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G Viveiros Rosa S, Fierro IM, C Santos W. Repositioning and investigational drugs for Zika virus infection treatment: a patent review. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2020; 30:847-862. [PMID: 32842803 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2020.1811854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Zika virus (ZIKV) is transmitted to humans throughout bites of Aedes mosquitoes. ZIKV infection may be asymptomatic in most cases, but it may cause fever, headache, muscle pain, and rash. Guillain-Barré syndrome also may be associated with the infection. Furthermore, the Pan American Health Organization informed 3,715 cases of the congenital ZIKV syndrome (CZS) in the Americas from 2015 - 2017, which may include microcephaly and other craniofacial deformities. AREAS COVERED This review identifies patent documents on repositioning for ZIKV infection treatment of already approved drugs or phases II/III investigated drugs for other diseases. Thirty-six patents were found reporting compounds with anti-ZIKV activity with application dates ranging from 2015 to 2019. EXPERT OPINION The main drugs claimed in patents were ribavirin, sofosbuvir, and alpha interferons. Preventing CZS is one of the most significant challenges in ZIKV infection. Therefore, repositioning sofosbuvir and niclosamide, that pose no danger for pregnant women, is a particular issue to be considered for clinical tests involving ZIKV disease. Given the substantial costs and developing time of new a drug, repositioning of old drugs is becoming an attractive alternative for diseases with neglected treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro G Viveiros Rosa
- Diretoria de Patentes, Divisão De Farmácia - Instituto Nacional Da Propriedade Industrial , Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.,Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Aplicadas a Produtos Para Saúde, Faculdade De Farmácia, Universidade Federal Fluminense , Brasil
| | - Iolanda M Fierro
- cAcademia De Propriedade Intelectual - Instituto Nacional Da Propriedade Industrial , Rio de Janeiro, Niteroi City, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Wilson C Santos
- Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Aplicadas a Produtos Para Saúde, Faculdade De Farmácia, Universidade Federal Fluminense , Brasil.,Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Departamento De Farmacología, Facultad De Medicina, Universidad Autónoma De Madrid , Madrid, Spain
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Kim JH, Koh B, Ahn DG, Lee SJ, Park TJ, Park JP. A screening study of high affinity peptide as molecular binder for AXL, tyrosine kinase receptor involving in Zika virus entry. Bioelectrochemistry 2020; 137:107670. [PMID: 32971483 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2020.107670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The recent extensive spread of Zika virus has led to increased interest in the development of early diagnostic tests. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate the successful use of phage display to identify affinity peptides for quantitative analysis of AXL, a tyrosine kinase receptor involved in Zika virus entry. Biopanning of M13 phage library successfully identified a high affinity peptide, with the sequence AHNHTPIKQKYL. To study the feasibility of using free peptides for molecular recognition, we synthesized a series of amino acid-substituted peptides and examined their binding affinity for AXL using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and square wave voltammetry. Most synthetic peptides had non-identical random coil structures based on circular dichroism spectroscopy. Of the peptides tested, AXL BP1 exhibited nanomolar binding affinity for AXL. To verify whether AXL BP1 could be used as a peptide inhibitor at the cellular level, two functional tests were carried out: a WST assay for cell viability and qRT-PCR for quantification of RNA levels in Zika virus-infected Huh7 cells. The results showed that AXL BP1 had low cytotoxicity and could block Zika virus entry. These results indicate that newly identified affinity peptides could potentially be used for the development of Zika virus entry inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hong Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Byumseok Koh
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Gyun Ahn
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Sei-Jung Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 38610, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Jung Park
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong Pil Park
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea.
