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Abstract
Nitroxides, also known as nitroxyl radicals, are long-lived or stable radicals with the general structure R1R2N-O•. The spin distribution over the nitroxide N and O atoms contributes to the thermodynamic stability of these radicals. The presence of bulky N-substituents R1 and R2 prevents nitroxide radical dimerization, ensuring their kinetic stability. Despite their reactivity toward various transient C radicals, some nitroxides can be easily stored under air at room temperature. Furthermore, nitroxides can be oxidized to oxoammonium salts (R1R2N═O+) or reduced to anions (R1R2N-O-), enabling them to act as valuable oxidants or reductants depending on their oxidation state. Therefore, they exhibit interesting reactivity across all three oxidation states. Due to these fascinating properties, nitroxides find extensive applications in diverse fields such as biochemistry, medicinal chemistry, materials science, and organic synthesis. This review focuses on the versatile applications of nitroxides in organic synthesis. For their use in other important fields, we will refer to several review articles. The introductory part provides a brief overview of the history of nitroxide chemistry. Subsequently, the key methods for preparing nitroxides are discussed, followed by an examination of their structural diversity and physical properties. The main portion of this review is dedicated to oxidation reactions, wherein parent nitroxides or their corresponding oxoammonium salts serve as active species. It will be demonstrated that various functional groups (such as alcohols, amines, enolates, and alkanes among others) can be efficiently oxidized. These oxidations can be carried out using nitroxides as catalysts in combination with various stoichiometric terminal oxidants. By reducing nitroxides to their corresponding anions, they become effective reducing reagents with intriguing applications in organic synthesis. Nitroxides possess the ability to selectively react with transient radicals, making them useful for terminating radical cascade reactions by forming alkoxyamines. Depending on their structure, alkoxyamines exhibit weak C-O bonds, allowing for the thermal generation of C radicals through reversible C-O bond cleavage. Such thermally generated C radicals can participate in various radical transformations, as discussed toward the end of this review. Furthermore, the application of this strategy in natural product synthesis will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Leifert
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Singh PR, Maji A, Singh O, Singh UP, Ghosh K. Transfer hydrogenation
via
generation of hydride intermediate and base‐free alcohol oxidation activity studies on designed ruthenium complexes derived from NNN pincer type ligands. Appl Organomet Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.5615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ankur Maji
- Department of ChemistryIIT Roorkee Roorkee Uttarakhand 247667 India
| | - Ovender Singh
- Department of ChemistryIIT Roorkee Roorkee Uttarakhand 247667 India
| | - Udai P. Singh
- Department of ChemistryIIT Roorkee Roorkee Uttarakhand 247667 India
| | - Kaushik Ghosh
- Department of ChemistryIIT Roorkee Roorkee Uttarakhand 247667 India
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Das S, Sinha S, Samanta D, Mondal R, Chakraborty G, Brandaõ P, Paul ND. Metal–Ligand Cooperative Approach To Achieve Dehydrogenative Functionalization of Alcohols to Quinolines and Quinazolin-4(3H)-ones under Mild Aerobic Conditions. J Org Chem 2019; 84:10160-10171. [PMID: 31327228 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b01343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Siuli Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Botanic
Garden, Howrah 711103, West Bengal, India
| | - Suman Sinha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Botanic
Garden, Howrah 711103, West Bengal, India
| | - Deepannita Samanta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Botanic
Garden, Howrah 711103, West Bengal, India
| | - Rakesh Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Botanic
Garden, Howrah 711103, West Bengal, India
| | - Gargi Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Botanic
Garden, Howrah 711103, West Bengal, India
| | - Paula Brandaõ
- Departamento de Química, CICECO-Instituto de Materiais de Aveiro, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Nanda D. Paul
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Botanic
Garden, Howrah 711103, West Bengal, India
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Guo B, Yu T, Li H, Zhang S, Braunstein P, Young DJ, Li H, Lang J. Phosphine Ligand‐Free Ruthenium Complexes as Efficient Catalysts for the Synthesis of Quinolines and Pyridines by Acceptorless Dehydrogenative Coupling Reactions. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201900435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Guo
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow University Suzhou 215123 P.R. China
| | - Tian‐Qi Yu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow University Suzhou 215123 P.R. China
| | - Hong‐Xi Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow University Suzhou 215123 P.R. China
| | - Shi‐Qi Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow University Suzhou 215123 P.R. China
| | - Pierre Braunstein
- Institut de Chimie (UMR 7177 CNRS)Université de Strasbourg Strasbourg 67081 France
| | - David J. Young
- College of Engineering, Information Technology and EnvironmentCharles Darwin University Northern Territory 0909 Australia
| | - Hai‐Yan Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow University Suzhou 215123 P.R. China
| | - Jian‐Ping Lang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow University Suzhou 215123 P.R. China
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Jiang X, Liu J, Ma S. Iron-Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidation of Alcohols: Lower Cost and Improved Selectivity. Org Process Res Dev 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.8b00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xingguo Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jinxian Liu
