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Theodosis-Nobelos P, Papagiouvannis G, Tziona P, Rekka EA. Lipoic acid. Kinetics and pluripotent biological properties and derivatives. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:6539-6550. [PMID: 34420148 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06643-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lipoic acid (LA) is globally known and its supplements are widely used. Despite its importance for the organism it is not considered a vitamin any more. The multiple metabolic forms and the differences in kinetics (absorption, distribution and excretion), as well as the actions of its enantiomers are analysed in the present article together with its biosynthetic path. The proteins involved in the transfer, biotransformation and activity of LA are mentioned. Furthermore, the safety and the toxicological profile of the compound are commented, together with its stability issues. Mechanisms of lipoic acid intervention in the human body are analysed considering the antioxidant and non-antioxidant characteristics of the compound. The chelating properties, the regenerative ability of other antioxidants, the co-enzyme activity and the signal transduction by the implication in various pathways will be discussed in order to be elucidated the pleiotropic effects of LA. Finally, lipoic acid integrating analogues are mentioned under the scope of the multiple pharmacological actions they acquire towards degenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Georgios Papagiouvannis
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, Frederick University, 1036, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Paraskevi Tziona
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni A Rekka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Bacci A, Runfola M, Sestito S, Rapposelli S. Beyond Antioxidant Effects: Nature-Based Templates Unveil New Strategies for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10030367. [PMID: 33671015 PMCID: PMC7997428 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10030367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The complex network of malfunctioning pathways occurring in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) represents a huge hurdle in the development of new effective drugs to be used in therapy. In this context, redox reactions act as crucial regulators in the maintenance of neuronal microenvironment homeostasis. Particularly, their imbalance results in the severe compromising of organism’s natural defense systems and subsequently, in the instauration of deleterious OS, that plays a fundamental role in the insurgence and progress of NDDs. Despite the huge efforts in drug discovery programs, the identification process of new therapeutic agents able to counteract the relentless progress of neurodegenerative processes has produced low or no effective therapies. Consequently, a paradigm-shift in the drug discovery approach for these diseases is gradually occurring, paving the way for innovative therapeutical approaches, such as polypharmacology. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the main pharmacological features of most promising nature-based scaffolds for a possible application in drug discovery, especially for NDDs, highlighting their multifaceted effects against OS and neuronal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bacci
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (A.B.); (M.R.)
| | - Massimiliano Runfola
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (A.B.); (M.R.)
| | - Simona Sestito
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Simona Rapposelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (A.B.); (M.R.)
- Correspondence:
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Chen Q, Tu Y, Mak S, Chen J, Lu J, Chen C, Yang X, Wang S, Wen S, Ma S, Li M, Han Y, Wah-Keung Tsim K, Pi R. Discovery of a novel small molecule PT109 with multi-targeted effects against Alzheimer's disease in vitro and in vivo. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 883:173361. [PMID: 32673674 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is characterized by impairment of cognitive functions, is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that mainly affects the elderly. Currently available anti-AD drugs can only offer limited symptom-relieving effects. "One-compound-Multitargeted Strategy" have been recognized as the promising way to win the war against AD. Herein we report a potential anti-AD agent PT109 with multi-functions. First, an 81-kinase screening was carried out and results showed that PT109 potently inhibited c-Jun N-terminal kinases and Serum and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase 1, which are the important signaling molecules involved in neurogenesis, neuroprotection and neuroinflammation and mildly inhibit glycogen synthase kinase-3β as well as protein kinase C gamma, both are involved in AD pathological processes. In addition, invitro studies of immunofluorescent staining and Western blot showed that PT109 might promote the neurogenesis of C17.2 cells and induce synaptogenesis in primary cultured rat hippocampal neurons. We detected and confirmed the neuroprotective effect of PT109 in cultured HT22 cells by MTT assay, dehydrogenase assay, glutathione assay and reactive oxygen species assay. Furthermore, the results of Western blot, ELISA assay and immunofluorescent staining indicated that PT109 attenuated lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in BV2 cells and primary astrocytes. The results of Morris water maze and Step-through test indicated that PT109 improved the spatial learning ability in APP/PS1 mice. More importantly, the invivo pharmacokinetic parameters indicated that PT109 had better medicinal properties. Taken together, our findings suggest that PT109 may be a promising candidate for treating AD through multiple targets although further studies are ought to be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuhe Chen
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; International Joint Laboratory (SYSU-PolyU HK) of Novel Anti-Dementia Drugs of Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yalin Tu
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; International Joint Laboratory (SYSU-PolyU HK) of Novel Anti-Dementia Drugs of Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shinghung Mak
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Institute of Modern Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Jingkao Chen
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; International Joint Laboratory (SYSU-PolyU HK) of Novel Anti-Dementia Drugs of Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Junfeng Lu
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; International Joint Laboratory (SYSU-PolyU HK) of Novel Anti-Dementia Drugs of Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; International Joint Laboratory (SYSU-PolyU HK) of Novel Anti-Dementia Drugs of Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiaohong Yang
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; International Joint Laboratory (SYSU-PolyU HK) of Novel Anti-Dementia Drugs of Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shengnan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; International Joint Laboratory (SYSU-PolyU HK) of Novel Anti-Dementia Drugs of Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shijun Wen
- Cancer Center of South China, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Shanshan Ma
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Mingtao Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yifan Han
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Institute of Modern Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Karl Wah-Keung Tsim
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong
| | - Rongbiao Pi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; International Joint Laboratory (SYSU-PolyU HK) of Novel Anti-Dementia Drugs of Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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Synthesis, molecular modeling and biological screening of some pyrazole derivatives as antileishmanial agents. Future Med Chem 2018; 10:2325-2344. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2018-0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Novel open chain and cyclized derivatives containing pyrazole scaffold were designed, synthesized and evaluated as antileishmanial compounds. Methodology & results: In silico reverse docking experiment suggested Leishmania major pteridine reductase (Lm-PTR1) as a putative target for the synthesized compounds. In vitro antileishmanial screening against L. major promastigotes and amastigotes using miltefosine and amphotericin B as references showed that the majority of the compounds displayed activity higher than miltefosine. Compounds 3i and 5 showed the highest antileishmanial activity with IC50 values of 1.45 ± 0.08 μM and 2.30 ± 0.09 μM, respectively, for the amastigote form. In silico drug-likeness and toxicity predictions showed acceptable profiles for most of the compounds, which were validated by experimental toxicity studies. Conclusion: This study offers promising entities for antileishmanial activity.
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Silva VLM, Elguero J, Silva AMS. Current progress on antioxidants incorporating the pyrazole core. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 156:394-429. [PMID: 30015075 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The search of new antioxidants, as drugs candidates, is an active field of medicinal chemistry. The synthesis of compounds with antioxidant potential has increased in recent years and a high number of structurally diverse compounds have been published. This review aims to show the current state-of-the-art on the development of antioxidant compounds incorporating the pyrazole pharmacophore. It is a well-timed review driven by the increasing number of papers, on this issue, that have been published since the beginning of the 21st century (from 2000 to 2017). The aim is to look deeper into the structures already published in the literature containing the pyrazole core as the unique pharmacophore or combined with other pharmacophores and see the relationship between the presence of this five-membered nitrogen heterocycle and the behaviour of the compounds as potential antioxidant agents. An attempt was made to whenever possible establish structure-activity relationships that could help the design of new and more potent antioxidant agents containing this important pharmacophore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera L M Silva
- Department of Chemistry & QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - J Elguero
- Instituto de Química Médica, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva, 3, E-28006, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Artur M S Silva
- Department of Chemistry & QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
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