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'Polymorphism-aided' Selective Targeting and Inhibition of Caspase-6 by a Novel Allosteric Inhibitor Towards Efficient Alzheimer's Disease Treatment. Cell Biochem Biophys 2020; 78:291-299. [PMID: 32592127 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-020-00927-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The predominance of Alzheimer's disease (AD) among the aged remains a global challenge. As such, the search for alternative and effective therapeutic options continuous unabated. Among the therapeutic targets explored over the years toward impeding the progression of AD is caspase-6 (Casp6), although selectively targeting Casp6 remains a challenge due to high homology with other members of the caspase family. Methyl 3-[(2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-2-yl formamido) methyl]-5-(furan-2-amido) benzoate (C13), a novel allosteric inhibitor, is reportedly shown to exhibit selective inhibition against mutant human Casp6 variants (E35K). However, structural and atomistic insights accounting for the reported inhibitory prowess of C13 remains unresolved. In this study, we seek to unravel the mechanistic selectivity of C13 coupled with the complementary effects of E35K single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) relative to Casp6 inhibition. Analyses of binding dynamics revealed that the variant Lysine-35 mediated consistent high-affinity interactions with C13 at the allosteric site, possibly forming the molecular basis of the selectivity of C13 as well as its high binding free energy as estimated. Analysis of residue interaction network around Glu35 and Lys35 revealed prominent residue network distortions in the mutant Casp6 conformation evidenced by a decrease in node degree, reduced number of edges and an increase short in path length relative to a more compact conformation in the wild system. The relatively higher binding free energy of C13 coupled with the stronger intermolecular interactions elicited in the mutant conformation further suggests that the mutation E35K probably favours the inhibitory activity of C13. Further analysis of atomistic changes showed increased C-α atom deviations consistent with structural disorientations in the mutant Casp6. Structural Insights provided could open up a novel paradigm of structure-based design of selective allosteric inhibition of Casp6 towards the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Emmanuel IA, Olotu FA, Agoni C, Soliman MES. In Silico Repurposing of J147 for Neonatal Encephalopathy Treatment: Exploring Molecular Mechanisms of Mutant Mitochondrial ATP Synthase. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2020; 21:1551-1566. [PMID: 32598251 DOI: 10.2174/1389201021666200628152246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neonatal Encephalopathy (NE) is a mitochondrial ATP synthase (mATPase) disease, which results in the death of infants. The case presented here is reportedly caused by complex V deficiency as a result of mutation of Arginine to Cysteine at residue 329 in the mATPase. A recent breakthrough was the discovery of J147, which targets mATPase in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Based on the concepts of computational target-based drug design, this study investigated the possibility of employing J147 as a viable candidate in the treatment of NE. OBJECTIVE/METHODS The structural dynamic implications of this drug on the mutated enzyme are yet to be elucidated. Hence, integrative molecular dynamics simulations and thermodynamic calculations were employed to investigate the activity of J147 on the mutated enzyme in comparison to its already established inhibitory activity on the wild-type enzyme. RESULTS A correlated structural trend occurred between the wild-type and mutant systems whereby all the systems exhibited an overall conformational transition. Equal observations in favorable free binding energies further substantiated uniformity in the mobility, and residual fluctuation of the wild-type and mutant systems. The similarity in the binding landscape suggests that J147 could as well modulate mutant mATPase activity in addition to causing structural modifications in the wild-type enzyme. CONCLUSION Findings suggest that J147 can stabilize the mutant protein and restore it to a similar structural state as the wild-type which depicts functionality. These details could be employed in drug design for potential drug resistance cases due to mATPase mutations that may present in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwuchukwu A Emmanuel
- Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Fisayo A Olotu
- Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Clement Agoni
- Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Mahmoud E S Soliman
- Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4001, South Africa
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Agrelli A, de Moura RR, Crovella S, Brandão LAC. Mutational landscape of Zika virus strains worldwide and its structural impact on proteins. Gene 2019; 708:57-62. [PMID: 31128224 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) has spread globally and has been linked to the onset of microcephaly and other brain abnormalities. The ZIKV genome consists of an ~10.7 kb positive-stranded RNA molecule that encodes three structural (C, prM and E) and seven nonstructural (5'-NS1-NS2A-NS2B-NS3- NS4A/2K-NS4B-NS5-3') proteins. In this work, we looked for genetic variants in 485 ZIKV complete genomes from GenBank (NCBI) and performed a computational systematic approach using MAESTROweb server to assess the impact of nonsynonymous mutations in ZIKV proteins (C, M, E, NS1, NS2A, NS2B-NS3 protease, NS3 helicase and NS5). Then, we merged the data and correlated it with the phenotypic reports of ZIKV circulating strains. The sensitivity profile of the proteins showed 96 mutational hotspots. We found 22 relevant mutations in proteins C (I80T), NS2A (I34M/T/V, I45V, I80T/V, L113F, A117V, I118V, L128P, V143A, T151A, M199I/V, R207K and L208I) and NS3 helicase (D436G, Y498H, R525K, Q528R and R583K) of the circulating strains. Our analysis exploited the impact of nonsynonymous mutations on ZIKV proteins, their structural and functional insights. The results presented here could advance our current understanding on ZIKV proteins functions and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almerinda Agrelli
- Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami (LIKA) - Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235 - Cidade Universitária, Recife, Brazil.
| | - Ronald Rodrigues de Moura
- Department of Genetics - Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235 - Cidade Universitária, Recife, Brazil.
| | - Sergio Crovella
- Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami (LIKA) - Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235 - Cidade Universitária, Recife, Brazil; Department of Genetics - Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235 - Cidade Universitária, Recife, Brazil.
| | - Lucas André Cavalcanti Brandão
- Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami (LIKA) - Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235 - Cidade Universitária, Recife, Brazil; Department of Pathology - Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235 - Cidade Universitária, Recife, Brazil.