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Shengming Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
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Guo B, Li HX, Zhang SQ, Young DJ, Lang JP. C-N Bond Formation Catalyzed by Ruthenium Nanoparticles Supported on N-Doped Carbon via Acceptorless Dehydrogenation to Secondary Amines, Imines, Benzimidazoles and Quinoxalines. ChemCatChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201801525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Guo
- College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai 200032 P.R. China
| | - Hong-Xi Li
- College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 P.R. China
| | - Shi-Qi Zhang
- College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 P.R. China
| | - David James Young
- Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering; University of the Sunshine Coast Queensland; 4558 Australia
| | - Jian-Ping Lang
- College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai 200032 P.R. China
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Wang L, Bie Z, Shang S, Li G, Niu J, Gao S. Cu‐Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidation of Alcohols with a Multi‐Functional NMI‐TEMPO. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201800398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lianyue Wang
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean EnergyDalian Institute of Chemical Physicsthe Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 China
| | - Zhixing Bie
- Henan Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate ChemistryInstitute of Molecular and Crystal EngineeringCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHenan University Kaifeng Henan 475004 China
| | - Sensen Shang
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean EnergyDalian Institute of Chemical Physicsthe Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 China
| | - Guosong Li
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean EnergyDalian Institute of Chemical Physicsthe Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 China
| | - Jingyang Niu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate ChemistryInstitute of Molecular and Crystal EngineeringCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHenan University Kaifeng Henan 475004 China
| | - Shuang Gao
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean EnergyDalian Institute of Chemical Physicsthe Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 China
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Jin Y, Ke Q, Li D, Lei Z, Ling Q, Xu J, Cui P. Nickel Doped Aluminophosphate-5 as an Efficient Heterogeneous Catalyst for Imine Synthesis by Direct Condensation of Alcohols and Amines at Room Temperature. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201800475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yangxin Jin
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Coal Clean Conversion & Utilization, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Anhui University of Technology; Ma'anshan 243002 China
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering; Wenzhou University; Zhejiang 325035 China
| | - Qingping Ke
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Coal Clean Conversion & Utilization, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Anhui University of Technology; Ma'anshan 243002 China
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering; Wenzhou University; Zhejiang 325035 China
| | - Dandan Li
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Coal Clean Conversion & Utilization, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Anhui University of Technology; Ma'anshan 243002 China
| | - Zhao Lei
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Coal Clean Conversion & Utilization, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Anhui University of Technology; Ma'anshan 243002 China
| | - Qiang Ling
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Coal Clean Conversion & Utilization, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Anhui University of Technology; Ma'anshan 243002 China
| | - Jin Xu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering; Wenzhou University; Zhejiang 325035 China
| | - Ping Cui
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Coal Clean Conversion & Utilization, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Anhui University of Technology; Ma'anshan 243002 China
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Nakahara Y, Toda T, Kuwata S. Iron and ruthenium complexes having a pincer-type ligand with two protic amidepyrazole arms: Structures and catalytic application. Polyhedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2017.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Carbó López M, Chavant PY, Molton F, Royal G, Blandin V. Chiral Nitroxide/Copper-Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidation of Alcohols: Atroposelective Oxidative Desymmetrization. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201601993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Carbó López
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes; DCM UMR-5250; F-38000 Grenoble France
- CNRS; DCM UMR-5250; F-38000 Grenoble France
| | - Pierre Y. Chavant
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes; DCM UMR-5250; F-38000 Grenoble France
- CNRS; DCM UMR-5250; F-38000 Grenoble France
| | - Florian Molton
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes; DCM UMR-5250; F-38000 Grenoble France
- CNRS; DCM UMR-5250; F-38000 Grenoble France
| | - Guy Royal
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes; DCM UMR-5250; F-38000 Grenoble France
- CNRS; DCM UMR-5250; F-38000 Grenoble France
| | - Véronique Blandin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes; DCM UMR-5250; F-38000 Grenoble France
- CNRS; DCM UMR-5250; F-38000 Grenoble France
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