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Munawar S, Zahoor AF, Mansha A, Bokhari TH, Irfan A. Update on novel synthetic approaches towards the construction of carbazole nuclei: a review. RSC Adv 2024; 14:2929-2946. [PMID: 38239436 PMCID: PMC10794906 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra07270c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The carbazole scaffold is a significant entity in organic compounds due to its variety of biological and synthetic applications. Traditionally, carbazole skeletons have been synthesized either via the Grabe-Ullman method, Clemo-Perkin method or Tauber method. With the passage of time, these methods have been modified and explored to accomplish the synthesis of target compounds. These methods include hydroarylations, C-H activations, annulations and cyclization reactions mediated by a variety of catalysts to construct carbazole-based compounds. This brief review article intends to provide recent updates on important methodological developments reported for the synthesis of carbazole nuclei covering 2019-2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Munawar
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, 38000-Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Ameer Fawad Zahoor
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, 38000-Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Asim Mansha
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, 38000-Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Tanveer Hussain Bokhari
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, 38000-Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Ahmad Irfan
- Department of Chemistry, King Khalid University Abha 61413 P.O. Box 9004 Saudi Arabia
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Ghosh T, Biswas D, Bhakta S. Palladium-Catalyzed Synthesis of Fused Carbo- and Heterocycles: Recent Advances. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200725. [PMID: 36065137 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The use of palladium catalysts in fused ring synthesis has been increasingly noteworthy in recent years in organic synthesis. It has a lot of potential compared to other transition metal catalysts, because of its one-of-a-kind feature that makes them more widely applicable in a variety of disciplines application. Palladium is important in a variety of Heck processes, including intramolecular, intermolecular, and reductive Heck reactions, which produce diverse carbocycles and heterocycles of biological importance. Under optimal reaction conditions, carbocyclization or heterocyclization occurs, resulting in the production of numerous structural building blocks of naturally occurring compounds. Beside intramolecular Heck-type reactions, cycloaddition, cycloalkylation, oxidative coupling, C-H functionalization, cross-coupling reactions, and carboamidation reactions have also been employed extensively to access fused carbo- and heterocycles of immense biological importance. This review article provides a well-summarized discussion (since 2001) on fused carbo- and heterocycle ring synthesis using palladium catalysts, overviewing their applications, and mechanistic insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapas Ghosh
- Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, Applied Sciences, Simhat, Haringhata, 741249, Haringhata, INDIA
| | - Diptam Biswas
- Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, Applied Chemistry, INDIA
| | - Sayantika Bhakta
- Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, Applied Chemistry, INDIA
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Vintu M, Unnikrishnan G. Indolocarbazole based polymer coated super adsorbent polyurethane sponges for oil/organic solvent removal. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 248:109344. [PMID: 31466186 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of an indolocarbazole-fluorene based conjugated polymer (ICZP6), by Sonogashira coupling reaction, has been presented. The ICZP6 has then been integrated with a nano iron oxide embedded polyurethane foam (ICZP6PUF) to develop a promising adsorbent for oil/organic contaminants in aqueous systems. The anchoring ability of ICZP6 on to iron oxide PU sponge switches on significant hydrophobicity within the whole molecular assembly. The cooperative effects of ICZP6-iron oxide- PU sponge system have been highlighted in terms of structural, microscopic and wettability characteristics. The heterogeneity and hierarchical porous structure of the system offer a high adsorption capability for different types of oils and organic contaminants in water, typically in the range of 100-240 gg-1. The performance of ICZP6PUF has been confirmed by the fast (within 5-10s) and choosy removal of selected oils and organic solvents from polluted water with the aid of an external magnetic field. The adsorbed materials (oil/organic solvents) can be separated from the adsorbent by simple mechanical squeezing without causing any structural deformation or performance deterioration; with a reusability of the system over 50 cycles. The adsorption isotherm has been found to fit well with the Langmuir model with R2 = 0.9484. To extent the scope of the ICZP6PUF hybrid, an integrative logic gate has been designed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vintu
- Department of Chemistry, Polymer Science and Technology Research Laboratory, National Institute of Technology Calicut, NIT Campus, Calicut, 673601, Kerala, India
| | - G Unnikrishnan
- Department of Chemistry, Polymer Science and Technology Research Laboratory, National Institute of Technology Calicut, NIT Campus, Calicut, 673601, Kerala, India.