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Ramharack P, Devnarain N, Shunmugam L, Soliman MES. Navigating Research Toward the Re-emerging Nipah Virus- A New Piece to the Puzzle. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 25:1392-1401. [PMID: 31258065 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190620104203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recent Nipah virus (NiV) outbreak in India has caused a state of chaos, with potential to become the next international pandemic. There is still a great deal to learn about NiV for the development of a potent treatment against it. The NiV non-structural proteins play important roles in the lifecycle of the virus, with the RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase (RdRp) being a vital component in viral replication. In this study, we not only provide a comprehensive overview of all the literature concerning NiV, we also propose a model of the NiV RdRp and screen for potential inhibitors of the viral enzyme. METHODS In this study, computational tools were utilized in the design of a NiV RdRp homology model. The active site of RdRp was then identified and potential inhibitors of the protein were discovered with the use of pharmacophore-based screening. RESULTS Ramachandran plot analysis revealed a favourable model. Upon binding of nucleoside analog, 4'- Azidocytidine, active site residues Trp1714 and Ser1713 took part in stabilizing hydrogen bonds, while Thr1716, Ser1478, Ser1476 and Glu1465 contributed to hydrophobic interactions. Pharmacophore based screening yielded 18 hits, of which ZINC00085930 demonstrated the most optimal binding energy (-8.1 kcal/mol), validating its use for further analysis as an inhibitor of NiV. CONCLUSION In this study we provide a critical guide, elucidating on the in silico requirements of the drug design and discovery process against NiV. This material lays a foundation for future research into the design and development of drugs that inhibit NiV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritika Ramharack
- Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Nikita Devnarain
- Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Letitia Shunmugam
- Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Mahmoud E S Soliman
- Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4001, South Africa
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Broadening the horizon: Integrative pharmacophore-based and cheminformatics screening of novel chemical modulators of mitochondria ATP synthase towards interventive Alzheimer's disease therapy. Med Hypotheses 2019; 130:109277. [PMID: 31383337 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2019.109277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The proven efficacy of J147 in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been emphatic, particularly since its selective modulatory roles towards mitochondrial ATP synthase (mATPase) were defined. This prospect, if methodically probed, could further pave way for the discovery of novel anti-AD drugs with improved pharmacokinetics and therapeutic potential. To this effect, for the first time, we employed a four-step paradigm that integrated our in-house per-residue energy decomposition (PRED) protocol coupled with molecular dynamics, cheminformatics and analytical binding free energy methods. This was geared towards the screening and identification of new leads that exhibit modulatory potentials towards mATPase in a J147-similar pattern. Interestingly, from a large-scale library of compounds, we funnelled down on three potential hits that demonstrated selective and high-affinity binding activities towards α-F1-ATP synthase (ATP5A) relative to J147. Moreover, these compounds exhibited higher binding propensity with a differential ΔGs greater than -1 kcal/mol comparative to J147, and also elicited distinct modulatory effects on ATP5A domain structures. More interestingly, per-residue pharmacophore modeling of these lead compounds revealed similar interactive patterns with crucial residues at the α-site region of ATP5A characterized by high energy contributions based on binding complementarity. Recurrent target residues involved in high-affinity interactions with the hit molecules relative to J147 include Arg1112 and Gln426. Furthermore, assessments of pharmacokinetics revealed that the lead compounds were highly drug-like with minimal violations of the Lipinski's rule of five. As developed in this study, the most extrapolative pharmacophore model of the selected hits encompassed three electron donors and one electron acceptor. We speculate that these findings will be fundamental to the reformation of anti-AD drug discovery procedures.
