microspheres Based on Poly(catechol/polyamine) Surface Modification. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14132727. [PMID: 35808772 PMCID: PMC9269343 DOI: 10.3390/polym14132727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel and cost-effective method for the fabrication of highly conductive Al/Ag core-shell structured microspheres was proposed and investigated. The oxidative co-deposition of catechol and polyamine was firstly performed to modify the surface of the aluminum microsphere. Then, a two-step electroless plating was conducted to fabricate the Al/Ag microspheres. During the first step of the electroless plating process, the surface of the aluminum microsphere was deposited with silver nanoparticle seeds using n-octylamine and ethylene glycol. Then, during the second step of the electroless plating process, silver particles grew evenly to form a compact silver shell on the surface of aluminum via a silver mirror reaction. According to the scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive X-ray results, a compact and continuous silver layer was successfully generated on the surface of the aluminum. The valence of the sliver on the surface of the aluminum was confirmed to be zero, based on the X-ray photoelectron spectrometer and X-ray diffractometer analyses. As a result, the as-prepared Al/Ag microspheres exhibited a high conductivity of 10,000 S/cm. The Al/Ag/MVQ composite demonstrated low electrical resistivity of 0.0039 Ω·cm and great electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness at more than 70 dB against the X-band, and this result suggests that the as-prepared composite is a promising conductive and electromagnetic shielding material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzheng Hao
- The Department of Materials Engineering, Taiyuan Institute of Technology, Taiyuan 030008, China;
| | - Lei Li
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; (L.L.); (X.S.); (M.T.); (H.Z.); (L.Z.)
- Engineering Research Center of Elastomer Materials on Energy Conservation and Resources, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaoming Shao
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; (L.L.); (X.S.); (M.T.); (H.Z.); (L.Z.)
- Engineering Research Center of Elastomer Materials on Energy Conservation and Resources, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ming Tian
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; (L.L.); (X.S.); (M.T.); (H.Z.); (L.Z.)
- Engineering Research Center of Elastomer Materials on Energy Conservation and Resources, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hua Zou
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; (L.L.); (X.S.); (M.T.); (H.Z.); (L.Z.)
- Engineering Research Center of Elastomer Materials on Energy Conservation and Resources, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Liqun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; (L.L.); (X.S.); (M.T.); (H.Z.); (L.Z.)
- Engineering Research Center of Elastomer Materials on Energy Conservation and Resources, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wencai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; (L.L.); (X.S.); (M.T.); (H.Z.); (L.Z.)
- Engineering Research Center of Elastomer Materials on Energy Conservation and Resources, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-64434860; Fax: +86-10-64433964
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Tran TTV, Vo DN, Nguyen ST, Luu SDN, Mofijur M, Vu CM. In situ sintered silver decorated
3D
structure of cellulose scaffold for highly thermoconductive electromagnetic interference shielding epoxy nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thi Tuong Vi Tran
- Faculty of Environmental and Food Engineering Nguyen Tat Thanh University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Dai‐Viet N. Vo
- College of Medical and Health Science Asia University Taichung Taiwan
| | - Son Thanh Nguyen
- Department of Creative Engineering National Institute of Technology, Kushiro College Kushiro Japan
| | - Son D. N. Luu
- Institute of Research and Development Duy Tan University Danang Vietnam
| | - M. Mofijur
- School of Information, Systems, and Modelling, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology University of Technology Sydney Ultimo New South Wales Australia
- Mechanical Engineering Department Prince Mohammad Bin Fahad University Al Khobar Saudi Arabia
| | - Canh Minh Vu
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials Chemistry Advanced Institute of Materials Science, Ton Duc Thang University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Faculty of Applied Sciences Ton Duc Thang University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
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4
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Biutty MN, Yoo SI. Enhanced Performance of Triboelectric Nanogenerator by Controlled Pore Size in Polydimethylsiloxane Composites with Au Nanoparticles. Macromol Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-021-9002-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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5
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Zhang F, Zhou W, Zhang C, Li Y, Liang C, Li X, Wang G, Cai H, Dang ZM. Toward enhancing dielectric properties and thermal conductivity of f-Cu/PVDF with PS as an interlayer. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2020.1851377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi’an University of Science & Technology, Xi’an, China
| | - Wenying Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi’an University of Science & Technology, Xi’an, China
| | - Caihua Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi’an University of Science & Technology, Xi’an, China
| | - Ying Li
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Xi’an University of Science & Technology, Xi’an, China
| | - Chen Liang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi’an University of Science & Technology, Xi’an, China
| | - Xu Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi’an University of Science & Technology, Xi’an, China
| | - Guangheng Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi’an University of Science & Technology, Xi’an, China
