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Lanaro VM, Sombra LL, Altamirano JC, Almeida CA, Stege PW. Chiral separation of propranolol by electrokinetic chromatography using nanodiamonds and human serum albumin as a pseudo-stationary phase in river water. Chirality 2024; 36:e23640. [PMID: 38384157 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Propranolol is currently considered as an emerging contaminant in water bodies. In this study, R- and S-propranolol were determined in river samples by electrokinetic chromatography (EKC) using nanodiamonds (NDs) and human serum albumin (HSA) as a pseudo-stationary phase in order to achieve enantioseparation. Previously, river samples were preconcentrated using a column filled with Amberlite® IR-120 and Dowex® 50WX8 resins. The setting up of influential factors such as temperature, voltage, pH, and HSA and NDs concentration is accurately described along this manuscript. A multivariate study and optimization was carried out to obtain the enantioseparation of propranolol (Rs = 2.91), which was reached under the following experimental conditions: voltage of 16 kV, temperature of 16°C, phosphate buffer pH 9.5, NDs of 0.20%, and HSA of 15 μmol l-1 . The recoveries of analytes under optimal conditions were higher than 98%. The limits of detection were 0.85 μg l-1 for R- and S-propranolol. The method was applied to real samples, and the obtained results in three different water sources studied were 1.02, 0.59, and 0.30 μg l-1 for the R-enantiomer and 0.99, 0.54, and 0.28 μg l-1 for the S-enantiomer. The accuracy of the proposed methodology (including bias and precision) has allowed us to propose it as a successful tool for the control of water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica M Lanaro
- Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina
| | - Lorena L Sombra
- Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina
| | - Jorgelina C Altamirano
- IANIGLA, Laboratorio de Química Ambiental, Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales, Mendoza, Argentina
- CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas), San Luis, Argentina
| | - César A Almeida
- Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina
- CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas), San Luis, Argentina
| | - Patricia W Stege
- Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina
- CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas), San Luis, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Medicina Experimental y Transcripcional, IMIBIO-SL, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigación Biológica, San Luis, Argentina
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Sofia Almeida A, Cardoso T, Cravo S, Elizabeth Tiritan M, Remião F, Fernandes C. Binding studies of synthetic cathinones to human serum albumin by high-performance affinity chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1227:123836. [PMID: 37494753 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
The binding affinity to human serum albumin (HSA) of a series of fourteen synthetic cathinones, new psychoactive substances widely abused, was investigated by high-performance affinity chromatography (HPAC). Zonal elution experiments were conducted to measure the retention times of each synthetic cathinone on an HSA column, which enabled the calculation of the percentage of the drug bound. For some synthetic cathinones, enantioselectivity on HSA was found. To gather information on the HSA binding sites and better understand the chiral recognition mechanisms, enantioresolution of selected cathinones was carried out at a milligram scale through liquid chromatography (LC) with carbamate polysaccharide-based columns. This work was followed by zonal displacement chromatography using known competitors with specific binding sites on HSA, namely (S)-ibuprofen and warfarin. Competition was observed between the tested drugs and both competitors (except for pentedrone with warfarin), which is consistent with an allosteric competition involving a non-cooperative binding mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sofia Almeida
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; TOXRUN-Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, CRL, Gandra 4585-116, Portugal; UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Tony Cardoso
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara Cravo
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Maria Elizabeth Tiritan
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; TOXRUN-Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, CRL, Gandra 4585-116, Portugal
| | - Fernando Remião
- UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Fernandes
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
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Semi-Preparative Separation, Absolute Configuration, Stereochemical Stability and Effects on Human Neuronal Cells of MDPV Enantiomers. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052121. [PMID: 36903367 PMCID: PMC10003790 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthetic cathinones, such as 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV), are widely abused due to their psychostimulant effects. As they are chiral molecules, studies of their stereochemical stability (racemization can occur in certain temperatures and acidic/basic environments) and of their biological and/or toxicity effects (enantiomers might display different properties) are of great relevance. In this study, the liquid chromatography (LC) semi-preparative enantioresolution of MDPV was optimized to collect both enantiomers with high recovery rates and enantiomeric ratio (e.r.) values. The absolute configuration of the MDPV enantiomers was determined by electronic circular dichroism (ECD) with the aid of theoretical calculations. The first eluted enantiomer was identified as S-(-)-MDPV and the second eluted enantiomer was identified as R-(+)-MDPV. A racemization study was performed by LC-UV, showing enantiomers' stability up to 48 h at room temperature and 24 h at 37 °C. Racemization was only affected by higher temperatures. The potential enantioselectivity of MDPV in cytotoxicity and in the expression of neuroplasticity-involved proteins-brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5)-was also evaluated using SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. No enantioselectivity was observed.
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Synthetic Cathinones: Recent Developments, Enantioselectivity Studies and Enantioseparation Methods. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27072057. [PMID: 35408456 PMCID: PMC9000803 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
New psychoactive substances represent a public health threat since they are not controlled by international conventions, are easily accessible online and are sold as a legal alternative to illicit drugs. Among them, synthetic cathinones are widely abused due to their stimulant and hallucinogenic effects. To circumvent the law, new derivatives are clandestinely synthesized and, therefore, synthetic cathinones keep emerging on the drug market, with their chemical and toxicological properties still unknown. In this review, a literature assessment about synthetic cathinones is presented focusing on the recent developments, which include more than 50 derivatives since 2014. A summary of their toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic properties are also presented. Furthermore, synthetic cathinones are chiral compounds, meaning that they can exist as two enantiomeric forms which may present different biological and toxicological activities. To analyze the enantiomers, the development of enantiomeric resolution methods for synthetic cathinones is crucial. Many methods have been reported over the years that include mostly chromatographic and electromigration techniques, with liquid chromatography using chiral stationary phases being the technique of choice. This review intended to present an overview of enantioselectivity studies and enantioseparation analysis regarding synthetic cathinones, highlighting the relevance of chirality and current trends.