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Sinigaglia A, Riccetti S, Trevisan M, Barzon L. In silico approaches to Zika virus drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2018; 13:825-835. [PMID: 30160181 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2018.1515909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION After the WHO declared Zika virus (ZIKV) as a public health emergency of international concern, intense research for the development of vaccines and drugs has been undertaken, leading to the development of several candidates. Areas covered: This review discusses the developments achieved so far by computational methods in the discovery of candidate compounds targeting ZIKV proteins, i.e. the envelope and capsid structural proteins, the NS3 helicase/protease, and the NS5 methyltransferase/RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Expert opinion: Research for effective drugs against ZIKV is still in a very early discovery phase. Notwithstanding the intense efforts for the development of new drugs and the identification of several promising candidates by using different approaches, including computational methods, so far only a few candidates have been experimentally tested. An important caveat of anti-flavivirus drug development is represented by the difficult of reproducing the in vivo microenvironment of the replication complex, which may lead to discrepancies between in vitro results and experimental evaluation in vivo. Moreover, anti-ZIKV drugs have the additional requirement of an excellent safety profile in pregnancy and ability to diffuse to different tissues, including the central nervous system, the testis, and the placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Silvia Riccetti
- a Department of Molecular Medicine , University of Padova , Padova , Italy
| | - Marta Trevisan
- a Department of Molecular Medicine , University of Padova , Padova , Italy
| | - Luisa Barzon
- a Department of Molecular Medicine , University of Padova , Padova , Italy
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Ramharack P, Soliman MES. Bioinformatics-based tools in drug discovery: the cartography from single gene to integrative biological networks. Drug Discov Today 2018; 23:1658-1665. [PMID: 29864527 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Originally developed for the analysis of biological sequences, bioinformatics has advanced into one of the most widely recognized domains in the scientific community. Despite this technological evolution, there is still an urgent need for nontoxic and efficient drugs. The onus now falls on the 'omics domain to meet this need by implementing bioinformatics techniques that will allow for the introduction of pioneering approaches in the rational drug design process. Here, we categorize an updated list of informatics tools and explore the capabilities of integrative bioinformatics in disease control. We believe that our review will serve as a comprehensive guide toward bioinformatics-oriented disease and drug discovery research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritika Ramharack
- Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Mahmoud E S Soliman
- Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4001, South Africa.
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Elfiky AA, Ismail AM. Molecular docking revealed the binding of nucleotide/side inhibitors to Zika viral polymerase solved structures. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 29:409-418. [PMID: 29652194 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2018.1454981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
A new Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreak started in 2015. According to the World Health Organization, 84 countries confirmed ZIKV infection. RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) was an appealing target for drug designers during the last two decades. Through molecular docking, we screened 16 nucleotide/side inhibitors against ZIKV RdRp. While the mode of interaction with ZIKV is different from that in the hepatitis C virus (HCV), nucleotide/side inhibitors in this study (mostly anti-HCV) showed promising binding affinities (-6.2 to -9.7 kcal/mol calculated by AutoDock Vina) to ZIKV RdRp. Setrobuvir, YAK and, to a lesser extent, IDX-184 reveal promising results compared to other inhibitors in terms of binding ZIKV RdRp. These candidates would be powerful anti-ZIKV drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Elfiky
- a Biophysics Department, Faculty of Sciences , Cairo University , Giza , Egypt
- b Quantitative Life Science Department, The Abdus Salam International Center for Theoretical Physics , Strada Costiera , Trieste , Italy
- c Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Alberta , Edmonton , AB , Canada
| | - A M Ismail
- a Biophysics Department, Faculty of Sciences , Cairo University , Giza , Egypt
- d Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry , University of Alberta , Edmonton , AB , Canada
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Ncube NB, Ramharack P, Soliman MES. An “All-In-One” Pharmacophoric Architecture for the Discovery of Potential Broad-Spectrum Anti-Flavivirus Drugs. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2018; 185:799-814. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-017-2690-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Discovery of potential Zika virus RNA polymerase inhibitors by docking-based virtual screening. Comput Biol Chem 2017; 71:144-151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Shankar A, Patil AA, Skariyachan S. Recent Perspectives on Genome, Transmission, Clinical Manifestation, Diagnosis, Therapeutic Strategies, Vaccine Developments, and Challenges of Zika Virus Research. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1761. [PMID: 28959246 PMCID: PMC5603822 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the potential threats to public health microbiology in 21st century is the increased mortality rate caused by Zika virus (ZIKV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus. The severity of ZIKV infection urged World Health Organization (WHO) to declare this virus as a global concern. The limited knowledge on the structure, virulent factors, and replication mechanism of the virus posed as hindrance for vaccine development. Several vector and non-vector-borne mode of transmission are observed for spreading the disease. The similarities of the virus with other flaviviruses such as dengue and West Nile virus are worrisome; hence, there is high scope to undertake ZIKV research that probably provide insight for novel therapeutic intervention. Thus, this review focuses on the recent aspect of ZIKV research which includes the outbreak, genome structure, multiplication and propagation of the virus, current animal models, clinical manifestations, available treatment options (probable vaccines and therapeutics), and the recent advancements in computational drug discovery pipelines, challenges and limitation to undertake ZIKV research. The review suggests that the infection due to ZIKV became one of the universal concerns and an interdisciplinary environment of in vitro cellular assays, genomics, proteomics, and computational biology approaches probably contribute insights for screening of novel molecular targets for drug design. The review tried to provide cutting edge knowledge in ZIKV research with future insights required for the development of novel therapeutic remedies to curtail ZIKV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apoorva Shankar
- R&D Centre, Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Dayananda Sagar InstitutionsBengaluru, India
| | - Amulya A Patil
- R&D Centre, Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Dayananda Sagar InstitutionsBengaluru, India
| | - Sinosh Skariyachan
- R&D Centre, Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Dayananda Sagar InstitutionsBengaluru, India.,Visvesvaraya Technological UniversityBelagavi, India
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Ramharack P, Soliman MES. Zika virus NS5 protein potential inhibitors: an enhanced in silico approach in drug discovery. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2017; 36:1118-1133. [PMID: 28351337 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2017.1313175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The re-emerging Zika virus (ZIKV) is an arthropod-borne virus that has been described to have explosive potential as a worldwide pandemic. The initial transmission of the virus was through a mosquito vector, however, evolving modes of transmission has allowed the spread of the disease over continents. The virus has already been linked to irreversible chronic central nervous system conditions. The concerns of the scientific and clinical community are the consequences of Zika viral mutations, thus suggesting the urgent need for viral inhibitors. There have been large strides in vaccine development against the virus but there are still no FDA approved drugs available. Rapid rational drug design and discovery research is fundamental in the production of potent inhibitors against the virus that will not just mask the virus, but destroy it completely. In silico drug design allows for this prompt screening of potential leads, thus decreasing the consumption of precious time and resources. This study demonstrates an optimized and proven screening technique in the discovery of two potential small molecule inhibitors of ZIKV Methyltransferase and RNA dependent RNA polymerase. This in silico 'per-residue energy decomposition pharmacophore' virtual screening approach will be critical in aiding scientists in the discovery of not only effective inhibitors of Zika viral targets, but also a wide range of anti-viral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritika Ramharack
- a Molecular Modeling and Drug Design Research Group , School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal , Westville Campus, Durban 4001 , South Africa
| | - Mahmoud E S Soliman
- a Molecular Modeling and Drug Design Research Group , School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal , Westville Campus, Durban 4001 , South Africa.,b Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of KwaZulu-Natal , Westville Campus, Durban 4001 , South Africa.,c Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry , Zagazig University , Zagazig , Egypt.,d College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University, FAMU , Tallahassee , FL 32307 , USA
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Ramharack P, Oguntade S, Soliman MES. Delving into Zika virus structural dynamics – a closer look at NS3 helicase loop flexibility and its role in drug discovery. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra01376k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This study demonstrates the structural alterations in the P-loop of ZIKV helicase subsequent to binding of potent inhibitor, NITD008.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritika Ramharack
- Molecular Modeling and Drug Design Research Group
- School of Health Sciences
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Durban 4001
- South Africa
| | - Sofiat Oguntade
- Molecular Modeling and Drug Design Research Group
- School of Health Sciences
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Durban 4001
- South Africa
| | - Mahmoud E. S. Soliman
- Molecular Modeling and Drug Design Research Group
- School of Health Sciences
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Durban 4001
- South Africa
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Devnarain N, Ramharack P, Soliman ME. Brain grants permission of access to Zika virus but denies entry to drugs: a molecular modeling perspective to infiltrate the boundary. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra05918c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Thein silicodesign of targeted Zika virus inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Devnarain
- Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory
- School of Health Sciences
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Durban 4001
- South Africa
| | - Pritika Ramharack
- Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory
- School of Health Sciences
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Durban 4001
- South Africa
| | - Mahmoud E. Soliman
- Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory
- School of Health Sciences
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Durban 4001
- South Africa
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