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Kazin NA, Demina NS, Irgashev RA, Zhilina EF, Rusinov GL. Modifications of 5,12-dihydroindolo[3,2-a]carbazole scaffold via its regioselective C2,9-formylation and C2,9-acetylation. Tetrahedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2019.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Janosik T, Rannug A, Rannug U, Wahlström N, Slätt J, Bergman J. Chemistry and Properties of Indolocarbazoles. Chem Rev 2018; 118:9058-9128. [PMID: 30191712 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The indolocarbazoles are an important class of nitrogen heterocycles which has evolved significantly in recent years, with numerous studies focusing on their diverse biological effects, or targeting new materials with potential applications in organic electronics. This review aims at providing a broad survey of the chemistry and properties of indolocarbazoles from an interdisciplinary point of view, with particular emphasis on practical synthetic aspects, as well as certain topics which have not been previously accounted for in detail, such as the occurrence, formation, biological activities, and metabolism of indolo[3,2- b]carbazoles. The literature of the past decade forms the basis of the text, which is further supplemented with older key references.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Janosik
- Research Institutes of Sweden , Bioscience and Materials, RISE Surface, Process and Formulation , SE-151 36 Södertälje , Sweden
| | - Agneta Rannug
- Institute of Environmental Medicine , Karolinska Institutet , SE-171 77 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Ulf Rannug
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute , Stockholm University , SE-106 91 Stockholm , Sweden
| | | | - Johnny Slätt
- Department of Chemistry, Applied Physical Chemistry , KTH Royal Institute of Technology , SE-100 44 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Jan Bergman
- Karolinska Institutet , Department of Biosciences and Nutrition , SE-141 83 Huddinge , Sweden
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Vintu M, Unnikrishnan G, Shiju E, Chandrasekharan K. Indolo[3,2-b]carbazole-based poly(arylene ethynylene)s through Sonogashira coupling for optoelectronic and sensing applications. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Vintu
- Department of Chemistry; Polymer Science and Technology Research Laboratory, National Institute of Technology; Calicut 673601 Kerala India
| | - G. Unnikrishnan
- Department of Chemistry; Polymer Science and Technology Research Laboratory, National Institute of Technology; Calicut 673601 Kerala India
| | - E. Shiju
- Department of Physics; Laser and Nonlinear Optics Laboratory, National Institute of Technology; Calicut 673601 Kerala India
| | - K. Chandrasekharan
- Department of Physics; Laser and Nonlinear Optics Laboratory, National Institute of Technology; Calicut 673601 Kerala India
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Khan IS, Samsonenko DG, Irgashev RA, Kazin NA, Rusinov GL, Charushin VN, Zavakhina MS, Fedin VP. Synthesis, crystal structure and fluorescent properties of indolo[3,2-b]carbazole-based metal–organic coordination polymers. Polyhedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2017.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Irgashev RA, Kazin NA, Rusinov GL, Charushin VN. A convenient synthesis of new 5,11-dihydroindolo[3,2- b ]carbazoles bearing thiophene, 2,2′-bithiophene or 2,2′:5′,2″-terthiophene units at C-2 and C-8 positions. Tetrahedron Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.06.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Irgashev RA, Kazin NA, Rusinov GL, Charushin VN. Nitration of 5,11-dihydroindolo[3,2- b]carbazoles and synthetic applications of their nitro-substituted derivatives. Beilstein J Org Chem 2017; 13:1396-1406. [PMID: 28781705 PMCID: PMC5530725 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.13.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A new general approach to double nitration of 6,12-di(hetero)aryl-substituted and 6,12-unsubstituted 5,11-dialkyl-5,11-dihydroindolo[3,2-b]carbazoles by acetyl nitrate has been developed to obtain their 2,8-dinitro and 6,12-dinitro derivatives, respectively. A formation of mono-nitro derivatives (at C-2 or C-6) from the same indolo[3,2-b]carbazoles has also been observed in several cases. Reduction of 2-nitro and 2,8-dinitro derivatives with zinc powder and hydrochloric acid has afforded 2-amino- and 2,8-diamino-substituted indolo[3,2-b]carbazoles, while reduction of 6,12-dinitro derivatives under similar reaction conditions has been accompanied by denitrohydrogenation of the latter compounds into 6,12-unsubstituted indolo[3,2-b]carbazoles. Formylation of 6,12-dinitro derivatives has proved to occur only at C-2, while bromination of these compounds has taken place at both C-2 and C-8 of indolo[3,2-b]carbazole scaffold. Moreover, 6,12-dinitro-substituted indolo[3,2-b]carbazoles have been modified by the reactions with S- and N-nucleophiles. Notably, the treatment of 6,12-dinitro compounds with potassium thiolates has resulted in the displacement of both nitro groups, unlike potassium salts of indole or carbazole, which have caused substitution of only one nitro group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman A Irgashev
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, 620990, Russia.,Ural Federal University named after the First President of Russia, B. N. Yeltsin, Ekaterinburg, 620002, Russia
| | - Nikita A Kazin
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, 620990, Russia
| | - Gennady L Rusinov
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, 620990, Russia.,Ural Federal University named after the First President of Russia, B. N. Yeltsin, Ekaterinburg, 620002, Russia
| | - Valery N Charushin
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, 620990, Russia.,Ural Federal University named after the First President of Russia, B. N. Yeltsin, Ekaterinburg, 620002, Russia
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