| | - Huiwu Cai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi’an University of Science & Technology, Xi’an, China
| | - Zhi-Min Dang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi’an University of Science & Technology, Xi’an, China
- State Key Laboratory of Power System and Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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Chen F, Zhao L, Yu W, Wang Y, Zhang H, Guo LH. Dynamic monitoring and regulation of pentachlorophenol photodegradation process by chemiluminescence and TiO 2/PDA. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 399:123073. [PMID: 32534397 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pentachlorophenol (PCP), a highly toxic halogenated aromatic compound, and its direct photolysis or TiO2 photocatalysis may generate toxic intermediates and induce secondary pollution in the environment. It is urgently needed to design a strategy to inhibit the toxic intermediates in the photodegradation of PCP. To achieve this, polydopamine (PDA), a non-toxic substance, modified TiO2 (P25/PDA) nanoparticles were synthesized and used to improve the PCP photodegradation process. The dynamic tracking of toxic intermediates tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone (TCBQ) and trichlorohydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone (OH-TrCBQ) produced in the PCP photodegradation process were obtained by continuous flow chemiluminescence. Combined with reactive oxygen species (ROS) measurements, P25/PDA could approximatively depress 70 % TCBQ and 40 % OH-TrCBQ generation through the regulation of ROS especially the generation of a fairly large amount of H2O2 (about 30 μM) and O2- (about 20 μM) on the surface of the P25/PDA. The toxicity evaluation showed that the photodegradation of PCP by P25/PDA was a safer and green approach. Therefore, it was instructive to inhibit the formation of highly toxic intermediates in the photodegradation of environmental contaminants by regulating the ROS generated on the surface of the photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengjie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-toxicology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Lixia Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-toxicology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China.
| | - Wanchao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-toxicology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Yarui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-toxicology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-toxicology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Liang-Hong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-toxicology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
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7
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Biutty MN, Koo JM, Zakia M, Handayani PL, Choi UH, Yoo SI. Dielectric control of porous polydimethylsiloxane elastomers with Au nanoparticles for enhancing the output performance of triboelectric nanogenerators. RSC Adv 2020; 10:21309-21317. [PMID: 35518755 PMCID: PMC9054385 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra03522j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Taking advantage of the triboelectrification effect and electrostatic induction, triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) provide a simple and efficient path to convert environmental mechanical energy into electric energy. Since the generation of surface charges and their density on triboelectric materials are the key factors in determining TENG performance, many efforts have been undertaken to engineer the structures and chemistry of triboelectric materials. Among others, dielectric control of triboelectric materials is an emerging approach because the dielectric constant is intimately correlated with the capacitance of materials. In this regard, we prepared porous polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) composites decorated with Au nanoparticles (NPs), which was designed to engineer the compressibility and dielectric constant of PDMS elastomer. To this end, a polydopamine layer was synthesized on the PDMS surface to facilitate the homogeneous deposition of Au NPs. Unlike untreated PDMS sponges, Au NPs were efficiently coated onto polydopamine-treated PDMS sponges to increase the dielectric constant. When the resulting porous NP-PDMS composites were assembled into TENG devices, the electrical output of the TENGs initially improved but decreased with the amount of Au NPs. This trade-off relationship has been discussed in terms of charge generation on the air surface and pores of NP-PDMS composites based on a recent experimental model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merreta Noorenza Biutty
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Pukyong National University Busan 48547 Korea +82-51-629-6456
| | - Ja Min Koo
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Pukyong National University Busan 48547 Korea +82-51-629-6456
| | - Maulida Zakia
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Pukyong National University Busan 48547 Korea +82-51-629-6456
| | - Puji Lestari Handayani
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Pukyong National University Busan 48547 Korea +82-51-629-6456
| | - U Hyeok Choi
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Inha University Incheon 22212 Korea
| | - Seong Il Yoo
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Pukyong National University Busan 48547 Korea +82-51-629-6456
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8
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Rao L, Tang J, Hu S, Shen L, Xu Y, Li R, Lin H. Inkjet printing assisted electroless Ni plating to fabricate nickel coated polypropylene membrane with improved performance. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 565:546-554. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.01.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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9