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Pérez-Alcaraz A, Borrull F, Calull M, Aguilar C. Cathinones in urine samples: A review of recent advances for their determination by chromatographic and related techniques. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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Pérez-Alcaraz A, Borrull F, Aguilar C, Calull M. An electrokinetic supercharging approach for the enantiodetermination of cathinones in urine samples by capillary electrophoresis. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Schmid MG, Hägele JS. Separation of enantiomers and positional isomers of novel psychoactive substances in solid samples by chromatographic and electrophoretic techniques – A selective review. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1624:461256. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Pérez‐Alcaraz A, Borrull F, Calull M, Aguilar C. Field‐amplified sample injection combined with CE for the enantiodetermination of cathinones in urine samples. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:2914-2924. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201901067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Albert Pérez‐Alcaraz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic ChemistryUniversitat Rovira i Virgili Tarragona Spain
| | - Francesc Borrull
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic ChemistryUniversitat Rovira i Virgili Tarragona Spain
| | - Marta Calull
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic ChemistryUniversitat Rovira i Virgili Tarragona Spain
| | - Carme Aguilar
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic ChemistryUniversitat Rovira i Virgili Tarragona Spain
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Xu L, Bai J, Du A, Yang Z, Wu B. 1,4-Diphenyltriphenylene grafted polysiloxane as a stationary phase for gas chromatography. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj04918e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesized DPTP polymer was statically coated on the capillary column to prepare the DPTP column for separating multiple analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University
- China
| | - Jianchun Bai
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University
- China
| | - Aiqin Du
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University
- China
| | - Zaixiao Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University
- China
| | - Bo Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University
- China
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Pérez‐Alcaraz A, Borrull F, Aguilar C, Calull M. Enantioselective determination of cathinones in urine by high pressure in‐line SPE–CE. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:1762-1770. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Albert Pérez‐Alcaraz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic ChemistryUniversitat Rovira i Virgili Tarragona Spain
| | - Francesc Borrull
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic ChemistryUniversitat Rovira i Virgili Tarragona Spain
| | - Carme Aguilar
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic ChemistryUniversitat Rovira i Virgili Tarragona Spain
| | - Marta Calull
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic ChemistryUniversitat Rovira i Virgili Tarragona Spain
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Meetani MA, Alremeithi RH, Mousa MK. Enantioseparation of Synthetic Cathinones Enantiomers with Tertiary Amine Structure in Urine and Plasma. J Chromatogr Sci 2019; 57:361-368. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmz008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A Meetani
- Chemistry Department, College of science, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, UAE
| | - Rashed H Alremeithi
- Chemistry Department, College of science, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, UAE
| | - Muath K Mousa
- Chemistry Department, College of science, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, UAE
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Alremeithi R, Meetani MA, Alaidaros AA, Lanjawi A, Alsumaiti K. Simultaneous Quantitative Determination of Synthetic Cathinone Enantiomers in Urine and Plasma Using GC-NCI-MS. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2018; 2018:4396043. [PMID: 29805834 PMCID: PMC5902049 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4396043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Development and validation of sensitive and selective method for enantioseparation and quantitation of synthetic cathinones is reported using GC-MS triple quadrupole mass spectrometry with negative chemical ionization (NCI) mode. Indirect chiral separation of thirty-six synthetic cathinone compounds has been achieved by using an optically pure chiral derivatizing agent (CDA) called (S)-(-)-N-(trifluoroacetyl)pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl chloride (L-TPC), which converts cathinone enantiomers into diastereoisomers that can be separated on achiral columns. As a result of using Ultra Inert 60 m column and performing slow heating rate (2°C/min) on the GC oven, an observed enhancement in enantiomer peak resolution has been achieved. An internal standard, (+)-cathinone, was used for quantitation of synthetic cathinones. Method validation in terms of linearities and sensitivity in terms of limits of detection (LODs), limits of quantitation (LOQs), recoveries, and reproducibilities has been obtained for fourteen selected compounds that examined simultaneously as a mixture after being spiked in urine and plasma. It was found that the LOD of the fourteen synthetic cathinones in urine was in the range of 0.26-0.76 µg/L, and in plasma, it was in the range of 0.26-0.34 µg/L. While the LOQ of the mixture in urine was in the range of 0.86-2.34 µg/L, and in plasma, it was in the range of 0.89-1.12 µg/L. Unlike the electron impact (EI) ion source, NCI showed better sensitivity by two orders of magnitude by comparing the obtained results with the recently published reports for quantitative analysis and enantioseparation of synthetic cathinones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashed Alremeithi
- Chemistry Department, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 15551, Al-Ain, UAE
- General Department of Forensic Science and Criminology, Dubai Police, Dubai, UAE
| | - Mohammed A. Meetani
- Chemistry Department, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 15551, Al-Ain, UAE
| | - Anas A. Alaidaros
- Chemistry Department, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 15551, Al-Ain, UAE
| | - Adnan Lanjawi
- General Department of Forensic Science and Criminology, Dubai Police, Dubai, UAE
| | - Khalid Alsumaiti
- General Department of Forensic Science and Criminology, Dubai Police, Dubai, UAE
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