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Ton KA, Syu YW, Xu JJ, Imae T. Preparation of Sm, Gd and Fe Oxide Nanoparticle-Polydopamine Multicomponent Nanocomposites. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2019. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20190110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Khoa Anh Ton
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, 43 Section 4, Keeling road, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wei Syu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, 43 Section 4, Keeling road, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Jia Xu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, 43 Section 4, Keeling road, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Toyoko Imae
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, 43 Section 4, Keeling road, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, 43 Section 4, Keelung Road, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
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10
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Zhan F, Wang R, Yin J, Han Z, Zhang L, Jiao T, Zhou J, Zhang L, Peng Q. Facile solvothermal preparation of Fe3O4–Ag nanocomposite with excellent catalytic performance. RSC Adv 2019; 9:878-883. [PMID: 35517594 PMCID: PMC9059501 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra08516a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional nanocomposites demonstrate excellent comprehensive properties and outstanding characteristics for numerous applications. Magnetic nanocomposites are an important type of composite materials, due to their applications in optics, medicine and catalysis. In this report, a new Fe3O4-loaded silver (Fe3O4–Ag) nanocomposite has been successfully synthesized via a simple solvothermal method and in situ growth of silver nanowires. The silver nanowires were prepared via the reduction of silver vanadate with the addition of uniformly dispersed Fe3O4 nanoparticles. Structural and morphological characterizations of the obtained Fe3O4–Ag nanocomposite were carried out using many characterization methods. As a new composite catalyst, the synthesized magnetic Fe3O4–Ag nanocomposite displayed a high utilization rate of catalytically active sites in catalytic reaction medium and showed good separation and recovery using an external magnetic field. The facile preparation and good catalytic performance of this Fe3O4–Ag nanocomposite material demonstrate its potential applications in catalytic treatment and composite materials. A new Fe3O4–Ag nanocomposite was prepared via solvothermal method, demonstrating potential application in catalytic degradation of wastewater treatment and composite materials.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangke Zhan
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering
- Yanshan University
- Qinhuangdao 066004
- China
| | - Ran Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering
- Yanshan University
- Qinhuangdao 066004
- China
| | - Juanjuan Yin
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering
- Yanshan University
- Qinhuangdao 066004
- China
| | - Zengsheng Han
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering
- Yanshan University
- Qinhuangdao 066004
- China
| | - Lun Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering
- Yanshan University
- Qinhuangdao 066004
- China
| | - Tifeng Jiao
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering
- Yanshan University
- Qinhuangdao 066004
- China
| | - Jingxin Zhou
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering
- Yanshan University
- Qinhuangdao 066004
- China
| | - Lexin Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering
- Yanshan University
- Qinhuangdao 066004
- China
| | - Qiuming Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology
- Yanshan University
- Qinhuangdao 066004
- China
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A novel strategy to develop antifouling and antibacterial conductive Cu/polydopamine/polyvinylidene fluoride membranes for water treatment. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 531:493-501. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.07.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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12
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Zeng Y, Liu W, Wang Z, Singamaneni S, Wang R. Multifunctional Surface Modification of Nanodiamonds Based on Dopamine Polymerization. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:4036-4042. [PMID: 29528233 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b00509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Surface functionalization of nanodiamonds (NDs), which is of great interest in advanced material and therapeutic applications, requires the immobilization of functional species, such as nucleic acids, bioprobes, drugs, and metal nanoparticles, onto NDs' surfaces to form stable nanoconjugates. However, it is still challenging to modify the surface of NDs due to the complexity of their surface chemistry and the low density of each functional group on the surfaces of NDs. In this work, we demonstrate a general applicable surface functionalization approach for the preparation of ND-based core-shell nanoconjugates using dopamine polymerization. By taking advantage of the universal adhesion and versatile reactivity of polydopamine, we have effectively conjugated DNA and silver nanoparticles onto NDs. Moreover, the catalytic activity of ND-supported silver nanoparticle was characterized by the reduction of 4-nitrophenol, and the addressability of NDs was tested through DNA hybridization that formed satellite ND-gold nanorod conjugation. This simple and robust method we have presented may significantly improve the capability for attaching various functionalities onto NDs and open up new platforms for applications of NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zheyu Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering , Washington University in St. Louis , St Louis , Missouri 63130 , United States
| | - Srikanth Singamaneni
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering , Washington University in St. Louis , St Louis , Missouri 63130 , United States
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